Moscow Monorail

Moscow Monorail
Overview
Locale Moscow
Transit type straddle-beam monorail
Number of lines 1
Number of stations 6
Daily ridership ~16,000[1]
Operation
Began operation 20 November 2004 (excursion mode)
1 January 2008 (transportation mode)
Operator(s) Moskovsky Metropoliten
Technical
System length 4.7 kilometres (2.9 mi)
Top speed 60 km/h (37 mph)
System map

Legend
 Rostokino yard
 Ulitsa Sergeya Eyzenshteyna
 Vystavochny Tsentr  6 
 Ulitsa Akademika Korolyova
 Teletsentr
 Ulitsa Milashenkova  10 
 Timiryazevskaya Timiryazevskaya railway platform  9 

The Moscow Monorail (Russian: Московская Монорельсовая Транспортная Система (ММТС)) is a 4.7 kilometres (2.9 mi) long monorail system located in the North-Eastern Administrative Okrug of Moscow, Russia. It runs from the Timiryazevskaya metro station to Sergeya Eisensteina street. The monorail line has 6 stations. Planning of the monorail in Moscow started in 1998. This was a unique project for Russian companies, which did not have prior experience in building monorails. 6,335,510,000 rubles (US $240 million) were spent by the city of Moscow on the monorail construction.

On 20 November 2004, the monorail opened in an "excursion mode". On 10 January 2008, the operation mode was changed to "transportation mode" with more frequent train service. Ticket prices were reduced from 50 rubles ($2.00) to 19 rubles ($0.80) which was the standard fare for Moscow rapid transport at that time; as of 2012, ticket prices still matched the standard fare, but multi-ride passes could not be used between systems. In April 2012, one of Moscow's transport officials announced that he believes the system should be closed and dismantled in the future.[2] However, on 3 October the vice mayor of Moscow said that the Moscow Monorail wont be closed because of lack of the public transportation and a very busy highways in this part of the city.[3]

Since 1 January 2013, all metro tickets are valid for the monorail. Interchange from the Metro to the Monorail and vice versa is free for 90 minutes since entering the Metro or Monorail.[4]

The monorail is run by the Moskovsky Metropoliten state-owned enterprise.

History

Planning

In the 1990s, Moscow streets became jammed by private cars, which significantly interfered with public transport. This situation renewed interest in the monorail which could unload ground public transport. Estimates were published in the media that showed that building monorails would be 5-7 times cheaper than building new underground metro lines.

The decision to start monorail planning in Moscow was made by the Mayor of Moscow Yury Luzhkov after consultations with Yury Solomonov, the head of state-run Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology (MITT) and Luzhkov's close associate. (Luzhkov and Solomonov jointly patented 19 inventions, including patent RU 2180295 "Monorail transport system".[5] In 1999, Solomonov directed Luzhkov's mayor election campaign.) MITT previously developed military technology, but had no prior experience in monorail design. At the end of the 1990s, MITT urgently needed funding, and looked for contracts from the Government of Moscow.

The modern history of Moscow monorail began on 17 July 1998 when Luzhkov tasked MITT, the Office of Transport and Communications and Moskomarchitechtura (NIiPI General Plan of Moscow) to draft the Moscow Monorail program and to prepare a preliminary technological and economical justification for the development of monorail routes in Moscow. These tasks were formulated in a short decree 777-RP "On the financing of project works on monorail transportation".[6] MITT received 1.4 million rubles from Moscow budget. Deputy Premier of Moscow Government B.V. Nikolsky was assigned to supervise the project.

On 2 September 1998, Luzhkov signed a decree 996-RP "On the design and construction of new types of high-speed transportation in Moscow" which justified the development of monorail lines in Moscow.[7] The decree stated that traditional public transportation could not handle the increasing passenger loads and that cardinal solution to that problem would be possible only through the development of new types of high-speed transportation that meet modern ecological and economical requirements, are comfortable and could be integrated with traditional transportation. The decree instructed the Office of Transport and Communications and the state-run Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering to continue work on the Moscow monorail transportation and to draft the layout of monorail lines by the first quarter of 1999. Luzhkov's decree proposed three monorail lines: from Novogireevo metro to Nikolo-Archangelskoe cemetery, from the metro Vykhino to Zhulebno district and from Krylatskoe to Krasnaya Presnya. However, all these proposed lines were later cancelled. Again, B.V. Nikolsky supervised the project.

