Montgomery, Alabama

Montgomery
State Capital
City of Montgomery


Flag
Seal
Nickname(s): "The Gump", "Birthplace of the Civil Rights Movement", "Cradle of the Confederacy"[1]
Motto: "Capital of Dreams" [2]

Location in Montgomery County and Alabama
Montgomery

Location in the United States

Coordinates: 32°21′42″N 86°16′45″W / 32.36167°N 86.27917°W / 32.36167; -86.27917Coordinates: 32°21′42″N 86°16′45″W / 32.36167°N 86.27917°W / 32.36167; -86.27917
Country United States
State Alabama
County Montgomery
Incorporated December 3, 1819[3]
Government
 • Mayor Todd Strange (R)
Area
 • State Capital 156.19 sq mi (404.53 km2)
 • Land 155.38 sq mi (402.43 km2)
 • Water 0.81 sq mi (2.09 km2)
Elevation 240 ft (73 m)
Population (2010)[4]
 • State Capital 205,764
 • Estimate (2014)[5] 200,481
 • Rank US: 114th
 • Density 1,300/sq mi (510/km2)
 • Urban 263,907 (US: 142nd)
 • Metro 373,141 (US: 141th)
Time zone CST (UTC−6)
 • Summer (DST) CDT (UTC−5)
ZIP code 360/361/367/36800
Area code 334
FIPS code 01-51000
GNIS feature ID 0165344
Website City of Montgomery

Montgomery /mɒntˈɡʌməri/ is the capital of the U.S. state of Alabama and is the county seat of Montgomery County.[6] Named for Richard Montgomery, it is located on the Alabama River, in the Gulf Coastal Plain. As of the 2010 Census, Montgomery had a population of 205,764. It is the second-largest city in Alabama, after Birmingham,[7] and the 103rd largest in the United States. The Montgomery Metropolitan Statistical Area had a 2010 estimated population of 374,536. It is the fourth-largest in the state and 136th among United States metropolitan areas.[8]

The city was incorporated in 1819, as a merger of two towns situated along the Alabama River. It became the state capital in 1846, representing the shift of power to the south-central area with the growth of cotton as a commodity crop of the Black Belt and Mobile's rise as a mercantile port. In February 1861, Montgomery was selected as the first capital of the Confederate States of America, until the seat of government moved to Richmond, Virginia, in May of that year. During the mid-20th century, Montgomery was a major site of events in the Civil Rights Movement,[9] including the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Selma to Montgomery marches.

In addition to housing many Alabama government agencies, Montgomery has a large military presence due to Maxwell Air Force Base; public universities Alabama State University, Troy University (Montgomery campus), and Auburn University at Montgomery; private colleges/universities Faulkner University and Huntingdon College; high-tech manufacturing, including Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama;[10] and cultural attractions such as the Alabama Shakespeare Festival and Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts.

Two ships of the United States Navy have been named after the city, including USS Montgomery.[11]

Montgomery has won several national awards including being voted Best Historic City by USA Today, being named an All-America City in 2014 by the National Civic League, being named a "Top City For Job Growth" in 2014 by ziprecruiter.com, and being named the happiest city in Alabama. Montgomery has also been recognized nationally for its successful, and ongoing downtown revitalization and new urbanism projects with Montgomery having been one of the first cities in the nation to implement Smart Code Zoning.

History

Prior to European colonization, the left bank of the Alabama River was inhabited by the Alibamu tribe of Native Americans. The Alibamu and the Coushatta, who lived on the opposite side the river, were descended from the Mississippian culture, which had built massive earthwork mounds as part of their society about 950–1250 AD. They spoke mutually intelligible Muskogean languages, which were closely related. Present-day Montgomery is built on the site of two Alibamu towns: Ikanatchati (Ekanchattee or Ecunchatty or Econachatee), meaning "red earth;" and Towassa, built on a bluff called Chunnaanaauga Chatty.[12] The first Europeans to travel through central Alabama were Hernando de Soto and his expedition, who went through Ikanatchati and camped for one week in Towassa in 1540.

The next recorded European encounter occurred more than a century later, when an expedition from Carolina went down the Alabama River in 1697. The first permanent European settler in the Montgomery area was James McQueen, a Scots trader who settled there in 1716.[13] He married a high-status woman in the Coushatta or Alabama tribe. Their mixed-race children were considered Muskogean, as both tribes had a matrilineal system of property and descent. The children gained status in their mother's clan.

In 1785, Abraham Mordecai, a war veteran from a Sephardic Jewish family of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, established a trading post.[14] The Coushatta and Alabama had gradually moved south and west after the French defeat by the British in 1763 in the Seven Years' War. They moved to parts of present-day Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, then areas of Spanish rule, which they thought more favorable than British-held areas. By the time Mordecai arrived, Creek had settled in the area, under pressure from Cherokee and Iroquois warfare to the north. Mordecai married a Creek woman. When her people had to cede most of their lands after the 1813-14 Creek War, she joined them in removal. Mordecai brought the first cotton gin to Alabama.[14]

View of the Capitol, an engraving published in 1857

The Upper Creek were able to discourage most European-American immigration until after the conclusion of the Creek War. Following their defeat by General Andrew Jackson in August 1814, the Creek tribes were forced to cede 23 million acres to the United States, including remaining land in today's Georgia and most of today's central and southern Alabama. In 1816, the Mississippi Territory (1798–1817) organized Montgomery County, and its lands were sold off the next year at the federal land office in Milledgeville, Georgia.

