Moskvitch 402

Moskvitch 402/403/407
Overview
Manufacturer	MZMA
Production	1956—1965
Body and chassis
Class	Compact car
Body style	4-door sedan 5-door estate 3-door sedan delivery
Layout	FR layout
Related	Moskvitch 410
Powertrain
Engine	1.2L MZMA-402 I4 (402) 1.3L MZMA-407 I4 (403 and 407)
Transmission	3-speed manual (1956-1960) 4-speed manual (1960-1965)
Dimensions
Wheelbase	2,370 mm (93.3 in)
Length	4,055 mm (159.6 in)
Width	1,540 mm (60.6 in)
Curb weight	910 kg (2,006 lb)
Chronology
Predecessor	Moskvitch 400-420
Successor	Moskvitch 408 (for 402/407) Moskvitch 412 (for 403)

Moskvitch-423

The Moskvitch 402 is a compact car manufactured by the former Soviet automobile maker MZMA, first time introduced in 1956 as a second generation of the Moskvitch series. In comparison with its predecessor, the Moskvitch-401, the M-402 model featured many improvements which included independent suspension with double wishbones, telescopic shock absorbers, 12-volt electrics, more solid and comfortable car body, more modern trunk, heater, standard car radio, wider viewing range for the driver, etc.

In terms of styling, the Moskvitch-402 followed the fashion set by such similar-sized cars of its time as the Hillman Minx, FIAT 1100, Ford Prefect 100E, Jowett Javelin, and Ford Consul Mk1 (1951–1956),^[1] as well as by the larger GAZ-21 Volga, whose designers took part in the creation of this car.^[2] It utilized a 35 hp (26 kW; 35 PS) 1,222 cc (74.6 cu in) inline 4-cylinder flathead engine derived from the 1,074 cc (65.5 cu in) of its predecessors.^[3] The top speed was 88–90 kilometres per hour (55–56 mph), a slight increase over the M-401 series, mostly due to considerable reductions in body weight; it could achieve 9 L/100 km (26 mpg_-US; 31 mpg_-imp). In 1958, among other changes, the engine was replaced with MZMA's OHV development, which allowed the car to obtain a maximum speed increase up to 115 kilometres per hour (71 mph) and significantly reduced the level of noise. At 4,055 mm (159.6 in) overall, it was 200 mm (7.9 in) longer than the 401.^[4] Though the gearchange had moved to the steering column, the gearbox was the same three-speed manual.^[5] Electrics changed from six volt to twelve,^[6] a change already being made in the United States. Radio, cigarette lighter, and demister were standard, at a time when the demister was not so in the United Kingdom.^[7]

The estate (402-423) appeared in 1957, with folding rear seats and a 250 kg (550 lb) payload.^[8] (Proposed three-door and sedan delivery models were not produced.^[9])

Exported to several Western countries, the M-402 in Norway had an advantage over the Ford Anglia or Prefect, being both more available and less subject to import duty.^[10]

Limited production of four-wheel drive variants of the M-402 (the M-410 saloon) was built in 1957-1958, using transfer case and axles of the GAZ-69 and Pobeda steering.^[11] Its performance was good: ground clearance was the same as that of the GAZ-69, 220 mm (8.7 in); it could cross water 300 mm (12 in) deep; climb a 33° slope; and reach 56 kilometres per hour (35 mph).^[12]

The final Moskvitch-402 was produced in July 1957; there were 94,080 in all (including 18,019 for export).^[13]

With the new M-407-series 45 hp (34 kW; 46 PS) 1,358 cc (82.9 cu in) overhead valve engine, in 1958, the M-402 became the Moskvitch 407.^[14] A four-speed transmission with synchromesh appeared in December 1959, in place of the three-speed.^[15]

The M-407 was offered as an estate (407-423N), delivery (407-430), medical team model (407B), and taxi (407T).^[16] The delivery simply had the rear windows of the estate not cut out and the rear doors welded shut; it was only available to official groups.^[17]

A M-407 came third in class at the 1000 Lakes Rally in 1957.^[18]

Like the M-402, there were four-wheel drive M-407s, too, beginning with the M-407-410N in June 1958 and the M-407-411N estate in August.^[19] At first, these had the three-speed, changing to the four-speed in 1960.^[20] A total of 11,890 four-wheel drive 402s and 407s were built by the end of production in January 1961,^[21] a result of Moskvitch being unable to keep up with demand for its mainstream M-407s.^[22]