On 16 February 1999, the decree 108-PP established an open joint-stock company Moscow Monorail. The company was co-founded by the Department of State and the municipal property of Moscow City which acted on behalf of the Government of Moscow and had a 25% + 1 share.[8] The total starting capital of Moscow Monorail was 100 million rubles. Vladimir Grigorievich Sister, the prefect of the North-Eastern Administrative Okrug, represented the Government of Moscow in the company. General supervision over the decree implementation was conducted by B.V. Nikolsky. On 3 August 1999, Luzhkov's decree 738-RP established a commission for the supervision of the monorail works in the North-Eastern Administrative Okrug.[9] Sister became the commission head.

By the first quarter of 2000, an experimental monorail test set was built at the MITT campus. Several trains were purchased from the Swiss company Intamin.[10] The decree 49-PP specified the rules, regulations and parameters for the construction of the Moscow Monorail.[11]

Design

Originally the monorail was planned to run from the M8 highway overpass to Severyanin railway station,[12] but later the project was changed to connect two nearby metro stations (Timiryazevskaya and Botanichesky Sad) with the All-Russia Exhibition Centre. At that time, Moscow competed for hosting EXPO-2010 and a modern monorail could improve the image of the exhibition site. This idea was finalized on 13 March 2001 in the Moscow Government decree 241-PP.[13] On 21 June, tasks were assigned to the companies contracted to prepare the monorail project:[14]

Task Assignments on Moscow Monorail Project
Contractor Assignment
Open joint-stock company Moscow Monorails Basic technical solutions of the first stage of the monorail, electric train construction
Limited liability company Selton-M Dispatch control system
Federal unitary enterprise Semikhatov Scientific-Manufacturing Union of Automation Electric traffic control system
Federal unitary enterprise Experimental Design Bureau Vympel Railroad signs, parking devices, auxiliary equipment
Open joint-stock company Moscow Mechanical Engineering Plant Vympel Major parts of the undercarrige of the train
Open joint-stock company Scientific-Manufacturing Enterprise Kvant Development and installation of the train engine system
Federal unitary enterprise Research Institute of Tire Industry Design and development of reinforced wheels R22.5 with an internal flange
Moscow Committee for Architecture and Urban Developmentn (Moskomarkhitektura), Open joint-stock company Transstroy Corporation, Mosinzhproekt Institute, MosgortransNIIproekt Institute, Mosgortrans Monorail track, construction equipment, electric power supply

The development plan of the North-East Administrative Okrug prioritized the construction of the monorail linking metro stations Botanichesky Sad and Timiryazevskaya. This line was planned to be 8.6 km long and to have 9 stations.[15] On 25 December 2001, it was decided that the monorail construction would be accomplished in two stages. The first stage would be the construction of the route from the metro station Timiryazevskaya to the All-Russia Exhibition Centre.[16] On 22 May 2001, the Government of Moscow announced that this line would open in the second quarter of 2003.[17] The Government of Moscow also emphasized the uniqueness of the object and the lack of experience of Russian companies in such constructions. On 31 January 2002, it was decided that the monorail depot would be established at the territory of the Bauman tram depot where the Museum of Urban Passenger Transport had been previously located. To clear the space for the monorail subdivision of the depot, the museum exposition was first moved to a tram repair factory and then to a newly constructed building that opened in Strogino District on 10 September 1999.

Construction

In August 2001, the construction began at the Fonvizina street. The area was prepared for the construction, trees cut on the path of the future monorail and test drilling conducted. On 22 September, a prototype frame was built for the first pillar. At that time, the exposition trains were moved from the Bauman tram depot to the tram repair factory. On 2 February 2002, the tram track between VVTs and Ostankino was closed and a temporary one-way reversal circle was built for tram routes 11 and 17.