The first group of European-American settlers to come to the Montgomery area was headed by General John Scott. The group founded Alabama Town about 2 miles (3 km) downstream on the Alabama River from present-day downtown. In June 1818, county courts were moved from Fort Jackson to Alabama Town. Soon after, Andrew Dexter, Jr., founded New Philadelphia, the present-day eastern part of downtown. He envisioned a prominent future for his town; he set aside a hilltop known as "Goat Hill" as the future site of the state capitol building. New Philadelphia soon prospered, and Scott and his associates built a new town adjacent, calling it East Alabama Town. Originally rivals, the towns merged on December 3, 1819, and were incorporated as the town of Montgomery.[3][15]

1887 bird's eye illustration of Montgomery

Driven by the revenues of the cotton trade, the newly united Montgomery grew quickly. In 1822, the city became the county seat. A new courthouse was built at the present location of Court Square, at the foot of Market Street (now Dexter Avenue).[16] The state capital was moved from Tuscaloosa to Montgomery, on January 28, 1846.[17]

As state capital, Montgomery began to influence state politics, and it would also play a prominent role on the national stage. Beginning February 4, 1861, representatives from Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina met in Montgomery, host of the Southern Convention,[18] to form the Confederate States of America. Montgomery was named the first capital of the nation, and Jefferson Davis was inaugurated as President on the steps of the State Capitol. On April 12, 1865, following the Battle of Selma, Major General James H. Wilson captured Montgomery for the Union.[19]

Cotton being brought to market, Montgomery, c. 1900

In 1886 Montgomery became the first city in the United States to install city-wide electric street cars along a system that was nicknamed the Lightning Route.[20] The system made Montgomery one of the first cities to "depopulate" its residential areas at the city center through transit-facilitated suburban development.

Union Station Montgomery, circa 1900

According to the historian David Beito of the University of Alabama, African Americans in Montgomery "nurtured the modern civil rights movement."[9] On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white man, sparking the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Martin Luther King, Jr., then the pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, and E.D. Nixon, a local civil rights advocate, founded the Montgomery Improvement Association to organize the boycott. In June 1956, the US District Court Judge Frank M. Johnson ruled that Montgomery's bus racial segregation was unconstitutional. After the US Supreme Court upheld the ruling in November, the city desegregated the bus system, and the boycott was ended.[21] Opponents organized mob violence with police collaboration at the Greyhound Bus Station during the Freedom Ride of May 1961. Outraged national reaction resulted in the desegregation of interstate public transportation.

Martin Luther King returned to Montgomery in 1965. Local civil rights leaders in Selma had been protesting Jim Crow laws that prevented blacks from registering to vote. Following the shooting of a man after a civil rights rally, the leaders decided to march to Montgomery to petition Governor George Wallace to allow free voter registration. The violence they encountered contributed to Congressional passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, to enforce the rights of African Americans and other minorities to vote.

On February 7, 1967, a devastating fire broke out at Dale's Penthouse, a restaurant and lounge on the top floor of the Walter Bragg Smith apartment building (now called Capital Towers) at 7 Clayton Street downtown. Twenty-six people lost their lives.[22]

In recent years, Montgomery has grown and diversified its economy. Active in downtown revitalization, the city adopted a master plan in 2007; it includes the revitalization of Court Square and the riverfront.[23] Many other projects under construction include the revitalization of Historic Dexter Avenue, pedestrian and infrastructure improvements along the Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail, and the construction of a new environmental park on West Fairview Avenue.

Geography

The Alabama River at Montgomery in 2004

Montgomery is located at 32°21′42″N 86°16′45″W / 32.36167°N 86.27917°W / 32.36167; -86.27917.[24] According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 156.2 square miles (405 km2), of which 155.4 square miles (402 km2) is land and 0.8 square miles (2.1 km2) (0.52%) is water. The city is built over rolling terrain at an elevation of about 220 feet (67 m) above sea level[25]

Cityscape

Downtown Montgomery lies along the southern bank of the Alabama River, about 6 miles (9.7 km) downstream from the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers. The most prominent feature of Montgomery's skyline is the 375 ft (114 m), RSA Tower, built in 1996 by the Retirement Systems of Alabama.[26] Other prominent buildings include 60 Commerce Street, 8 Commerce Street, RSA Dexter Avenue Building, and many other structures(See Tallest Buildings in Montgomery, Alabama). Downtown also contains many state and local government buildings, including the Alabama State Capitol. The Capitol is located atop a hill at one end of Dexter Avenue, along which also lies the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, where Martin Luther King, Jr. was pastor. Both the Capitol and Dexter Baptist Church are listed as National Historic Landmarks by the U.S. Department of the Interior.[27] Other notable buildings include RSA Dexter Avenue, RSA Headquarters, Alabama Center for Commerce, RSA Union, and the Renaissance Hotel and Spa.[28]

One block south of the Capitol is the First White House of the Confederacy, the 1835 Italianate-style house in which President Jefferson Davis and family lived while the capital of the Confederacy was in Montgomery. Montgomery's third National Historic Landmark is Union Station. Passenger train service to Montgomery ceased in 1989, but today Union Station is part of the Riverfront park development, which includes an amphitheater, a riverboat dock,[29] a river walk, and Riverwalk Stadium.[30] Three blocks east of the Convention Center, Old Alabama Town showcases more than 50 restored buildings from the 19th century. The Riverwalk is part of a larger plan to revitalize the downtown area and connect it to the waterfront. The plan includes urban forestry, infill development, and façade renovation to encourage business and residential growth.[23] A 112,000-square-foot (10,400 m2) The Convention Center, completed in 2007, has encouraged growth and activity in the downtown area including more high-end retail and restaurants coming to the downtown area.[31] Other downtown developments includes historic Dexter Avenue, which will soon be home to a Market District and is currently undergoing a six million dollar streetscape,[32] Maxwell Boulevard which is home to the newly built Wright Brothers Park will soon be home to high-end apartments, and the Bell Building located across from the Rosa Parks Library and Museum will soon be home to retail and residential space.[33]

South of downtown, across Interstate 85, lies Alabama State University. ASU's campus was built in Colonial Revival architectural style from 1906 until the beginning of World War II.[34][35] Surrounding ASU are the Garden District, and Cloverdale Historic District. Houses in these areas date from around 1875 until 1949, and are in Late Victorian and Gothic Revival styles.[35] Huntingdon College is on the southwestern edge of Cloverdale. The campus was built in the 1900s in Tudor Revival and Gothic Revival styles.[36] ASU, the Garden District, Cloverdale, and Huntingdon are all listed on the National Register of Historic Places as historic districts.[35]

