Mount Kilimanjaro climbing routes

Mount Kilimanjaro

Kibo Summit of Kilimanjaro
Highest point
Elevation 5,895 m (19,341 ft)
Prominence 5,885 m (19,308 ft) Ranked 4th
Coordinates 03°04′33″S 37°21′12″E / 3.07583°S 37.35333°E / -3.07583; 37.35333Coordinates: 03°04′33″S 37°21′12″E / 3.07583°S 37.35333°E / -3.07583; 37.35333
Geography
Location Tanzania
Topo map Kilimanjaro map and guide by Wielochowski[1]
Geology
Mountain type Stratovolcano
Last eruption None in recorded history
Climbing
First ascent 1889 by Hans Meyer and Ludwig Purtscheller
Easiest route Hike

There are several routes by which to reach Kibo, or Uhuru Peak, the highest summit of Mount Kilimanjaro, namely, Marangu, Rongai, Lemosho, Shira, Umbwe and Machame.

Being one of the most popular mountains in the world, roughly 30,000 trekkers every year try to reach the summit of Mt Kilimanjaro. According to research published by the Climb Kilimanjaro Guide, the average summit success rate across all climbers and routes is 65%. However, summit success rate heavily depends upon what route is climbed as routes vary considerably in terms of acclimatization profile and duration.[2]

Climbing routes

Machame

The Machame route is probably the most popular route these days and is also called "the whiskey route". This route is steeper than the Marangu and Rongai routes and physically more demanding and for that reason better suited for the more determined and fitter climbers (view a map of Machame).

Marangu

Shira / Lemosho

The Lemosho route approaches Kilimanjaro from the west. Rather than simply intersecting Shira Plateau (like Machame), Lemosho crosses it from Shira Ridge to Shira 2 Camp, in a pleasant hike. Climbers encounter low traffic until the route joins the Machame route. Afterwards, Lemosho follows the same route through Lava Tower, Barranco and Barafu, known as the southern circuit. There are several options to complete the trek over (7, 8, or 9 days) based on your experience.

Rongai

Although the scenery is not as varied as the western routes, Rongai makes up for this by passing through true wilderness areas for days before joining the Marangu route at Kibo camp. Rongai is a moderately difficult route, and is highly recommended, especially for those with less backpacking experience. There a different options to complete the climb in 5, 6, or 7 days. (Route Options)

Umbwe

Of all the routes, Umbwe is by far the most scenic albeit steeper route up the mountain. The Rongai is the easiest camping route and the Marangu is also easy, but accommodation is in huts. As a result, this route tends to be very busy and ascent and descent routes are the same. Although the Rongai route is a flatter walk, it offers less opportunities for acclimatisation. The Machame and Lemosho routes both allow better opportunities to "walk high and sleep low", which is critical to avoiding altitude sickness.

Northern Circuit

The Northern Circuit is the newest route up Kilimanjaro and also the longest. The Northern Circuit takes a minimum of 8 days to complete but most operators offer the 9 day option. Because of its length, the Northern Circuit has the highest summit success rate. The route follows the same as the Lemosho Route for the first two days and then veers off to circle around the quieter northern slopes to the east side of the mountain. There a number of route variations, but generally the Northern Circuit approaches the summit via Gilman’s Point before descending on the same route as the Machame and Lemosho.[3]

Climbing description

The trek to Uhuru Peak is considered to be a relatively straightforward endeavour; however, ample time must still be provided for proper acclimatization to prevent altitude sickness. The three shortest routes, Marangu, Rongai, and Machame, are less challenging and are often trekked by individuals with limited mountaineering experience. Some trekkers employ altitude-sickness medication, including acetazolamide, but taking at least seven days[4][5] is the best way to avoid altitude sickness as your body needs proper time to adapt and acclimatize to high altitude.

Route travel times range from five to nine days to summit and return to the base of the mountain. Huts with cooking facilities, bathrooms, and electricity are available on the Marangu route, and camps with fewer facilities are available on many other routes. All huts and many camps have rangers stationed at them with rescue facilities (modified wheelbarrows to transport trekkers stricken with altitude sickness to lower altitudes).

Trekkers on Mount Kilimanjaro typically have a support crew of guides and porters who are integral in helping climbers reach the summit. The size of the support crew depends on the number of trekkers in a group and is regulated by the Kilimanjaro National Park (KINAPA). Tour operators are expected to comply with KINAPA guide and porter regulations.[6] A typical climbing group of 2 trekkers will have one guide, one assistant guide, 6 porters (3 for each climber) and one cook. Porters are responsible for carrying a trekkers gear as well as key items like tents, water and cooking supplies. It is customary to tip guides and porters at the last meal on the mountain or at the end of the trip. The tipping value varies depending on the number of days spent on the mountain and the number of climbers in a group.[7]

Summit attempts are generally begun at midnight so that trekkers can reach the rim of the crater to view the sunrise. Walking overnight also means the ground (loose gravel) is frozen, making the going significantly easier.