Monorail train design had to be refined because the trains acquired from Intamin showed unsatisfactory performance in winter conditions. The refinement consisted of the installation of a linear engine that was engineered by the scientific centre "TEMP" (electromagnetic passenger transport).[18] The Moscow Government documents called the monorail line being built "experimental".[19]

By the end of June, the construction of the monorail line over Academician Korolev Street' tramway was finished and the station construction began. The station was also to be named Ulitsa Akademika Korolyova. On 15 October, tram service was restored on the route from All-Russia Exhibition Centre to the Ostankino TV center. In December, supports were installed throughout the route and the construction sites of all stations were defined. In April 2003, construction of Timiryazevskaya station began with the installation of support beams and building a rail switch.

The decree 866-PP issued by the Moscow Government on 14 October 2003 described in detail the procedure of launching the monorail and provided the technical parameters.[20] The deadline of 24 October was set to form the acceptance committee. On 11 November, the MMTS Expocentre terminal received a new name - "Ulitsa Sergeya Eisensteina". On 21 November, special construction codes were established that restricted digging trenches, laying utilities, construction of building foundations, tunnelling works and other interferences in the strip of land adjacent to the monorail. The borders of this strip were demarcated as 25 metres from the monorail supports. Restrictions were also imposed on work that lowers the groundwater within 100 metres from the monorail.

In November 2003, most stations were nearing completion, and the rail construction was almost completed. In December, the first test runs of rolling stock were conducted.

The monorail opening was initially planned for the beginning of February 2004, but was delayed until 23 February. On 19 February, an acceptance certificate for the monorail was signed by the committee.[21] On 21 February, during a trial run near Ulitsa of the Academic Koroleva, one of the trains ripped off 15 metres of the third rail.[22] However, because of an accident, the monorail opening was delayed again.

On 20 April 2004, a decree "on the additional measures on the construction of the Moscow Monorail" 746-RP was issued.[23] This decree rescheduled a number of construction deadlines from 2003 to 2004. In May, three trains were test run and the opening was delayed again for no given reason.

On 11 November, information surfaced that the only work that remained to be accomplished before the line could be launched in an excursion mode was the installation of the automated control system.[24] On the same day, Dmitry Gayev, director of the Moscow Metro, presented the line to the media.[25]

Excursion Mode

On 20 November 2004, the monorail carried its first passengers. At that time the monorail was running two trains at 30 minute intervals while the only boarding and exiting station was Ulitsa Sergeya Eisensteina. The monorail ran from 10:00 to 16:00, by the suggestion of Moskovsky Metropoliten. On 29 November, Timiryazevskaya station was opened for boarding and exiting. The cost for one ride during the excursion period was 50 rubles for adults, 25 rubles for students (>6 years of age) of universities, institutes and colleges and free rides for children under six years of age (later changed to seven).

At the beginning of 2005, a project for the continuation of the route was approved and the costs of that project were estimated. In July, the travel time from Timeryzevskaya to Ulitsa Sergei Eisensteina was cut down to about 22 minutes, the line's operating hours were extended to encompass 8:00 to 20:00 and the stations Vystavotchny Tsentr and Teletsentr were opened for passenger boarding and exiting. On 6 February, electrical equipment near Vystavochny Tsentr station caught fire, with no injuries. Based on previous experience, the monorail was closed until 11 February, due to concern of a possible high voltage leak near the accident area.

On 7 May and 1 June, two accidents involving damage of the third rail happened.[26] Repair work in both cases took several days. It was decided to perform additional monorail reliability checks which suspended its opening until Q2 2006.[27]

The last station was opened on 1 September 2006. On 19 and 20 October, the trial was conducted to assess the readiness of the line to have six trains en route simultaneously. According to the monorail staff, these trials showed the lack of sufficient reliability of the rolling stock. Because of this, the launch of the transportation mode is delayed to Q1 2007.[28]

During the off-hours of 26 December 2006, approximately 400 metres of trolley cable was damaged between stations Vystavochny Tsentr and Ulitsa Sergeya Eisensteina. The damaged site was repaired quickly and, on 30 December, the line continued operation. Allegedly, trolleys were damaged by an excavator or other heavy equipment. On 27 December, the repaired EPS 01 train was accepted for service and soon cannibalized for spare parts.

Budget complaints

In the beginning of 2007, Alexander Lebedev filed claims with the prosecutor of Moscow in regards to his beliefs that the government was making inefficient choices on budget matters in regards to the monorail.[29] A deputy later published a large section of the complaint in a newspaper.