Montgomery's east side is the fastest-growing part of the city.[37] Development of the Dalraida neighborhood, along Atlanta Highway, began in 1909, when developers Cook and Laurie bought land from the Ware plantation. Georgie Laurie was a Scotsman, and named the area for Dál Riata; a subsequent misspelling in an advertisement led to the current spelling. The first lots were sold in 1914.[38] The city's two largest shopping malls (Eastdale Mall and The Shoppes at Eastchase),[39][40] as well as many big-box stores and residential developments are on the east side. The area is also home of the Wynton M. Blount Cultural Park, a 1-square-kilometer (250-acre) park which contains the Alabama Shakespeare Festival and Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts.[41]

Revitalization

Montgomery has been recognized nationally for its extremely successful and continuous downtown revitalization. The revitalization started in the early 2000s with the construction of the Montgomery Biscuits minor league baseball stadium and the construction of Riverfront Park. Following those developments hundreds of millions of dollars have been spent by various companies transforming old warehouses and buildings into high end loft apartments, restaurants, retail, hotels, and businesses. Currently there is vast demand for downtown living space and there are currently over 500 apartments under construction downtown including developments such as The Heights on Maxwell Boulevard, The Market District on Dexter Avenue, the Kress Building on Dexter Avenue, The Bell Building on Montgomery Street, and a new complex by the convention center.

Climate

Montgomery has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with short, mild winters, warm springs and autumns, and long, hot, humid summers. The daily average temperature in January is 46.6 °F (8.1 °C), and there are 3.4 days of sub-20 °F (−7 °C) lows; 10 °F (−12 °C) and below is extremely rare. The daily average in July is 81.8 °F (27.7 °C), with highs exceeding 90 °F (32.2 °C) on 86 days per year and 100 °F (37.8 °C) on 3.9. Summer afternoon heat indices, much more often than the actual air temperature, are frequently at or above 100 °F.[42] The diurnal temperature variation tends to be large in spring and autumn. Rainfall is well-distributed throughout the year, though January through March are the wettest, and October is significantly drier than the other months. Snowfall occurs only during some winters, and even then is usually light. Substantial snowstorms are rare, but do occur approximately once every 10 years. Extremes range from −5 °F (−21 °C) on February 13, 1899 [43] to 107 °F (42 °C) on July 7, 1881.[44]

Thunderstorms bring much of Montgomery's rainfall. These are common during the summer months but occur throughout the year. Severe thunderstorms – producing large hail and damaging winds in addition to the usual hazards of lightning and heavy rain – can occasionally occur, particularly during the spring. Severe storms also bring a risk of tornadoes. Sometimes, tropical disturbances – some of which strike the Gulf Coast as hurricanes before losing intensity as they move inland – can bring very heavy rains.

Climate data for Montgomery, Alabama (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1872–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 83
(28)		 85
(29)		 90
(32)		 94
(34)		 99
(37)		 106
(41)		 107
(42)		 106
(41)		 106
(41)		 100
(38)		 88
(31)		 85
(29)		 107
(42)
Average high °F (°C) 57.4
(14.1)		 61.8
(16.6)		 69.7
(20.9)		 76.6
(24.8)		 84.0
(28.9)		 89.8
(32.1)		 92.1
(33.4)		 91.9
(33.3)		 87.3
(30.7)		 78.3
(25.7)		 69.0
(20.6)		 59.6
(15.3)		 76.5
(24.7)
Daily mean °F (°C) 46.6
(8.1)		 50.5
(10.3)		 57.5
(14.2)		 64.1
(17.8)		 72.4
(22.4)		 79.0
(26.1)		 81.8
(27.7)		 81.5
(27.5)		 76.3
(24.6)		 65.9
(18.8)		 56.5
(13.6)		 48.5
(9.2)		 65.1
(18.4)
Average low °F (°C) 35.7
(2.1)		 39.2
(4)		 45.3
(7.4)		 51.6
(10.9)		 60.7
(15.9)		 68.1
(20.1)		 71.5
(21.9)		 71.0
(21.7)		 65.2
(18.4)		 53.5
(11.9)		 43.9
(6.6)		 37.4
(3)		 53.7
(12.1)
Record low °F (°C) 0
(−18)		 −5
(−21)		 17
(−8)		 28
(−2)		 40
(4)		 48
(9)		 59
(15)		 56
(13)		 39
(4)		 26
(−3)		 13
(−11)		 5
(−15)		 −5
(−21)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 4.65
(118.1)		 5.28
(134.1)		 5.95
(151.1)		 4.02
(102.1)		 3.54
(89.9)		 4.07
(103.4)		 5.24
(133.1)		 3.96
(100.6)		 3.97
(100.8)		 2.92
(74.2)		 4.61
(117.1)		 4.86
(123.4)		 53.07
(1,348)
Average snowfall inches (cm) Trace 0.0
(0)		 0.3
(0.8)		 Trace 0.0
(0)		 0.0
(0)		 0.0
(0)		 0.0
(0)		 0.0
(0)		 0.0
(0)		 0.0
(0)		 0.1
(0.3)		 0.4
(1)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 10.1 8.9 8.7 7.7 7.6 9.7 11.5 9.1 6.9 6.7 7.5 9.8 104.2
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4
Average relative humidity (%) 69.8 66.5 66.0 66.8 70.6 71.7 75.7 76.0 73.9 71.1 71.7 70.9 70.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours 153.1 166.0 219.4 250.8 267.4 261.8 262.1 251.9 226.4 228.3 171.4 153.1 2,611.7
Percent possible sunshine 48 54 59 64 62 61 60 61 61 65 54 49 59
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961−1990)[45][46][47]

