Moluccan king parrot

Moluccan king parrot
Nominate subspecies at Brevard Zoo, Florida, USA
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Psittaciformes
Superfamily: Psittacoidea
Family: Psittaculidae
Subfamily: Psittaculinae
Tribe: Polytelini
Genus: Alisterus
Species: A. amboinensis
Binomial name
Alisterus amboinensis
(Linnaeus, 1766)

The Moluccan king parrot (Alisterus amboinensis) is a parrot endemic to Peleng Island, Maluku, and West Papua in Indonesia. It is sometimes referred to as the Ambon king parrot or Amboina king parrot,[2] but this is potentially misleading, as it is found on numerous other islands than Ambon. The male and female are similar in appearance, with a predominantly red head and underparts, green wings (blue in one subspecies), and blue back and tail. Six subspecies are recognised, but only a few of these are regular in aviculture. In the wild, it inhabits rainforests and feeds on fruits, berries, seeds and buds.

Taxonomy

Image of a colour lithograph of a Moluccan king parrot produced by William John Swainson in the first volume of Zoological Illustrations

Described by Linnaeus in 1766,[3] the Moluccan king parrot is one of three species collectively known as king parrots found in Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia.[4] It has six subspecies:[3]

Description

At the bird park in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah

An adult Moluccan king parrot measures 35–40 cm (14 in) in length and has a red head and chest, outer wings dull green (except in subspecies A. a. hypophonius, which are blue), mantle, lesser wing coverts and tail-coverts dark purple-blue.[4][6] Tail darker blackish blue, irises orange, and the legs are dark grey.[4] The lower mandible is blackish, and the upper mandible is orange-red with a blackish tip, except in the subspecies A. a. buruensis, where the entire bill is blackish.[4] Unlike the other species of king parrots, the Moluccan king parrot does not display sexual dimorphism; that is, the sexes have similar plumage.[4] Juvenile birds have a dark-brown bill tipped paler, greenish mantle, dark brown irises and red-tips to lateral tail feathers.[4] Birds reach maturity in one year.[6][7]

Behavior

Encountered alone or in pairs, occasionally in small groups, it mainly frequents dense cover in the lower and mid-levels of forests.[8] It is inconspicuous and rather quiet, except in flight.[8] It consumes fruit, berries, seeds and buds.[4][7] Nesting takes place in a tree-hollow.[6] The breeding season begins in February and March, although breeding has not been observed in the wild, in captivity the clutch consists of two eggs which are incubated for 19 days. After hatching the chicks are ready to fledge at nine weeks old.[9]

Habitat and status

At Brevard Zoo

The Moluccan king parrot inhabits rainforests, but sometimes enters nearby plantations and gardens.[6] Exceptionally, it occurs at altitude up to 2100 m,[6] but more commonly below 1200 m (New Guinea)[10] or 1600 m (Maluku).[8]

It is generally uncommon due to habitat loss and capture for the parrot trade,[6] but remains locally common at least on the Sula Islands, Halmahera, and Buru.[8] Overall, the species is not believed to be in immediate danger, and consequently is listed as least concern by BirdLife International and IUCN.[1] As most parrots, the Moluccan king parrot is listed in Appendix II of CITES.

Aviculture

Until recently, only the subspecies A. a. amboinensis and A. a. hypophonius were seen regularly seen in aviculture, but A. a. buruensis and A. a. dorsalis are now also present, at least in zoos.[11][12] It has regularly been bred in captivity,[7] for example in Denmark.[13]

References

  1. 1 2 BirdLife International (2012). "Alisterus amboinensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. ↑ Moluccan King-Parrot. Mangoverde. Accessed 19-06-2009
  3. 1 2 "Zoological Nomenclature Resource: Psittaciformes (Version 9.024)". www.zoonomen.net. 2009-05-30.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Forshaw, Joseph M. (2006). Parrots of the World; an Identification Guide. Illustrated by Frank Knight. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09251-6.
  5. ↑ Forshaw, Joseph M.; Cooper, William T. (1978). Parrots of the World (2nd ed.). Melbourne: Landsdowne Editions. pp. 218–19. ISBN 0-7018-0690-7.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Juniper, T., & M. Parr (1998). A Guide to the Parrots of the World. Pica Press. pp. 327–328. ISBN 1-873403-40-2.
  7. 1 2 3 Lexicon of Parrots, online version. Arndt Verlag. Accessed 19-06-2009
  8. 1 2 3 4 Coates, B. J., & K. D. Bishop (1997). A Guide to the Birds of Wallacea. Dove Publications Pty. Ltd. pp. 342–343. ISBN 0-9590257-3-1.
  9. ↑ Collar N (1997) "Family Psittacidae (Parrots)" in Handbook of the Birds of the World Volume 4; Sandgrouse to Cuckoos (eds del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J) Lynx Edicions:Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-22-9
  10. ↑ Beehler, B., T. K. Pratt, & D. A. Zimmerman (1986). Birds of New Guinea. Princeton University Press. p. 122. ISBN 0-691-08385-1.
  11. ↑ Buru king parrot. Zootierliste.de. Accessed 19-06-2009
  12. ↑ Salawati king parrot. Zootierliste.de. Accessed 19-06-2009
  13. ↑ Vriends MM, Earle-Bridges M, Heming-Vriends TM (1992). The New Australian Parakeet Handbook. Barron's. p. 137. ISBN 0-8120-4739-7.

External links

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