Misplaced loyalty

Misplaced loyalty (or mistaken loyalty, misguided loyalty or misplaced trust) is loyalty placed in other persons or organisations where that loyalty is not acknowledged or respected; is betrayed or taken advantage of. It can also mean loyalty to a malignant or misguided cause.

Social psychology provides a partial explanation for the phenomenon in the way "[T]he norm of social commitment directs us to honor our agreements. [...] People usually stick to the deal even though it has changed for the worse".^[1] Humanists point out that "[M]an inherits the capacity for loyalty, but not the use to which he shall put it [...] may unselfishly devote himself to what is petty or vile, as he may to what is generous and noble".^[2]

In the family

Part of the conventional therapeutic wisdom is 'that those of us who were unlucky enough to be raised by bad parents also get to be burdened as adults by their demands...we maintain a sense of misguided loyalty'.^[3] Under the rubric - 'Misplaced Loyalty: The Codependency Factor'^[4] - the self-help movement would strongly challenge such loyalty: 'in either individual therapy or self-help groups, the goal is to seek out and replace our misguided loyalty and attachment to our failed parents with attachment to healthier peers'.^[5]

Psychoanalysis would highlight the accompanying paradox that 'the child, it should be remembered, always defends the bad parent more ferociously than the good'.^[6] The paradox may help account for what have been called 'trauma bonds...the misplaced loyalties found in exploitive cults, incest families, or hostage and kidnapping situations, or codependents who live with alcoholics, compulsive gamblers or sex addicts'.^[7]

Institutional

'Institutions develop powerful instruments of defence for their protection and perpetuation...develop misguided loyalty to committee and boards. To criticize forcibly rather than to cover up is to rock the boat'.^[8][9] Similarly, there are 'examples where misguided loyalty on the part of a business owner or manager has led to a decline in a business's performance'.^[10]

Sometimes however institutions are torn by conflicting codes of loyalty. Thus in the police, in-force loyalty, which 'has sometimes caused officers to lie and cheat on behalf of others...is now regarded as misplaced loyalty': in partial palliation, 'it must be understood that this "looking after one's mates" is a critical element of loyalty for those who face combat'.^[11]

In analytic controversy

The charge of misplaced loyalty is often used as a weapon in analytic disputes. Lacan for example criticised Ernest Kris for the way 'he accredits this interpretation to "ego psychology" à la Hartmann, whom he believed he was under some obligation to support'.^[12]

Similarly, Neville Symington's 'criticism of Melanie Klein is that...she maintained the concept of the death instinct in order to remain loyal to Freud's instinct theory, but it only muddles her otherwise clear formulations'.^[13]

Historical

• 'The Spartans' behaviour at Thermopylae' might be seen as misplaced loyalty, or at least as 'an overriding commitment and loyalty to the good and the absolutely overriding dictates of the state'^[14] - as an instance when 'unreasoning obedience to a noble but narrow ideal received its logical reward'.^[15]

• It has been suggested that part of the military problems of the Confederacy came from the way the President, Jefferson Davis, 'had a propensity for meddling with commands and a strong but misplaced confidence in lesser men like...Braxton Bragg and Beauregard'.^[16]

Literary

• "When my love swears that she is made of truth I do believe her, though I know she lies" Shakespeare's Sonnets.^[17]

• C. S. Lewis in his wartime novel That Hideous Strength had the following exchange: '"There's such a thing as loyalty", said Jane. McPhee...suddenly looked up with a hundred covenanters in his eyes. "There is, Ma'am", he said. "As you get older you will learn that it is a virtue too important to be lavished on individual personalities"'.^[18]

• On his last day in the C.I.D., John Rebus reflects guiltily that from his first day in the C.I.D. he had learnt that '"there's only two teams - us and them ... You covered for mates who'd had too many whiskies with lunch...or gone a bit too far on an arrest...prisoners falling downstairs or stumbling into walls...you covered for everybody on your team'.^[19]

See also

• Code of silence
• Omertà
• Perceived organizational support
• Perceived psychological contract violation
• Trust
• Whistleblower
• Stockholm syndrome

References

1. E. R. Smith/D. M. Mackie, Social Psychology (2007) p. 390
2. Arthur James Balfour, Theism and Humanism (2000) p. 65
3. Marcia Sirota, "Misguided Loyalty Toward Hurtful Parents"
4. J. Middleton-Moz/L. Dwinnell, After the Tears (2010) p. 169
5. David P Celaric, Leaving Home (2005) p. 137
6. Adam Phillips, On Flirtation (London 1994) p. 111
7. Patrick Carnes, The Betrayal Bond (1997) p. 29
8. Gittins, Diana (1998), "The corridor of power - the 1960s: Russell Barton", in Gittins, Diana, Madness in its place: narratives of Severalls Hospital, 1913-1997, London New York: Routledge, pp. 83–84, ISBN 9780415183888
9. Wilmshurst, Peter. "Dishonesty in Medical Research" (PDF).
10. Michael H. Shenkman, The Strategic Heart (1996) p. xiii
11. Roger F. Peters, Police under Pressure (2007) p. 17
12. Jacques Lacan, Ecrits: A Selection (London 1997) p. 238
13. Neville Symington, Narcissism: A New Theory (London 2003) p. 102
14. Paul Cartledge, Thermopylae (2007) p. 130
15. E. B. Castle, Ancient Education and Today (1969) p. 29
16. R. B. Nye/J. E. Morpurgo, A History of the United States Vol 2 (Penguin 1955) p. 478
17. W. G. Ingram/T Redpath eds, Shakespeare's Sonnets (London 1978) p. 319
18. C. S. Lewis, That Hideous Strength (London 2005 [1945]) p. 262
19. Ian Rankin, Exit Music (London 2007) p. 378

Further reading

• Ashe J Misplaced Loyalty (1997)
• Fancher MP Misplaced Loyalty: Why US-born Africans Don't Believe They are Africans Anymore (1999)
• Frost G Loyalty misplaced Misdirected virtue and social disintegration (1997)
• Frost G Dangerous Attachments: The social costs of misplaced loyalty
• Hamlet - Misplaced Loyalty Discussion on the misplaced loyalty of Hamlet regarding Guildenstern/Rosencrantz, the Monarchy and Claudius.
• Long ML Misplaced Loyalty (2009)
• Winslow D Misplaced loyalties: The role of military culture in the breakdown of discipline in two peace operations

External links

• 'Misplaced' loyalty to banks is bad for economy