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
1830695—
18402,179213.5%
18508,728300.6%
18608,8431.3%
187010,58819.7%
188016,71357.8%
189021,88330.9%
190030,34638.7%
191038,13625.7%
192043,46414.0%
193066,07952.0%
194078,08418.2%
1950106,52536.4%
1960134,39326.2%
1970133,386−0.7%
1980177,85733.3%
1990187,1065.2%
2000201,5687.7%
2010205,7642.1%
Est. 2014200,481[48]−2.6%
U.S. Decennial Census[49]
2014 Estimate[5]

As of the 2010 census, the population of the city was 205,764.[50] There were 81,486 households, out of which 29% had children under the age of 18 living with them. The racial makeup of the city was 56.6% Black, 37.3% White, 2.2% Asian, 0.2% Native American, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 2.2% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. 3.9% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.[51] Non-Hispanic Whites were 36.1% of the population in 2010,[51] down from 66% in 1970.[52] The population density varies in different parts of the city; East Montgomery (Taylor Rd and East), the non-Hispanic White population is 74.5%, 8.3% African American, Latino 3.2%, other non-white races carry 2.7% of the population.

The city population was spread out with 24.9% under the age of 18, 11.7% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 88.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.5 males. The median income for a household in the city was $41,380, and the median income for a family was $53,125. Males had a median income of $40,255 versus $33,552 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,139. About 18.2% of families and 21.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34.8% of those under age 18 and 8.4% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

Montgomery's central location in Alabama's Black Belt makes it a processing hub for crops such as cotton, peanuts, and soybeans. In 1840 Montgomery County led the state in cotton production,[53] and by 1911, the city processed 160,000–200,000 bales of cotton annually.[54] Montgomery has long had large metal fabrication and lumber production sectors.[54] Due to its location along the Alabama River and extensive rail connections, Montgomery has and continues to be a regional distribution hub for a wide range of industries and has diversified its economy in recent years with increased employment in sectors such as healthcare, business, government, and manufacturing. Today, the city's Gross Metropolitan Product is $12.15 billion, representing 8.7% of the gross state product of Alabama.[55]

According to Bureau of Labor Statistics data from October 2008, the largest sectors of non-agricultural employment were: Government, 24.3%; Trade, Transportation, and Utilities, 17.3% (including 11.0% in retail trade); Professional and Business Services, 11.9%; Manufacturing, 10.9%; Education and Health Services, 10.0% (including 8.5% in Health Care & Social Assistance); Leisure and Hospitality, 9.2%; Financial Activities, 6.0%, Natural Resources, Mining and Construction, 5.1%; Information, 1.4%; and Other services 4.0%. Unemployment for the same period was 5.7%, 2.5% higher than October 2007.[56] The city also draws in workers from the surrounding area; Montgomery's daytime population rises 17.4% to 239,101.

As of January 2011, Montgomery's largest employers were Maxwell-Gunter Air Force Base (12,280 employees), the state of Alabama (9,500), Montgomery Public Schools (4,524), Baptist Health (4,300), Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama (3,000), Alfa Insurance (2,568), the City of Montgomery (2,500), Jackson Hospital & Clinic (1,300), Rheem Water Heaters (1,147), and Regions (977).[57]

According to Pennsylvania State University's "Living Wage Calculator", the living wage for the city is US$8.02 per hour (or $16,691 per year) for an individual and $25.80 per hour ($53,662 per year) for a family of four.[58] These are slightly higher than the state averages of $7.45 per hour for an individual and $25.36 for a family of four.[59]

Health care

Montgomery serves as a hub for healthcare in the central Alabama and Black Belt region. Hospitals located in the city include Baptist Medical Center South, located on the South East Boulevard, Baptist Medical Center East which is located next to the campus of Auburn University Montgomery on Taylor Road, and Jackson Hospital which is located next to Oak Park off of interstate 85. Montgomery is also home to two medical school campuses, one being located at Baptist Medical Center South (run by University of Alabama at Birmingham) and the other being located at Jackson Hospital (run by Alabama Medical Education Consortium).

Law and government

Montgomery operates under a Mayor–council government system. The mayor and council members are elected to four-year terms. The current mayor is Todd Strange, who was elected mayor in a special election, held March 10, 2009, after then-mayor Bobby Bright was elected to U.S. Congress for the 2nd district. The city is served by a nine-member city council, elected from nine districts of equal size.

As the seat of Montgomery County, the city is the location of county courts and the county commission. Montgomery is the capital of Alabama, and hosts numerous state government offices, including the office of the Governor, the Alabama Legislature, and the Alabama Supreme Court.

At the federal level, Montgomery is part of Alabama's 2nd, 7th, and 3rd Congressional districts currently represented by Martha Roby, Terri Sewell, and Mike Rogers.

Crime

Montgomery
Crime rates (2012)
Crime type Rate*
Homicide:44
Robbery:459
Aggravated assault:283
Total violent crime:827
Burglary:3,409
Larceny-theft:7,548
Motor vehicle theft:1,101
Arson:64
Total property crime:12,058
Notes
* Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population.
2012 population: 209,018
Source: 2012 FBI UCR Data

Montgomery's crime rates compare favorably to other large cities in the state. In 2009 Montgomery's violent crime rate was 429.4 per 100,000, well below Birmingham, Huntsville, and Mobile, below the state average, and similar to the national average.[60][61] For property crimes, Montgomery's average is similar to Alabama's other large cities, but higher than the overall state and national averages.[60][61]

Recreation

Montgomery boasts over 1600 acres of parkland that are maintained and operated by the City of Montgomery Parks and Recreation Department. The department also has 24 community centers, a skate park, two golf courses (Lagoon Park and Gateway Park), Cramton Bowl Stadium and Multiplex, two tennis centers (Lagoon Park and O'Conner), 65 playgrounds, 90 baseball/softball fields, 24 soccer fields including the Emory Folmar Soccer Facility, and one riverboat.[62] Currently a new environmental park is under construction along West Fairview Avenue close to Interstate 65.

