Mohamed Hussein Tantawi

Mohamed Hussein Tantawi محمد حسين طنطاوي
Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces of Egypt
In office 11 February 2011 – 30 June 2012
Prime Minister	Ahmed Shafik Essam Sharaf Kamal Ganzouri
Deputy	Sami Anan
Preceded by	Hosni Mubarak (President)
Succeeded by	Mohamed Morsi (President)
Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement
In office 11 February 2011 – 30 June 2012
Preceded by	Hosni Mubarak
Succeeded by	Mohamed Morsi
Minister of Defence and Military Production
In office 20 May 1991 – 12 August 2012
Prime Minister	Atef Sedki Kamal Ganzouri Atef Ebeid Ahmed Nazif Ahmed Shafik Essam Sharaf Kamal Ganzouri Hesham Qandil
Preceded by	Sabri Abu Taleb
Succeeded by	Abdul Fatah al-Sisi
Personal details
Born	31 October 1935 Cairo, Egypt
Political party	Independent
Religion	Islam
Awards	Liberation Order United Arab Republic Anniversary Order Distinguished Service Order Order of the Nile
Military service
Allegiance	Egypt
Service/branch	Egyptian Army
Years of service	1955–2012
Rank	Field Marshal
Commands	Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces
Battles/wars	Suez Crisis Six-Day War War of Attrition Yom Kippur War Gulf War Sinai insurgency

Mohamed Hussein Tantawi Soliman (Arabic: محمد حسين طنطاوى سليمان ‎, Egyptian Arabic: [mæˈħæmmæd ħeˈseːn tˤɑnˈtˤɑːwi seleˈmæːn]; born 31 October 1935) is an Egyptian field marshal and former statesman. He was the commander-in-chief of the Egyptian Armed Forces^[1] and, as Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, was the de facto head of state from the ousting of Hosni Mubarak on 11 February 2011 to the inauguration of Mohamed Morsi as President of Egypt on 30 June 2012. Tantawi served in the government as Minister of Defence and Military Production from 1991 until Morsi ordered Tantawi to retire on 12 August 2012.

Military career

Tantawi, who is of Nubian origin,^[2][3] joined the Egyptian Military Academy in 1952 and received his commission as an Army officer on 1 April 1955 in the infantry. Later that year he took part in the Suez War (or the Tripartite Aggression as it is often known in Egypt) as an infantry platoon commander. He was promoted to Major in 1961 and commanded an infantry company in Yemen during the North Yemen Civil War. Later in his career he was involved in the Six-Day War of 1967 as a Lt.Colonel and Battalion commander, the War of Attrition of 1967–1970, and the October or Yom Kippur War of 1973. During the Yom Kippur War he was a Colonel and the chief operations officer GSO-I of the 16th Infantry Brigade of the Second Field Army. He held various command and staff appointments including both the Chief of Staff and then Commander of the Egyptian Second Army between 1986 and 1989. Additionally he has served as the military attaché to Pakistan between 1983 and 1985, an important role given the two countries' political and military links. Tantawi served as Commander of the Republican Guard between 1989 and 1991, and later Chief of the Operations Authority of the Armed Forces. In 1991, he also commanded an Egyptian Army unit in the U.S.-led Gulf War against Iraq to force Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait, which it had invaded in 1990.

Field Marshal Tantawi with U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, 7 March 2006.

On 29 May 1991, following the dismissal of Lt. General Youssef Sabri Abu Taleb,^[4] Tantawi was appointed as minister of defense and military production and commander-in-chief of the Egyptian Armed Forces. He was also appointed as field marshal. It is believed that Tantawi would have succeeded Mubarak as president of Egypt, had the assassination attempt in June 1995 been successful.^[5] Early in 2011, Tantawi was seen as a possible contender for the Egyptian presidency.^[6]

Robert Springborg wrote that 'Foreign military professionals.. liken[ed] Tantawi to the CEO of the largest corporate conglomerate in Egypt' because his primary concern was the economic well-being of the military, not the performance of its nominal tasks and duties.^[7]

2011–2012 Egyptian Revolution

On 11 February 2011, when President Hosni Mubarak resigned, after 18 days of protests from the Egyptian people, Tantawi transferred authority to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, headed by himself. The council, overseeing issues with the Chairman of the Supreme Constitutional Court, Farouk Sultan, dissolved the Egyptian parliament,^[8] overseen the referendum over temporary constitutional amendments took place on 19 March, and presided over the accountability of Mubarak and many of the former regime's top figures summons to justice.

