Moisés Sáenz

Moisés Sáenz (1888–1941) was a leading education advocate and reformer of education in Mexico during the first half of the 20th century. Many of the philosophies and programs that Sáenz introduced during his tenure as Sub-Secretary for the Secretariat of Public Education in the 1920s came from the influences of his mentor, John Dewey.

Early life

Moisés Sáenz was born in 1888 in the northern Mexican town of Monterrey. His family was one of the relatively few Protestant families in Mexico at the time, something which had a strong influence on the path Sáenz’s life would take. Moisés had a brother, Aaron, who also rose to prominence in post-Revolutionary Mexico, first as a politician (he served as both Secretary of Public Education and Governor of Nuevo León) and later as a sugar baron known to some as the “king of Mexican sugar.”

Early education

As a member of a Protestant family, Sáenz was strongly influenced by the strong education tradition set by Protestant missionaries, starting in the late 1820s.^[1] Because each Protestant was expected to be able to read the Bible on his or her own, literacy was an essential skill. A major feature of this effort was the founding of schools, in both urban and rural areas, which allowed local children to gain access to a quality education that often would otherwise have been inaccessible.^[2]

The majority of Sáenz’s childhood education took place at the hands of Protestant missionaries. His elementary school years were spent in his hometown of Monterrey from 1896-1902. He them moved to the Coyoacán Preparatory School for Boys in Mexico City in 1903, where he remained until 1908.

Higher education

After graduating from Coyoacán at age 20, Sáenz obtained a teaching credential before moving to the United States to further his education in 1909.

Once in the United States, Sáenz remained within the Protestant educational sphere. He attended Protestant-affiliated Washington and Jefferson College in Washington, Pennsylvania. After graduating from Washington and Jefferson, Sáenz began his post-graduate studies across the Atlantic at the University of Paris before returning to the United States to pursue his doctorate at Columbia University.

Influence of John Dewey

At Columbia, he met John Dewey, who became a mentor to Sáenz and helped to shape many of the theories and policies Sáenz would pursue throughout his professional career.

John Dewey was a prominent American philosopher, psychologist, and educator in the early to mid-20th century. Although he is now known better for his work in philosophy, he was no less influential in the area of education, and, in fact, his work in the two areas often overlapped.^[3] He was a leader of the “progressive” education movement. His philosophical ideas emphasized the importance of the community, something which carried over to his thoughts on education. He believed effective schools should also be agents of socialization for the students, preparing them for and integrating them into society.^[4] He also advocated for more creative and flexible types of educational instruction rather than more traditional, rigid forms, placing a premium upon activity within the learning environment. Dewey’s theories came to be classified under the label of “pragmatism;” they were, theoretically, pragmatically preparing students to be independent, productive members of society.^[5] Dewey’s ideas gained him a devoted following that stretched beyond the borders of the United States; among their ranks was Moisés Sáenz.

Education policy

After obtaining his doctorate from Columbia, Sáenz left Dewey and the United States to return to Mexico. There, he quickly rose up the hierarchy of the governmental education system, attaining the position of Sub-Secretary for Department of Public Education by 1925 under the post-Revolutionary presidency of Plutarco Elías Calles (his term would also carry over to Emilio Portes Gil’s presidency).

Once installed in this influential position, Sáenz began to implement a series of reforms, many of which bore unmistakable signs of Dewey’s influence. Perhaps most concretely, he served as the driving force for the creation of a network of schools known as secundarias, or secondary schools.^[6] This was a vast expansion of what might be characterized as basic education in Mexico; it allowed many more Mexicans to have the ability to attend school past the fourth grade than had ever been possible before.^[7]

Sáenz also helped to create a systemic emphasis upon rural education in Mexico. For most of its history to this point, especially under Porfirio Diaz and his positivist-oriented government, Mexican education had been strongly centered around urban areas; the cities had the best schools and teachers and the most resources in far higher concentrations than did their rural counterparts.^[8] In fact, rural schools were largely ignored. Much of rural Mexico was, at best, an uncomfortable fit with the modernized society the positivist government wished to create, and therefore the Diaz government tended to marginalize it in very significant ways. One of these, perhaps the most damaging, was educational negligence, simply ignoring the needs of rural schools or even failing to create or maintain schools in rural areas at all.^[6]

This changed once men like Moisés Sáenz began to shape education policy following the Mexican Revolution. The secundaria system’s inclusion of and even emphasis on rural areas was the most obvious result of this emphasis, but it was far from the only one.^[7] After the implementation of Sáenz’s policies, rural education in Mexico improved significantly; the number of rural Mexicans who received at least a basic education rose dramatically, as evidenced by skyrocketing literacy rates, among other improvements.^[8]

This was at the time and remains today perhaps Sáenz’s most significant and lasting contribution to the shaping of post-Revolutionary Mexico; the increased basic level of education it granted to the average Mexican helped to allow the country to modernize and adapt to the changing world around it.^[6] The access and quality of education allowed by the system Sáenz helped create, in fact, may be the single biggest difference between pre- and post-Revolutionary Mexico.

Indigenous policy

A great deal of Sáenz’s education policy ideology, and his political beliefs in general, was concerned with the relationship of society to its indigenous peoples. Specifically, he subscribed to a version of the old Liberal idea of assimilation, but with a twist. Rather than forcing Indians to abandon their old culture to adapt to modern society, he wanted to see modern society make some concessions to fit the indigenous peoples.^[9] He saw education as the most promising avenue to implement this assimilation (ironically enough, this combined a program Porfirio Diaz supported, assimilation, with one he essentially ignored, rural education).