Culture

Montgomery has one of the biggest arts scenes of any mid-sized city in America. The Wynton M. Blount Cultural Park in east Montgomery is home to the Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts. The Museum's permanent collections include American art and sculpture, Southern art, master prints from European masters, and collections of porcelain and glass works.[63] The Society of Arts and Crafts operates a co-op gallery for local artists.[64] Montgomery Zoo has over 500 animals, from five different continents, in 40 acres (0.16 km2) of barrier-free habitats.[65] The Hank Williams Museum contains one of the largest collections of Williams memorabilia in the world.[66] Also Montgomery is home to the Museum of Alabama which serves as the official state history museum and is located inside the Alabama Department of Archives and History building downtown.[67] This museum recently over went an over 10 million dollar renovation and expansion, and features many new exhibits and displays.

The Alabama Shakespeare Festival's Carolyn Blount Theatre

Blount Park also contains the Alabama Shakespeare Festival's Carolyn Blount Theatre. The Shakespeare Festival presents year-round performances of both classic plays and performances of local interest, in addition to works of William Shakespeare.[68] The 1200-seat Davis Theatre for the Performing Arts, on the Troy University at Montgomery campus, opened in 1930 and was renovated in 1983. It houses the Montgomery Symphony Orchestra, Alabama Dance Theatre and Montgomery Ballet, as well as other theatrical productions.[69] The Symphony has been performing in Montgomery since 1979.[70] The Capri Theatre in Cloverdale was built in 1941, and today shows independent films.[71] The 1800 seat state of the art Montgomery Performing Arts Center opened inside the newly renovated convention center downtown in 2007 and is host to everything from Broadway plays to concerts and has hosted big names such as BB King, Gregg Allman, and Merle Haggard.

There is a rich history of musical performers with roots in Montgomery. Grammy Award winning recording artist Toni Tennille of the famed duo The Captain and Tennille. Jazz singer and pianist Nat King Cole,[72] country singer Hank Williams,[73] blues singer Big Mama Thornton, Melvin Franklin of The Temptations,[74] and guitarist Tommy Shaw of Styx[75] are among the many musicians to get their start in Montgomery. Author and artist Zelda Sayre was born in Montgomery. In 1918, she met F. Scott Fitzgerald, who was a soldier stationed at an Army post nearby. The house where they lived is today used as the F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald Museum.[76][77] Poet Sidney Lanier lived in Montgomery and Prattville immediately after the Civil War, while writing his novel Tiger Lilies.[78]

In addition to being the launching point of Hank Williams Sr.'s career, and the birthplace of Nat King Cole, Clarence Carter, and Tommy Shaw, Montgomery has also seen a few of its rock bands achieve national success in recent years. Locals artists Trust Company were signed to Geffen Records in 2002. Hot Rod Circuit formed in Montgomery in 1997 under the name Antidote, but achieved success with Vagrant Records after moving to Connecticut. The Ed Kemper Trio became well known in Montgomery's local rock music scene from 1997 to 2004, and was the focus of People Will Eat Anything, a music documentary shown at the Capri Theatre in 2004.

Sports

Montgomery is home of the Montgomery Biscuits baseball team. The Biscuits play in the Class AA Southern League. They are affiliated with the Tampa Bay Rays, and play at Montgomery Riverwalk Stadium.[79] Riverwalk Stadium hosted the NCAA Division II National Baseball Championship from 2004 until 2007. The championship had previously been played at Paterson Field in Montgomery from 1985 until 2003.[80] Riverwalk Stadium has also been host to one Southern League All-Star game (2006) and is set to host the 2015 All-Star game.

The Montgomery Biscuits play in Riverwalk Stadium

The Yokohama Tire LPGA Classic women's golf event is held at the Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail at Capitol Hill in nearby Prattville.[81] Garrett Coliseum was the home of the now-defunct Montgomery Bears indoor football team.

Montgomery is also the site of sporting events hosted by the area's colleges and universities. The Alabama State University Hornets play in NCAA Division I competition in the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC). The football team plays at Hornet Stadium, the basketball teams play at the Dunn-Oliver Acadome, and the baseball team plays at the ASU Baseball Complex, which recently opened on March 26, 2010. Auburn University at Montgomery also fields teams in NAIA competition. Huntingdon College participates at the NCAA Division III level and Faulkner University is a member of the NAIA and is a nearby rival of Auburn University at Montgomery. The Blue-Gray Football Classic was an annual college football all-star game held from 1938 until 2001.[82] In 2009, the city played host to the first annual Historical Black College and University (HBCU) All-Star Football Bowl played at Cramton Bowl. Beginning in 2014 Montgomery will be host to the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference football national championship, this will take place in Cramton Bowl. Starting in December 2014, Montgomery will host the Camellia Bowl at the Cramton Bowl as part of the annual college football bowl game schedule.[83] Montgomery annually hosts the Max Capital City Classic inside Riverwalk Stadium which is a baseball game between big rivals Auburn University and The University of Alabama.

Several successful professional athletes hail from Montgomery, including Pro Football Hall of Famer Bart Starr[84] and two-time Olympic gold medalist in track and field Alonzo Babers.[85]

The city will be host to the 2015 World Firefighter Combat Challenge that will be aired on ESPN in October.

In 2016 Montgomery will be host city to the National Horseshoe Pitchers Association World Horseshoe Tournament.

Civic organizations

Montgomery has many active governmental and nonprofit civic organizations. City funded organizations include the Montgomery Clean City Commission (a Keep America Beautiful Affiliate) which works to promote cleanliness and environmental awareness. BONDS (Building Our Neighborhoods for Development and Success) which works to engage citizens about city/nonprofit programs, coordinates/assists neighborhood associations, and works promote neighborhood and civic pride amongst Montgomery residents.

A number of organizations are focused on diversity relations and the city's rich civil rights history. Leadership Montgomery provides citizenship training. Bridge Builders Alabama works with high school youth to promote diversity and civic ingagement. The group One Montgomery was founded in 1983 and is a forum for networking of a diverse group of citizens active in civic affairs. Montgomery is also home to the Civil Rights Memorial, Freedom Rides Museum, and the Rosa Parks Library and Museum.