The period of time that the monorail was in excursion mode launched several complaints against the Moscow Government that were similar to Lebedev's. The highpoint of the complaints was on 20 August, when Dmitry Gayev, answering a question about expansion asked by journalists, said: "This line still does not have any expansion plans, but this does not mean we have to shut it down. This monorail is experimental in nature and is in an experimental regime. Monorails have the right to live, and anything on the territory of Moscow has the right to live, but there is no plan for expansion.".[30] The media took this to mean that the experiment with the monorail had ended, and that there would be no more plans to develop rapid monorail transit systems in the capital.[31][32]

Transition to the transportation mode

In the first quarter of 2007, work was considered to be done on fixing minor problems encountered in the semi-automatic control system. Discussion about the transition began in December after the addition of bridges connecting the platforms at normal stations to ease emergency flow.[33] Also in December, a certificate was signed stating that the current owners of the monorail would be willing to transfer ownership to the Moscow government.

Transportation Mode

As of 1 January 2008, the stations open for entry and exit of passengers from 6:50 to 23:00. On 10 January, the line officially started working in the transportation mode. The transit time was reduced to a range of 9 to 22 minutes (2-5 monorails running simultaneously on the line), the crew was reduced to just the driver, prices were reduced to 19 rubles per trip and student tickets became available. During the first week of in the transportation mode, (from 10 January 2008) the monorail carried 37,871 passengers. In the first week of the work in transportation mode, the monorail's daily use was between 5,700 to 6,200 passengers on weekdays and on weekends, 7,000 people.[34] After a month and a half after the transition into the transportation mode, passenger traffic reached 12,000 a day: "... the deputy mayor said that for 1.5 months of the monorail in the new regime, the number of passengers increased by seven times."[35]

On 22 July 2008, the Moscow Government expanded the list of categories of citizens entitled to free use of the monorail services.[36] In November 2008, the maximum number of trains on the line was increased from 5 to 6 and, on 1 December, a new schedule was introduced. The average daily usage of the monorail in 2008 was 9,600 passengers per day.[37]

In 2009, the time of the train full circle time was reduced to 39 minutes 40 seconds. The minimal delay between the trains was also reduced by 20 seconds, to 6 minutes 35 seconds. The average daily usage of the monorail in 2009 was approximately 11,200 passengers per day, 17.3% higher than in the previous year.[37] In 2010, the ticket price was increased to 26 roubles. Wheelchair users ride free.

Since 1 January 2013, all metro tickets are valid for the monorail.Interchange from the Metro to the Monorail and vice versa is free for 90 minutes since entering the Metro or Monorail.[4]

Stations

Akademika Korolyova street (2011)

The monorail shares a unified station coding system with Moscow Metro.

The average travel time between Timiryazevskaya and Ulitsa Sergeya Eyzenshteyna stations is 17 minutes.

Infrastructure

Each station on the monorail was built separately. Each station consists of two levels, with stair, escalator and elevator access between the two. Five of the six stations are built on an "island" principle, meaning that there is only one platform, with trains approaching on either side of the platform. However, Úlitsa Akadémika Korolyóva is built on a split island design. Instead of trains approaching from either side of one platform, there are two platforms, with trains approaching on only one side of each.

Management of the monorail line can be carried out automatically from the computer control room located in the Bauman train depot. Also at each station there are Station Dispatch rooms, so that rolling stock can be controlled remotely from the station. Currently, the monorail trains operate in a semiautomatic mode, where the electronic system controls the trains. There is also a manual mode in which the operator at the depot controls the trains.[38] The monorail is powered by seven substations, one for each station and one for the depot.

Criticism

Tram line 17 passes under the monorail track near the VDNKh Moscow Metro station

The criticism in the media is primarily about the system design (low speed and capacity), the route of the monorail and the idea of elevated platform transport (it is alleged that a tram can have the same capacity and speed).[39] For example, the journalist Alexandr Lebedev noted:[40] The amount of space per person on the monorail (either 200 people with 5 people per meter squared or 290 people at an average of about 8 people per meter squared) has been criticized as too little space for something deemed an "alternative to the light metro". For example, journalist Elena Komarova wrote in 2006 that:[41]