In 1961, the M-407 was further upgraded with an even more powerful M-407D1-D2 engine (allowing to handle the fourth speed on a manual transmission), self-adjusting brake cylinders and hydraulic clutch drive, improved front suspension for easier driving,^[23] and a completely restructured dashboard. This model, manufactured as the Moskvitch 403, served as a transition between the second and the third generation Moskvitches, debuting in 1964, with the mechanical components of the Moskvitch 408 (which had not yet appeared) and the body of the M-402.^[24] The M-403E and M-403IE were intended for export.^[25] In 1963, an estate variant, the 424, appeared (with the 424E the export model).^[26] The M-403 lasted only until July 1965, with 133,523 cars built (50,612 for export).^[27]

The M-402 was discontinued by August 1959, with the M-407 production ending in October 1963 (with 359,980 built, 120,903 for export).^[28]

The M-407 was the first Soviet automotive export to be truly successful in the West.^[29] Up to half of all M-407 production was exported for a number of years, mainly to the Eastern Bloc countries, Norway, Finland, and France.^[30] In parts of Western Europe, it was rebranded the Elite, to avoid conflict with Peugeot, which had trademarked names with middle "0"s.^[31]

The Moskvitch-402 and 407 could be considered as the first step in Soviet and Russian automotive history towards producing customer-adapted trim levels for various uses. While the M-407 provided greater driving comfort at bigger expenses, other trim levels included the M-407-424 station wagon available for the general public, M-431 delivery pick-up/ambulance van and even the 410/411 attempt of creating an SUV-based sedan/station wagon.

Trims and body styles

Moskvitch-402

Moskvitch-403 (rear view). Early models of the Moskvitch-408, produced between 1964 and 1969, retained a similar design of the rear end

Moskvitch-407 (police car)

• Moskvitch-402 — the original series, produced from 1956 to 1958.
• Moskvitch-407 — same series with modified engine and frontal grille, produced from 1958 to 1964.
• Moskvitch-403 — improved version of the M-407, with notable interior accommodations. Produced from 1961 to 1965.
  • Moskvitch-403E — export version of the M-403, produced from 1962 to 1965.
• Moskvitch-423 — second generation station wagon (after Moskvitch 422-422K), produced between 1957 and 1958.
  • Moskvitch-423H — its upgraded version (M-407 engine featured), produced 1958 through 1963.
• Moskvitch-410 — first Soviet crossover, briefly produced between 1957 and 1958.
  • Moskvitch-410 — an upgrade on the M-410 model (similar to the M-403 upgrade of the M-407) featuring, however, a lesser drivetrain. Produced 1961 through 1964.
• Moskvitch-411 — a station wagon crossover, produced between 1959 and 1961.
• Moskvitch-415 — a four-wheel drive prototype.
• Moskvitch-416 — a four-wheel drive prototype.
• Moskvitch-430 and 430H — both two-door delivery pick-ups, with H being its crossover variant. The H was never released, however, due to increasing production costs, while the M-430 itself was briefly manufactured in 1958.
• Moskvitch-424 — the M-423 model redesigned to feature a convertible passengers/cargo rear compartment, possible unification of 423 and 430 models released from 1963 to 1965.
  • Moskvitch-424E — export version of the M-424, produced from 1962 to 1965.
• Moskvitch-432 — delivery pick-up variant based on the M-403 model, produced and discontinued in 1964 in favour of the Moskvitch-433.
• Moskvitch-407 coupe (Moskvitch-409) — a M-407-based sports car, produced in 1962.
• Moskvitch-429 — a delivery pick-up prototype based on the M-402, cancelled in favor of the 430.
• Moskvitch-431 — the prototype crossover variant of the M-430, produced in 1960.
• Moskvitch-A9 — a M-402-based minivan prototype, produced in 1957.

Notes

1. Thompson, Andy. Cars of the Soviet Union (Haynes Publishing, Somerset, UK, 2008), p. 81.
2. Za Rulem magazine (Russian)
3. Thompson, p.81.
4. Thompson, p.81.
5. Thompson, p.83.
6. Thompson, p.81.
7. Thompson, p.81.
8. Thompson, p.83.
9. Thompson, p.83.
10. Thompson, p.83.
11. Thompson, p.83.
12. Thompson, p.83.
13. Thompson, p.84.
14. Thompson, pp.83-84.
15. Thompson, p.85.
16. Thompson, p.84.
17. Thompson, p.84.
18. Thompson, p.84.
19. Thompson, p.85.
20. Thompson, p.85.
21. Thompson, p.85
22. Thompson, p.87.
23. Thompson, p.136.
24. Thompson, p.137.
25. Thompson, p.137.
26. Thompson, p.137.
27. Thompson, p.137.
28. Thompson, p.136.
29. Thompson, p.87.
30. Thompson, p.87.
31. Thompson, p.87.

Sources

• Thompson, Andy. Cars of the Soviet Union. Somerset, UK: Haynes Publishing, 2008.
• Flory, J. "Kelly", Jr. American Cars 1946-1959. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Coy, 2008.