On a personal level, Tantawi kept a relatively low profile since the handing over of power to the Council, only making a first public appearance in an address to mark the graduation of a batch at the Police Academy on 16 May 2011. He opted to leave most public speeches and press releases to other senior members in the council, he also appointed Prime Minister Essam Sharaf and his cabinet. Tantawi also received a number of foreign officials, including British Prime Minister David Cameron and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton.

Field Marshal Tantawi with U.S. Army General Martin Dempsey, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, on 11 February 2012.

After a new series of protests in November 2011, that escalated by 22 November to over 33 dead and over 2,000 injured in the wake of the use of force by the police to quell protests at Tahrir Square and its vicinity, Tantawi appeared on Egyptian national television to pledge the speeding up of presidential elections – the principal demand of protesters – and that the armed forces "are fully prepared to immediately hand over power and to return to their original duty in protecting the homeland if that's what the people want, through a popular referendum if necessary."^[9]

On 12 August 2012, Egypt's president Mohamed Morsi ordered Tantawi to retire as head of the armed forces and defence minister.^[10] Tantawi has been decorated with the Order of the Nile and appointed, instead, as an advisor to Morsi; there was speculation that his removal is part of a pre-arranged withdrawal by the military from political power in exchange for immunity from prosecution for earlier actions.^[11]

Criticism

Criticism of Tantawi in Egypt has been manyfold,^[12] including many chants in Tahrir for him to leave.^[13] Chants against Tantawi have included "Tantawi stripped your women naked, come join us."^[14] According to The Telegraph, protesters have also "demanded the execution of Tantawi."^[14]

Nabeel Rajab, the head of Bahrain Centre for Human Rights, criticized Tantawi for his reception for king of Bahrain, Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa in October 2011. "This is a very bad message from the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces to the international community, the Egyptian and Bahraini people", he said. "Continuing this path threatens Egypt's democratic future", he added.^[15]

References

1. "The Cabinet". Website of the President of Egypt. 2005. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 12 October 2007.
2. Egypt State Information Service (Official Egyptian government website)
3. Paradise Lost Egypt Today (Google cached version)
4. The Truth Publication Online (11 February 2011) Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
5. Sobelman, Daniel (2001). "Gamal Mubarak, President of Egypt?". Middle East Quarterly 8 (2): 31–40.
6. Morrison, James (30 January 2011). "Cairo in Chaos". Washington Times. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
7. Springborg, Robert. "Learning from failure: Egypt." In The Routledge handbook of civil-military relations, Routledge, 2013, p. 95.
8. Egypt Trades Torture Supervisor for 'Mubarak's Poodle'? ABC News, 11 February 2011
9. Egypt military pledges to speed up power transfer, BBC News, 22 November 2011
10. "Egypt leader Mursi orders army chief Tantawi to resign". BBC News. 12 August 2012.
11. Hussein, Abdel-Rahman (13 August 2012). "Egypt defence chief Tantawi ousted in surprise shakeup". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 13 August 2012.
12. Egyptian Military Maintains Censorship Where Criticism of Its Leaders is Concerned « CONNECTED in CAIRO
13. Million-strong protests in Egypt demand end of military rule, Tantawi accepts Cabinet resignation, battle continues - Ahram Online
14. "Egypt: 10,000 march in protest at woman dragged half-naked through street". The Daily Telegraph (London). 21 December 2011.
15. Ahmed Al Samany (2 November 2011). "حقوقي بحريني: "استقبال "العسكري" للملك رسال سيئة.. والجزيرة تجاهلت أحداث البحرين"". Tahrir newspaper. Retrieved 27 December 2011.

Further reading

• Kechichian, Joseph; Nazimek, Jeanne (1997). "Challenges to the Military in Egypt". Middle East Policy 5 (3): 125–139. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4967.1997.tb00286.x.
• Neriah, Jacques. "The Egyptian Supreme Council of the Armed Forces Under Field Marshal Tantawi: A Recipe for Revolution or More of the Same?". Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Retrieved 13 March 2011.

External links