Education

The city of Montgomery and Montgomery County are served by the Montgomery Public Schools system. As of 2007, there were 32,520 students enrolled in the system, and 2,382 teachers employed. The system manages 32 elementary schools, 10 middle schools, and 5 high schools as well as 9 magnet schools, 1 alternative school, and 2 special education centers.[86] Montgomery is one of the only cities in the southeast to host three public schools with International Baccalaureate programs. In 2007, Forest Avenue Academic Magnet Elementary School was named a National Blue Ribbon School.[87] In 2014 LAMP High School was named the No. 7 magnet school in the United States and No. 1 high school in the state of Alabama on U.S. News & World Report's list.[88] Three other Montgomery Public Schools high schools were also on the list, the most of any public school system in the state (BTW Magnet, Brewbaker Technology Magnet, and Carver High School). Montgomery is also home to 28 private schools.[89]

The Montgomery City-County Public Library operates eleven public libraries in locations throughout the city and county.

The city is home to Alabama's oldest law library, the Supreme Court and State Law Library, founded in 1828. Located in the Heflin-Torbert Judicial Building, the Law Library owns a rare book collection containing works printed as early as 1605.

Montgomery has been the home of Alabama State University, a historically black university, since the Lincoln Normal University for Teachers relocated from Marion in 1887. Today, ASU enrolls over 5,600 students from 42 U.S. states and 7 countries.[90] The public Troy University maintains a 3,000 student population campus in downtown Montgomery that houses the Rosa Parks Library and Museum. Another public institution, Auburn University at Montgomery, with an enrollment of 4,900, is in the eastern part of the city.[91] Montgomery's Baptist Medical Center South also hosts a branch of the University of Alabama Birmingham medical school on its campus on the Eastern Boulevard.

Montgomery also is home to several private colleges: Faulkner University, which has an enrollment of 3,500, is a Church of Christ-affiliated school which is home to the Thomas Goode Jones School of Law.[92] Huntingdon College, which has a current student population of 1,000 and is affiliated with the United Methodist Church;[93] Virginia College and Amridge University.

Several two-year colleges have campuses in Montgomery, including H. Councill Trenholm State Technical College[94]

Maxwell Air Force Base is the headquarters for Air University, the United States Air Force's center for professional military education. Branches of Air University based in Montgomery include the Squadron Officer School, the Air Command and Staff College, the Air War College, and the Community College of the Air Force.[95]

Media

The morning newspaper, the Montgomery Advertiser, began publication as The Planter's Gazette in 1829. It is the principal newspaper of central Alabama and is affiliated with the Gannett Corporation. In 1970, then publisher Harold E. Martin won the Pulitzer Prize for special reporting while at the Advertiser. The Alabama Journal was a local afternoon paper from 1899 until April 16, 1993, when it published its last issue before merging with the morning Advertiser.

Montgomery is served by seven local television stations: WNCF 32 (ABC), WSFA 12 (NBC), WCOV 20 (Fox), WBMM 22 (CW), WAIQ 26 (PBS), WMCF 45 (TBN), WFRZ-LD 34 (Religious and Educational). In addition, WAKA 8 (CBS), licensed to Selma but operating out of Montgomery, and WBIH 29 (independent) located in Selma, and WIYC 67 (AMV) is licensed to Troy. Montgomery is part of the Montgomery-Selma Designated Market Area (DMA), which is ranked 118th nationally by Nielsen Media Research.[96] Charter Communications and Knology provide cable television service. DirecTV and Dish Network provide direct broadcast satellite television including both local and national channels to area residents.

The Montgomery area is served by nine AM radio stations: WMSP, WMGY, WNZZ, WTBF, WGMP, WAPZ, WIQR, WLWI, and WXVI; and nineteen FM stations: WJSP, WAPR, WELL, WLBF, WTSU, WVAS, WLWI, WXFX, WQKS, WWMG, WVRV, WJWZ, WBAM, WALX, WHHY, WMXS, WHLW, WZHT, and WMRK. Montgomery is ranked 150th largest by Arbitron.[97]

KIH55 broadcasts NOAA Weather Information for the Montgomery Area.

Three major motion pictures have been filmed in Montgomery: The Long Walk Home, set during the Montgomery Bus Boycott; Selma, set during the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches; and Big Fish, partially shot at Huntingdon College.[98]

Transportation

Two interstate highways run through Montgomery. Interstate 65 is the primary north–south freeway through the city leading between Birmingham and Huntsville to the north and Mobile to the south. Montgomery is the southern terminus of Interstate 85, another north–south freeway (though running east–west in the city), which leads northeast to Atlanta. The major surface street thoroughfare is a loop consisting of State Route 152 in the north, U.S. Highway 231 and U.S. Highway 80 in the east, U.S. Highway 82 in the south, and U.S. Highway 31 along the west of the city. The Alabama Department of Transportation is planning the Outer Montgomery Loop to ease traffic congestion in the city. It is planned to connect Interstate 85 near Mt. Meigs to U.S. Highway 80 southwest of the city.[99] Upon completion of the loop, it will carry the I-85 designation while the original I-85 into the city center will be redesignated I-685. Montgomery Transit (The M) provides public transportation with buses serving the city. The system has 32 buses providing an average of 4500 passenger trips daily.[100] The M's ridership has shown steady growth since the system was revamped in 2000; the system served over 1 million passenger trips in 2007.[101] Greyhound Lines operates a terminal in Montgomery for intercity bus travel; Megabus (North America) also operates in the city out of the downtown Intermodel Transit Facility.[102]

Montgomery Regional Airport, also known as Dannelly Field, is the major airport serving Montgomery. It serves primarily as an Air National Guard base and for general aviation, but commercial airlines fly to regional connections to Atlanta, Dallas-Fort Worth and Charlotte.[103]