This belief is rooted in Sáenz’s idea, drawn from the influence of John Dewey, of the school as an agent of socialization.^[10] With this as one of the bases of his policies, this is a logical conclusion; if, after all, the school really is the main factor in preparing for a successful integration into society, it is therefore the place where assimilation into society must occur if at all possible.^[11] Therefore, Sáenz’s expansion of and emphasis on rural schooling, particularly in areas with high numbers of indigenous residents, served a dual purpose; as promised after the Revolution, it served to expand access to and quality of education outside of the main urban areas, but it also allowed this program of assimilation to actually reach the people it was targeted towards.^[12] In this way, Sáenz’s views on education and the relationship between modern society and its indigenous population are inseparably linked; neither would have existed in precisely the same way without the other.

However, as mentioned earlier, Sáenz’s assimilation was not meant to be a one-way street, at least in theory (Palacios, 1988). Schools were intended to turn indigenous boys and girls into ordinary members of Mexican society, yes, but Mexican society was supposed to adapt and incorporate some elements of indigenous culture, as well. Unfortunately for Sáenz, this was far less successful than his expansion of rural education; it proved to be far more difficult to implement a successful system of two-way cultural assimilation than it was to reform, expand, and improve the school system, and only limited progress was made toward Sáenz’s goals in this area in the immediate aftermath of the implementation of his policies.^[13]

Ambassadorship to Peru and death

After completing his run as Sub-Secretary for Public Education in 1930, Sáenz was rewarded with an appointment as Mexico’s ambassador to Peru. In October 1941, Moisés Sáenz died of pneumonia while still stationed in Lima.

Legacy

He left behind a strong legacy in the fields of diplomacy, indigenous relations, and education. In his period of service to the Mexican government, inspired by his Protestant background and education, he significantly expanded the scale and quantity of the Mexican education system, transforming it from what was almost a sham of a system under the regime of Porfirio Diaz before the Mexican Revolution into one that produced one of the highest literacy rates in the world in a very short period of time. He also led the way in formulating Mexico’s indigenous strategy, drawing on the philosophy and teachings of John Dewey to combine an assimilation program with the rapidly expanding education system, thus ensuring it reached its targets, while also advocating a more open and flexible form of acculturation, one that tried to learn from indigenous culture. In what would prove to be the final years of his life, Sáenz served Mexico as an able diplomat.

It is important to note that Sáenz sought for Mexicans an understanding of the Mexican Revolution that de-emphasized factional struggles and the "cult of martyrs" for one emphasizing unity of revolutionaries and the Revolution as a great event.^[14] In 1929, he articulated the important idea of that for Mexicans there was a difference "between the Revolution with a capital [letter] and revolutions with a small letter."^[15]

Although his name is less famous than contemporaries such as Jose Vasconcelos, Moisés Sáenz was arguably just as influential in formulating post-Revolutionary Mexico.

References

1. Grubb, Kenneth (1939). "The Political and Religious Situation in Mexico". International Affairs 14 (5): 674–694.
2. Gros, Christian (1999). "Evangelical Protestantism and Indigenous Populations". Bulletin of Latin American Research 18 (2): 175–197. doi:10.1016/s0261-3050(98)00092-8.
3. Boyles, Deron (2012). "John Dewey’s Influence in Mexico: Rural Schooling, ‘Community,’ and the Vitality of Context.". Inter-American Journal of Philosophy 3 (2): 98–113.
4. Dewey, John (1984). The Later Works of John Dewey:1925-1953. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois Press.
5. Boyles, Deron (2012). "John Dewey’s Influence in Mexico: Rural Schooling, ‘Community,’ and the Vitality of Context.". Inter-American Journal of Philosophy 3 (2): 98–113.
6. Levinson, Bradley A. U. (2004). "Hopes and Challenges for the New Civic Education in Mexico: Toward a Democratic Citizen Without Adjectives". International Journal of Educational Development 24 (3): 269–282. doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2003.11.013.
7. Punke, Harold H. (40). "Recent Developments in Mexican Secondary Education". The School Review 9 (1932): 693–706. Check date values in: |date= (help)
8. Schoenhals, Louis (1964). "Mexico Experiments in Rural and Primary Education: 1921-1930". The Hispanic American Historical Review 44 (1): 22–43. doi:10.2307/2511122.
9. Weaver, Thomas (2002). "Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán: Applied Anthropology and Indigenous Policy". Malinowski Award Papers: 1–11.
10. Dewey, John (1984). The Later Works of John Dewey:1925-1953. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois Press.
11. Willard, William (1988). "The Plumed Serpent and the Red Atlantis". The Wicazo Sa Review 4 (2): 17–30. doi:10.2307/1409275.
12. Gonzales, Roberto J (2004). "From Indigenismo to Zapatismo: Theory and Practice in Mexican Anthropology". Human Organization 63 (2): 141–150.
13. Palacios, Guillermo (1988). "Postrevolutionary Intellectuals, Rural Readings and the Shaping of the 'Peasant Problem' in Mexico: El Maestro Rural, 1932-34". Journal of Latin American Studies 30 (2): 309–339. doi:10.1017/s0022216x98005069.
14. Thomas Benjamin, La Revolución: Mexico's Great Revolution as Memory, Myth, and History. Austin: University of Texas Press 2000, p. 127.
15. quoted in Benjamin, La Revolución, p. 13, p. 167 fn. 1.