“ After the move from the excursion to working mode of the monorail, the running trains on the monorail should expand four fold, with trains going from 6 to 1 AM in intervals of five minutes carrying 3,500 people an hour... - (For comparison: Moscow trams are designed for about 15-20 thousand people per hour, the "light" metro can take up to 22 thousand an hour, the normal one, up to 80 thousand.)... For now, the monorail isn't raising prices in the area of construction, nor the capitalization of the entire city. Right now it is only eating budget money. It is a tiring toy. ”

However, the quote ignores the fact that the people per meter squared statistics listed above work out to about 50,000 people per day, which, taking into account the current capacity loads in the Moscow Metro, comes close to the hourly capacity loads of the Butovskaya Line. If the fact that the existing number of rolling stock held by the Monorail and dimensions of the rolling stock built for the first section of the depot is taken into account, such statistics do not match the potential of at least eight times, because (according to data on the company's website) trains can be made up of 10 cars (just like current Moscow Subway lines), and subway lines usually have 42-44 trains running per hour, which would satisfy the monorail's passenger traffic of 38 thousand people, per hour in both directions (or 23 thousand and hour under the existing six-car arrangement), which means the monorail can at least handle the same amount of traffic as the "Light Metro" and could possibly handle the daily volume of the Filyovskaya metro line.[42]

Supporters of the project state that the current above-ground Moscow transport lines, along with the highways, are in very poor condition, and the construction of another Metro line would be too expensive and would lower the land values in the area where construction would be taking place due to the amount of noise.

Other problems

Along with financial problems,[43] the closure of the Moscow Museum of Mass Transit for the construction of the monorail depot was criticized. The exhibits were moved into a tram repair station and are now not accessible to the public. Other residents complained about the change of the skyline after the construction of the Academica Koroleva Road station — they believe that the monorail track is not aesthetically pleasing and blocks the view across the street of the same name.[44]

Closure

A 10 September 2015 article in Russian press stated that there are plans to shorten the monorail by almost half to 3 kilometres, from its current 5 kilometres, by demolishing the section from Ostankino to Rostokino depot. The monorail's remaining, 3-kilometre section is to subsequently undergo renovation and made accessible, while a tram line will replace the demolished section.[45]

Other reports in September 2015 stated, however, that it was not clear if the Moscow city government would close only part of the monorail or completely shutter it.[46]

A Moscow City government official stated in 2012 that the entire monorail would likely be closed and dismantled as it was unprofitable and did not perform to expectations. The same official also cited the monorail's poor design as another reason behind the closure plans.[47]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moscow monorail.