Passenger rail service to Montgomery was enhanced in 1898 with the opening of Union Station. Service continued until 1979, when Amtrak terminated its Floridian route.[104] Amtrak returned from 1989 until 1995 with the Gulf Breeze, an extension of the Crescent line.[105]

Sister city

Montgomery has one sister city:

See also

Notes

  1. ↑  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Montgomery, a city of Alabama, U.S.A.". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  2. ↑ "City of Montgomery : Capital of Dreams Video". Montgomeryal.gov. Retrieved 2014-08-11.
  3. 1 2 An act to incorporate the town of Montgomery in the county of Montgomery. Approved December 3, 1819. Alabama Legislative Acts. Annual Session, Oct – Dec 1819. Pages 110-112. Access Date: 2014-01-05.
  4. ↑ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2014-10-23.
  5. 1 2 "Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
  6. ↑ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  7. ↑ Spencer, Thomas (February 25, 2011). "2010 Census: Rural to urban shift for Alabama population". al.com. Archived from the original on June 24, 2011. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
  8. ↑ Population in Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas, U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 and 1990 Census, December 30, 2003, retrieved September 20, 2008
  9. 1 2 Beito, David (2009-05-02) Something is Rotten in Montgomery, LewRockwell.com
  10. ↑ Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama; LLC, retrieved January 11, 2009
  11. ↑ "Navy Names Littoral Combat Ships Jackson and Montgomery" DOD press release. March 25, 2011
  12. ↑ Montgomery County, Alabama History, Montgomery County, Alabama, archived from the original on February 22, 2007, retrieved January 23, 2009
  13. ↑ Owen, Thomas McAdory; Owen, Marie Bankhead (1921), History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography II (De luxe supplement ed.), Chicago: S. J. Clarke, p. 1037, retrieved January 17, 2009
  14. 1 2 Montgomery, Alabama, Goldring / Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life, retrieved January 31, 2009
  15. ↑ Lewis, Herbert J. (August 31, 2007), "Montgomery County", Encyclopedia of Alabama, retrieved January 31, 2009
  16. ↑ Owen, p. 1038
  17. ↑ Neeley, Mary Ann Oglesby (November 6, 2008), "Montgomery", Encyclopedia of Alabama, retrieved May 2, 2009
  18. ↑ Brown, Russel K. (1994). To The Manner Born: The Life Of General William H. T. Walker. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780865549449. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
  19. ↑ Hébert, Keith S. (October 23, 2007), "Wilson's Raid", Encyclopedia of Alabama, retrieved May 2, 2009
  20. ↑ "Charles J. Van Depoele". Retrieved December 14, 2008.
  21. ↑ Hare, Ken, "Montgomery Bus Boycott: The story of Rosa Parks and the Civil Rights Movement", Montgomery Advertiser, archived from the original on April 1, 2009, retrieved May 2, 2009
  22. ↑ Dale's Penthouse Fire, gendisasters.com, retrieved 2012-12-11
  23. 1 2 Montgomery Downtown Plan and SmartCode, Dover, Kohl, and Partners, retrieved August 23, 2008
  24. ↑ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
  25. ↑ "AirNav: KMGM – Montgomery Regional Airport (Dannelly Field)". Retrieved August 17, 2008.
  26. ↑ RSA Towers, Montgomery, Emporis, Inc., retrieved August 23, 2008
  27. ↑ National Park Service (November 2007), National Historic Landmarks Survey: List of National Historic Landmarks by State (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on June 25, 2008, retrieved August 23, 2008
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  30. ↑ City of Montgomery: Riverfront Facilities, City of Montgomery, archived from the original on September 17, 2008, retrieved August 23, 2008
  31. ↑ Meetings & Groups: New Convention Center, Montgomery Convention and Visitor Bureau, archived from the original on August 20, 2008, retrieved September 21, 2008
  32. ↑ "Montgomery Market District". Montgomery Market District. Retrieved 2014-08-11.
  33. ↑ Davis, Bethany (2014-01-08). "New luxury apartments coming to Montgomery's Maxwell Blvd". Apmobile.worldnow.com. Retrieved 2014-08-11.
  34. ↑ "History". Alabama State University. Archived from the original on May 4, 2008. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
  35. 1 2 3 National Register of Historical Places – ALABAMA (AL), Montgomery County, nationalregisterofhistoricalplaces.com, retrieved August 23, 2008
  36. ↑ The Campus, Huntingdon College, archived from the original on June 16, 2008, retrieved August 23, 2008
  37. ↑ Montgomery Housing Market Ranks 5th in the U.S., Alabama Real EstateRama, archived from the original on July 15, 2011, retrieved August 26, 2008
  38. ↑ Wright, Carolyn (13 July 2014). "Early ads boast of fine living in 'Dalriata' neighborhood". Montgomery Advertiser. p. 4D.
  39. ↑ Welcome to Eastdale Mall, Montgomery, Alabama, archived from the original on January 21, 2008, retrieved September 1, 2008
  40. ↑ The Shoppes at EastChase, retrieved September 1, 2008
  41. ↑ Montgomery Convention and Visitor Bureau, archived from the original on April 29, 2008, retrieved September 1, 2008
  42. ↑ "Climatography of the United States No. 20 (1971–2000)" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2004. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
  43. ↑ "Montgomery Alabama Cold Weather Facts". The National Weather Service. Retrieved August 4, 2012.
  44. ↑ "Daily Averages for Montgomery, AL (36104)". The Weather Channel Interactive, Inc. Retrieved August 17, 2008.
  45. ↑ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
  46. ↑ "AL Montgomery AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
  47. ↑ "WMO Climate Normals for Montgomery, AL 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
  48. ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014". Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  49. ↑ "U.S. Decennial Census". Census.gov. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
  50. ↑ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
