Mormon cricket

Mormon cricket
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Orthoptera
Family: Tettigoniidae
Genus: Anabrus
Species: A. simplex
Binomial name
Anabrus simplex
Haldeman, 1852

The Mormon cricket (Anabrus simplex) is a large insect that can grow to almost 8 cm (3 inches) in length. It lives throughout western North America in rangelands dominated by sagebrush and forbs.

Despite its name, the Mormon cricket is actually a shieldbacked katydid, not a cricket. It takes its name from Mormon settlers in Utah, who encountered them while pushing westward, and for the prominent role they play in the miracle of the gulls.[1]

Although flightless, the Mormon cricket is capable of traveling up to two kilometers a day[2] in its swarming phase, during which it is a serious agricultural pest and traffic hazard.

Description

Mormon crickets have variable coloration. The overall color may be black, brown, red, purple or green. The "shield" (pronotum or modified prothorax that covers vestigial wings) behind the head may have colored markings. The abdomen may appear to be striped. Females have a long ovipositor, which should not be mistaken for a stinger. Both sexes have long antennae.

Mormon crickets may undergo morphological changes triggered by high population densities, similar to those seen in locusts. The most noticeable change is in coloration: solitary individuals typically have green or purple coloration, while swarming individuals are often black, brown or red.

Life cycle

Utah, October 2005

Mormon cricket eggs hatch mostly in the spring after they are laid, although in some areas eggs may take as many as five years to hatch. Hatching begins when soil temperatures reach 4 °C (40 °F). The nymphs pass through seven instars before reaching the adult stage, typically taking 60 to 90 days.

Breeding begins within 10 to 14 days of reaching the adult stage. The male passes to the female a large spermatophore which can be up to 27% of his body weight. The spermatophore is mostly food for the female to consume but also contains sperm to fertilize her eggs. This nuptial gift causes swarming-phase females to compete for males, a behavior not seen in solitary-phase females.

The female lays her eggs by thrusting her ovipositor deep into the soil. Each female can lay over one hundred eggs, with individual eggs having the appearance of a grain of rice with a gray to purplish color.

Swarming

Nevada, summer 2006

The Mormon cricket exists in populations of relatively low density throughout most of its range. At certain times and places, however, population explosions or infestations occur in which large numbers of the crickets form roving bands. These bands may include millions of individuals and be found with densities of up to 100 individuals per square meter. These infestations may last years or even decades, and are characterized by a gradual increase and then decrease in population. The factors that trigger these infestations are poorly understood, but are thought to be weather-related.

Research published in 2006 shows that Mormon crickets move in these migratory bands, firstly to find new sources of the critical nutrients of protein and salt, and secondly to avoid being eaten by hungry crickets approaching from the rear. The Mormon cricket's cannibalistic behavior may lead to swarm behavior because crickets may need to move constantly forward to avoid attacks from behind.[3][4]

When a large band crosses a road, it can create a safety hazard by causing distracted revulsion on the part of the driver, and by causing the road surface to become slick with crushed crickets. The crickets also can cause devastation to agriculture.[1]

Diet

Mormon crickets eating another Mormon cricket

The Mormon cricket shows a marked preference for forbs, but grasses and shrubs such as sagebrush are also consumed.[5] Mormon crickets also eat insects, including other Mormon crickets (especially individuals that have been killed or injured by automobiles or insecticides). Cannibalistic behavior may be a result of protein and salt deficiency; swarming behavior may in turn be a strategy to avoid predation by other Mormon crickets.[3]

During an infestation Mormon crickets can cause significant damage to crops and gardens.

Control

Multicolored swarm in Nevada, 2002.

Mormon crickets are preyed upon by a wide variety of birds and mammals. These predators include California gulls, crows, coyotes and various rodents. There are no predators that specialize on Mormon crickets, which may be explained by the cricket's migratory habits and large population fluctuations. Gordius robustus, a species of horsehair worm, is a parasite of the Mormon cricket,[6] as is Ooencyrtus anabrivorus.[7]

The most common chemical control method used is carbaryl (typically sold as "Sevin Dust") bait. This bait kills both the Mormon crickets that eat the bait, and the crickets that eat crickets that ate the bait. Insecticides applied directly to crops may kill the insects, but due to the large size of swarms, this method usually does not save the crop from being destroyed.

As Mormon crickets are flightless, physical barriers may be effective. Barriers should be at least two feet high and made of a smooth material. Residents of some small towns have used boom boxes and sound systems playing hard rock music in attempts to divert the moving swarms away from crops and houses.[8]

Another method for the control of Mormon crickets is the use of a biopesticide based on the protozoan Nosema locustae. N. locustae is a naturally-occurring microbe the spores of which kill orthopterans by interfering with the digestive system. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, its use has no adverse effect on humans or the environment.[9]

Historical

Mormon crickets appear in some traditional Native American diets.[10][11]

In 2003, officials in Utah, Idaho and Nevada said that year's infestation might be the worst in recent history.[12]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Graham, Judith (June 16, 2003). "Jiminy! West overrun by Mormon crickets". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 31, 2013.
  2. ↑ Lorch, Patrick D.; Sword, Gregory A.; Gwynne, Darryl T.; Anderson, Gerald L. (October 1, 2005). "Radiotelemetry reveals differences in individual movement patterns between outbreak and non-outbreak Mormon cricket populations" (PDF). Ecological Entomology 30 (5): 548–555. doi:10.1111/j.0307-6946.2005.00725.x. Retrieved March 31, 2013.
  3. 1 2 Simpson, S.J.; Sword, G.A.; Lorch, P.D.; Couzin, I.D. (March 14, 2006). "Cannibal crickets on a forced march for protein and salt". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (11): 4152–4156. doi:10.1073/pnas.0508915103.
  4. ↑ Sword, Gregory. "Mormon Cricket Ecology and Evolution". University of Sydney, School of Biological Sciences. Retrieved March 31, 2013.
  5. ↑ "Mormon Cricket Anabrus simplex Haldeman". Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 912. September 1994. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
  6. ↑ Hanelt, Ben; Janovy Jr, John (February 1999). "The Lifecycle of a Horsehair Worm: Gordius robustus (Nematomorpha: Gordioidea)". The Journal of Parasitology 85 (1): 139–141. doi:10.2307/3285720. JSTOR 3285720.
  7. ↑ Gahan, A.B. (1942). "Descriptions of five new species of Chalcidoidea, with notes on a few described species (Hymenoptera)". Proceedings of the United States National Museum 92 (3137): 41–51. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.92-3137.41. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
  8. ↑ Carlton, Jim (April 24, 2009). "Against Insect Plague, Nevadans Wield Ultimate Weapon: Hard Rock". The Wall Street Journal.
  9. ↑ "Nosema Locustae (117001) Fact Sheet" (PDF). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. October 2000. Retrieved 2013-08-30.
  10. ↑ Olmsted, D.L.; Stewart, Omer C. (1978). "Achumawi". In Sturtevant, William C. Handbook of North American Indians: California. Washington, DC: US Govt Printing Office. p. 228.
  11. ↑ Kerns, Virginia (2010). Journeys West: Jane and Julian Steward and their Guides. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 280–281. ISBN 978-0-8032-2508-4.
  12. ↑ Nelson, James (June 14, 2003). "Mormon Crickets Devour Crops, Turn Roads 'Blood Red'". Reuters.

External links

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Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Mormon Cricket.
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