References

  1. ↑ Монорельсовая транспортная система (in Russian). mosmetro.ru. 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  2. ↑ "Monorail to Be Dismantled After Unprofitable 8 Years". The Moscow Times. 25 April 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
  3. ↑ Монорельсовую линию в Москве закрывать не будут. :: Общество :: РБК
  4. 1 2 Проездные на метро начнут действовать на монорельсовый транспорт — Российская газета
  5. ↑ Patent RU 2180295
  6. ↑ Yury Luzhkov (17 July 1998). "Decree 777-RP" (in Russian). Government of Moscow. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
  7. ↑ Yury Luzhkov (2 September 1998). "Decree 996-RP" (in Russian). Government of Moscow. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
  8. ↑ Yury Luzhkov (16 February 1999). "Decree 108-PP" (in Russian). Government of Moscow. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
  9. ↑ Yury Luzhkov (3 August 1999). "Decree 738-RP" (in Russian). Government of Moscow. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
  10. ↑ Yury Luzhkov (19 August 1999). "Decree 794-RP". Government of Moscow. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
  11. ↑ Yury Luzhkov (25 January 2000). "Decree 49-PP" (in Russian). Government of Moscow. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
  12. ↑ Yury Luzhkov (25 September 2000). "Decree 920-RP" (in Russian). Government of Moscow. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
  13. ↑ Yury Luzhkov (13 March 2001). "Decree 241-PP". Government of Moscow. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
  14. ↑ Yury Luzhkov (21 June 2001). "Decree 553-RP". Government of Moscow. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
  15. ↑ Yury Luzhkov (2 October 2001). "Decree 883-PP". Government of Moscow. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
  16. ↑ Yury Luzhkov (25 December 2001). "Decree 1171-PP". Government of Moscow. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
  17. ↑ Yury Luzhkov (22 May 2001). "Decree 463-PP". Government of Moscow. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
  18. ↑ Монорельс на сайте Владимира Свириденкова
  19. ↑ Yury Luzhkov (8 April 2002). "Decree 461-RP". Government of Moscow. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
  20. ↑ Yury Luzhkov (14 October 2003). "Decree 866-PP". Government of Moscow. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
  21. ↑ Монорельс: путь готов...
  22. ↑ Авария на Московском монорельсе
  23. ↑ Yury Luzhkov (20 April 2004). "Decree 746-RP". Government of Moscow. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
  24. ↑ Yury Luzhkov (11 November 2004). "Decree 2271-RP". Government of Moscow. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
  25. ↑ Маяк — В Москве открылась монорельсовая дорога
  26. ↑ Attractions sometimes break ...
  27. ↑ Yury Luzhkov (4 July 2006). "Decree 472-PP". Government of Moscow. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
  28. ↑ Yury Luzhkov (26 December 2006). "Decree 2755-RП". Government of Moscow. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
  29. ↑ "Депутатский запрос по ММТС А. Лебедева Прокурору г. Москвы Ю. Ю. Сёмину". 16 July 2007.
  30. ↑ Скоростная монорельсовая система в столице больше развиваться не будет, аудиозапись Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  31. ↑ Lenta.ru — В Москве прекратили эксперимент с монорельсом. 20 августа 2007
  32. ↑ Столичный монорельс за $188 млн признан неудавшимся экспериментом
  33. ↑ Интервью заместителя руководителя Департамента транспорта и связи Москвы Александра Кисько 10 апреля 2007 года
  34. ↑ Число пассажиров московского монорельса выросло в три раза. RBC (in Russian). 22 January 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
  35. ↑ Монорельс в Москве проведут в районы, не охваченные метро. RBC (in Russian). 20 February 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
  36. ↑ "Decree №623-PP". Moscow Government (in Russian). Retrieved 22 June 2010.
  37. 1 2 Московский монорельс в 2009 году перевез более миллиона человек (in Russian). РИА Новости. 24 December 2009. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  38. ↑ "Анализ условий и перспектив развития системы общественного транспорта в Москве с учетом мирового опыта" (PDF). Комитет государственных заимствований города Москвы. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
  39. ↑ Трамваи обеспечивают бо́льшую провозную способность, чем автобусы и троллейбусы. Оптимальная загрузка автобусной или троллейбусной линии — не более 3—4 тысяч пассажиров в час ( http://web.archive.org/web/20101119172708/http://www.komitet.kiev.ua:80/mythstr.htm. Archived from the original on 19 November 2010. Retrieved 22 October 2010. Missing or empty |title= (help) Правда и мифы о троллейбусе)], «классического» трамвая — до 7 тысяч пассажиров в час, но в определённых условиях — и больше(По данным бельгийского журнала «Spoorweg Journaal» (Nr. 124, november-december 2001), на линии подземного трамвая в Брюсселе в 1969 году трамваи перевозили 12—15 тысяч пассажиров в час в каждом направлении.)
  40. ↑ "How Mayor Luzhkov built a Monorail" (in Russian). expertiza.ru. 10 November 2007. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
    “ The results of creation and operation of the Moscow Monorail Transit System compromised the idea of a city monorail as a whole. The result of the Intamin Transportation Ltd. system shows that the monorail structure was chosen because of the declared low construction cost and a good look. The recommendation of the Academy of municipal services made in 60s banning monorails from outside the south regions of the USSR, was ignored. MMTS is not the transportation optimum: the car length is as narrow as 2.3 metres what is necessary only in the narrow street surroundings. ”
  41. ↑ "Moscow News" from 10.13.2006
  42. ↑ OAO Московские Монорельсовые Дороги Archived 20 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  43. ↑ Музей попал под монорельс? Archived 6 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
  44. ↑ Монорельс изменяет облик улиц
  45. ↑ Moscow Metro reforming the monorail transport system
  46. ↑ Why is Moscow Considering Closing its Monorail Network?
  47. ↑ Monorail to Be Dismantled After Unprofitable 8 Years

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moscow monorail.

Coordinates: 55°49′53″N 37°38′46″E / 55.83139°N 37.64611°E / 55.83139; 37.64611

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