  51. 1 2 "Montgomery (city), Alabama". State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau.
  52. ↑ "Alabama - Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau.
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  54. 1 2 Encyclopædia Britannica (Eleventh ed.) 18, 1911, p. 784, retrieved January 10, 2009 Missing or empty |title= (help); |contribution= ignored (help)
  55. ↑ The Role of Metro Areas in the U.S. economy (PDF), U.S. Conference of Mayors, March 1, 2006, retrieved January 5, 2009
  56. ↑ Montgomery, AL Economy at a Glance, Bureau of Labor Statistics, December 19, 2008, retrieved January 5, 2009
  57. ↑ Economic Base – Largest Employers, Montgomery Area Chamber of Commerce, August 2008, retrieved January 5, 2009
  58. ↑ Living Wage Calculation for Montgomery city, Montgomery County, Alabama, Pennsylvania State University, retrieved January 8, 2008
  59. ↑ Living Wage Calculation for Alabama, Pennsylvania State University, retrieved January 8, 2008
  60. 1 2 "Table 4 – Crime in the United States". Federal Bureau of Investigation. September 2010. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011.
  61. 1 2 "Table 8 (Alabama) – Crime in the United States 2009". Federal Bureau of Investigation. September 2010. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011.
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  63. ↑ Museum Collections, Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts, archived from the original (– Scholar search) on October 14, 2006, retrieved September 6, 2008
  64. ↑ About SAC's Gallery – About the Society of Arts & Crafts, archived from the original on July 19, 2008, retrieved September 14, 2008
  65. ↑ About the Zoo-Mann Museum, City of Montgomery, Alabama, retrieved September 6, 2008
  66. ↑ The Hank Williams Museum, archived from the original on June 24, 2008, retrieved September 14, 2008
  67. ↑ "Museum of Alabama". Museum.alabama.gov. Retrieved 2014-08-11.
  68. ↑ About Us, Alabama Shakespeare Festival, archived from the original on June 15, 2008, retrieved September 6, 2008
  69. ↑ A Bit of History, Troy University, archived from the original on July 5, 2008, retrieved September 14, 2008
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  71. ↑ Capri Theatre Montgomery, AL, Capri Community Film Society, retrieved September 14, 2008
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  73. ↑ American Masters. Hank Williams, Public Broadcasting Service, retrieved September 1, 2008
  74. ↑ Melvin Franklin (1942–1995), Find a Grave Memorial, retrieved September 1, 2008
  75. ↑ Alabama Music Hall of Fame Tommy Shaw, archived from the original on September 14, 2008, retrieved September 1, 2008
  76. ↑ Milford, Nancy (1970), Zelda: A Biography, New York: Harper & Row, p. 24
  77. ↑ F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald Museum, Montgomery Convention Center and Visitor Bureau, archived from the original on June 9, 2008, retrieved September 14, 2008
  78. ↑ Henry, Susan Copeland, Sidney Lanier (1842–1881), New Georgia Encyclopedia, Georgia Humanities Council and the University of Georgia Press, retrieved September 14, 2008
  79. ↑ Montgomery Biscuits, retrieved April 5, 2008
  80. ↑ Official 2008 NCAA Baseball Records Book (PDF), National Collegiate Athletic Association, January 2008, p. 224, archived from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2008, retrieved September 2, 2008
  81. ↑ LPGA.com, archived from the original on May 2, 2008, retrieved September 2, 2008
  82. ↑ Blue-Gray All-Star Classic Games, College Football Data Warehouse, retrieved September 2, 2008
  83. ↑ McMurphy, Brett (August 19, 2013). "Bowl created for MAC, Sun Belt". ESPN.com. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
  84. ↑ Bart Starr, Pro Football Hall of Fame, retrieved September 2, 2008
  85. ↑ Alonzo Babers Biography and Statistics, Sports-Reference.com, retrieved September 2, 2008
  86. ↑ "Montgomery Public Schools". Archived from the original on April 28, 2008. Retrieved May 18, 2008.
  87. ↑ "2007 No Child Left Behind – Blue Ribbon Schools: All Public Elementary Schools" (PDF). US Department of Education. p. 9. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
  88. ↑ "America's Best High Schools: Magnet Schools List". US News and World Report website. 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
  89. ↑ "Schools K-12 – Montgomery, AL Private Schools". Retrieved June 21, 2008.
  90. ↑ "About ASU". Retrieved June 21, 2008.
  91. ↑ "About Auburn University at Montgomery". Retrieved December 13, 2015.
  92. ↑ "Faulkner University – Discover Faulnker". Archived from the original on June 4, 2008. Retrieved June 21, 2008.
  93. ↑ "About HC". Archived from the original on June 12, 2008. Retrieved June 21, 2008.
  94. ↑ "About Trenholm State: History". Retrieved December 13, 2015.
  95. ↑ "USAF Air University". Archived from the original on August 21, 2007. Retrieved June 21, 2008.
  96. ↑ "Local Television Market Universe Estimates". "www.nielsenmedia.com". Retrieved November 17, 2007.
  97. ↑ "Arbitron Radio Market Rankings: Spring 2011" (PDF). "www.arbitron.com".
  98. ↑ "Most Popular Titles With Location Matching "Montgomery, Alabama, USA"".
  99. ↑ "Senator Richard C. Shelby". Archived from the original on May 30, 2008. Retrieved June 28, 2008.
  100. ↑ "Montgomery Area Transit System". Retrieved June 28, 2008.
  101. ↑ "Chart FY 08.pdf" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 10, 2008. Retrieved June 28, 2008.
  102. ↑ "Greyhound.com : Locations: Montgomery, Alabama". Retrieved June 28, 2008.
  103. ↑ "Canceled flights: Continental drops Montgomery routes". Retrieved June 28, 2008.
  104. ↑ "Floridian". Retrieved June 28, 2008.
  105. ↑ "Gulf Breeze". Retrieved June 28, 2008.
  106. ↑ "Montgomery, "Sister City" celebration starting Wednesday", Montgomery Advertiser, April 26, 2009, retrieved May 2, 2009
  107. ↑ Montgomery now has a sister city, April 29, 2009, retrieved July 23, 2012

References

External links

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