Missa brevis

Start of Gaspar van Weerbeke's Missa brevis in Choirbook, D-Ju MS 21

Missa brevis (plural: Missae breves) is Latin for "short Mass". The term usually refers to a mass composition that is short because part of the text of the Mass ordinary that is usually set to music in a full mass is left out, or because its execution time is relatively short.

Full mass with a relatively short execution time

The concise approach is found in the mostly syllabic settings of the 16th century, and in the custom of "telescoping" (or simultaneous singing by different voices) in 18th-century masses. After the period when all church music was performed a cappella, a short execution time usually also implied modest forces for performance, that is: apart from Masses in the "brevis et solemnis" genre.

Polyphony

18th century

For composers of the classical period such as Mozart missa brevis meant "short in duration" – as opposed to "missa longa" (long mass), a term that Leopold Mozart used for his son's K. 262[2] – rendering the complete words of the liturgy. As the words were well known some composers had different voice parts recite simultaneously different sections of long texts. This is especially characteristic of Austrian masses in the Gloria and the Credo.

19th century

Kyrie–Gloria masses

Start of the Kyrie of Johann Sebastian Bach's Mass in B minor, originally composed as the start of a Kyrie–Gloria Mass dedicated to Frederick Augustus II, Elector of Saxony when he came to power in 1733. The original Kyrie–Gloria Mass was composed in 12 movements for SSATB soloists and choir, and an extensive baroque orchestra. It was probably because of its long duration that the score was archived in the Royal Library upon arrival in Dresden, instead of being added to the repertoire of the Catholic Hofkirche.[4]

Partial settings are seen in both the Roman and Lutheran traditions, where many works consist of the Kyrie and Gloria. These masses came to be called Missae breves because they are shorter in words, the opposite being Missae totae (complete Masses).

Baroque period

As Protestantism didn't have a determined set of Mass ordinary sections to be included in a Mass composition, as well settings of all five sections (e.g. Hieronymus Praetorius, Christoph Demantius) as Kyrie–Gloria–Sanctus settings (e.g. Stephan Otto, Andreas Hammerschmidt) exist. From the early 17th century many Kurzmessen (short masses) consisting of only Kyrie and Gloria were composed, e.g. by Bartholomäus Gesius (eight out of ten Masses included in his 1611 Missae ad imitationem cantionum Orlandi). In the second half of the 17th century the Kyrie–Gloria Kurzmesse was the prevalent type in Lutheranism, with composers like Sebastian Knüpfer, Christoph Bernhard, Johann Theile, Friedrich Zachow and Johann Philipp Krieger.[5]

In the first half of the 18th century Kyrie–Gloria Masses could also be seen as a Catholic/Lutheran crossover, for example for Johann Sebastian Bach: not only did he transform one of Palestrina's a cappella Missa tota's in such a Kyrie–Gloria Mass for use in Lutheran practice,[6] he also composed one in this format for the Catholic court in Dresden.

19th century

Other partial settings

Some Mass settings consisting of only three or four sections of the Mass ordinary can be indicated with a specific name, rather than with the generic Missa brevis name:

Masses written for the Anglican liturgy often have no Credo (rarely sung in Anglican services) and no Agnus Dei. For American denominations, the Sanctus is usually without Benedictus. The Gloria section may be moved to the end of the composition.

Some Masses in this category are rather to be seen as incomplete, while the composer didn't write all the movements that were originally planned, or while some movements went lost, but the extant part of the composition found its way to liturgical or concert practice recast as a Brevis.

Whatever the reason for omitting part of the text of the Mass ordinary from the musical setting, the umbrella term for such Masses became Missa brevis. Partial Mass settings that are not a Kyrie–Gloria Mass include:

Brevis for various reasons

From the late 19th century Missa brevis (or French: "Messe brève") may refer to a Mass composition with any combination of the following characteristics: (1) short execution time, (2) limited forces for performance, (3) leaving out part of the Mass ordinary and/or (4) the composition is incomplete so that the extant complete parts are seen as a Missa brevis. A Mass being short in this sense does however not exclude that sections based on texts outside the Mass ordinary are added to the composition (like the O Salutaris Hostia in several of Gounod's Messes brèves).

19th century

As concert performance of liturgical works outside a liturgical setting increased, for some of the composers the brevis/solemnis distinction is about the breves, which not always needed professional performers, being intended for actual liturgical use, while a Missa solemnis was rather seen as a concert piece for professional performers, that could be performed outside an actual Mass celebration, similar to how an oratorio would be staged.

20th century

Missa brevis, Op. 20 by Ernst Fuchs-Schönbach (early 20th century)

21st century

References

  1. ↑ Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina. Missa Brevis, pp. 62–83 in The Complete Works, Volume XV: Three Masses. Kalmus Edition, Alfred Music Publishing, 1985. ISBN 9780757905797
  2. ↑ Missa longa in C Carus
  3. ↑ Black, David Ian (2007): Mozart and the Practice of Sacred Music, 1781-91, pp. 65–74. Harvard University thesis. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  4. 1 2 Stockigt, Janice B. (2013). "Bach's Missa BWV 232I in the context of Catholic Mass settings in Dresden, 1729–1733". In Tomita, Yo; Leaver, Robin A.; Smaczny, Jan. Exploring Bach's B-minor Mass. Cambridge University Press. pp. 39–53. ISBN 978-1-107-00790-1.
  5. 1 2 Rimbach, Evangeline. "The Sacred Vocal Music of Johann Kuhnau" in Thine the Amen: Essays on Lutheran Church Music in Honor of Carl Schalk, edited by Carl Schalk and Carlos R. Messerli. Kirk House Publishers, 2005. ISBN 9781932688115 pp. 83–110; Masses discussed pp. 106 ff.
  6. ↑ Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina Missa sine nomine a 6 at www.bach-cantatas.com
  7. ↑ Bach Lutherische Messen, Study Score based on the NBA, Bärenreiter-Verlag (1987)
  8. ↑ Kirsten Beißwenger (ed.) Werke zweifelhafter Echtheit, Bearbeitungen fremder Kompositionen (Volume 9 of Series II: Masses, Passions, Oratorios from the New Bach Edition). Bärenreiter, 2000.
  9. ↑ Pascall, Robert (1987). "Brahms's Missa canonica and its recomposition in his Motet "Warum" Op. 74 No. 1". In Musgrave, Michael (Ed.). Brahms 2: Biographical, Documentary and Analytical Studies. Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–136. ISBN 0521326060.
  10. ↑ Messe des pêcheurs de Villerville at Bibliothèque nationale de France website
  11. ↑ Erich Schwandt. "A New Gloria for Satie's Messe des pauvres" in Canadian University Music Review / Revue de musique des universités canadiennes, vol. 18, n° 2, 1998, p. 38- 47. DOI: 10.7202/1014653ar
  12. ↑ Charles Gounod: Les messes et requiems at www.charles-gounod.com
  13. ↑ Charles GOUNOD: Catalogo delle composizioni at www.flaminioonline.it
  14. ↑ Charles Gounod: Messe brève no. 6 aux cathédrales at www.carus-verlag.com
  15. ↑ Charles Gounod: Messe brève pour les morts en fa majeur (Requiem in F) at www.carus-verlag.com
  16. ↑ Charles Gounod: Messe funèbre (Requiem in F) at www.carus-verlag.com
  17. ↑ Arvo Pärt: Missa brevis at Universal Edition
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