Trekkers on the Marangu route first encounter Gilman's Point on the rim of the crater, which is roughly a 1.5 hour hike from Uhuru Peak. Trekkers who follow the Southern Circuit will reach the summit via Stella Point which is about an hour from the summit. Both these compare with the Rongai route where the trip from where you reach the rim to the summit can be over two hours making for a very long summit day.

Another route is the Western Breach, which includes short sections of scrambling (where hands are required for balance and support). The rock on Kilimanjaro though is highly fragmented and deaths from rockfall from above have happened.

On all the southern routes and on the Western Breach climb it is possible to sleep overnight in the crater. This has three major advantages. First, you can summit during the day, avoiding the midnight rush. Second, you have time to visit the crater and explore the glaciers. Finally, you can get back to the rim very early the next day to see the sunrise. The Furtwängler Glacier on Kilimanjaro is a remnant of the ice cap that once covered the mountain. These has retreated dramatically over the last century with over 80 percent glacial retreat. The glacier is named after Walter Furtwängler, who along with Ziegfried Koenig, were the fourth to ascend to the summit of Kilimanjaro in 1912.

The rapidly retreating Furtwängler Glacier is near the summit.

At the summit, there is a sign posted by the Tanzanian government. The sign (printed in English only) reads "Congratulations! You are now at Uhuru Peak, Tanzania, 5,895 m. AMSL. Africa's Highest Point. World's Highest Free-Standing Mountain." It formerly had a fourth part of the sign, which read, "One of World's Largest Volcanos. Welcome." The sign is covered in travel stickers from past trekkers who have left their mark on the top of the peak. Near this famous sign is a box containing a log that many trekkers have signed.

Trekking routes

Forest along the Marangu climbing route.

Kilimanjaro has a number of official climbing routes. These are:

Summary of routes

Route Description Days Length
Northern Circuit
[8] 		Newest route on Kilimanjaro. Very low traffic due to very long time on the mountain, traverses nearly the entire mountain including the north side. Long route with great views. 9 90 kilometres (56 mi)
Lemosho
Long access drive, remote, less frequented, beautiful forests, scenic traverse to Barafu, camping. Excellent for acclimatization. 8 (-1) 56 kilometres (35 mi)
Machame
Second most popular route. Beautiful forest, very good for acclimatization, scenic traverse to Barafu. 7 (-1) 49 kilometres (30 mi)
Marangu
Very popular(crowded). Gentle gradients and long sections up to 4700m (2.9 mi). Beautiful forests and moorlands, comfortable but basic huts. The 6 day variant provides good time for acclimatization. 6 (-1) 64 kilometres (40 mi)
Rongai
Long access drive, remote, less frequented, some fine, wild, least scenic, camping. Good for acclimatization. 5-6 65 kilometres (40 mi)
Umbwe
Shortest and steepest route, very physically taxing and requires serious endurance. Beautiful forest, spectacular ridge, bad for acclimatization, scenic traverse to Barafu, camping.

Dangerous route.[9]

 6 (-1) 37 kilometres (23 mi)

A three-dimensional Google-Earth route map can be seen here.[10]

Northern Circuit

The Northern Circuit is the newest route on Kilimanjaro and takes 8–9 days. It begins from the north, then traverses nearly the entire mountain counter clockwise before approaching the summit from the east. This route offers diverse views, making a particularly scenic route. Being a lengthy, wilderness route, and the only route to cross the northern face, there is very little traffic on this route.[8] Its length means that it provides more acclimatisation time than other routes.[11]

Registration for the route is at Londorossi Gate, with the trek itself beginning at the road head at Lemosho Glades and following a little used track called Chamber's Route.[12] The route then follows around the northern face of the mountain, crossing the high desert plateau of Shira Caldera and passing Shira Cathedral to reach Moir Valley and then Buffalo Ridge. From here, the route climbs onto The Saddle, a lunar landscape which stretches between Kibo and Mawenzi Peaks. The overnight ascent to the summit is made from School Hut campsite to the crater rim at Gilman's Point, from where a trail leads on to the summit of Kilimanjaro at Uruhu Peak. Descent from the summit is made via Stella Point, Barafu Camp, and Millennium Camp, leaving the park at Mweka Gate.[11][12]

Lemosho route

This is an unspoilt, remote, less-used, and beautiful way up to the Shira Plateau. Trekkers sometimes use it to ascend the Western Breach route or follow it with the Kibo South Circuit to ascend by the easier Barafu Route. The first day of the route hardly ever has any game animals, and armed rangers never accompany a group. [1]

The standard route takes 7 days on the mountain, and is sometimes extended to 8 days with a stay at Karanga Valley.

Route Outline

  1. Drive from Moshi or Arusha to Londorossi Park Gate (2,250 metres (7,380 ft), 2 hours). From here a forest track requiring a four-wheel drive vehicle leads to Lemosho Glades (2,100 metres (6,900 ft), 11 kilometres (6.8 mi), 45 minutes) and a possible campsite (park fees are not paid to camp here). Walk along forest trails to Mti Mkubwa (big tree) campsite, (2,750 metres (9,020 ft), 3 hours).
  2. The trail gradually steepens and enters the giant heather moorland zone. Several streams are crossed then it gains the Shira Ridge at about (3,600 metres (11,800 ft) and drops gently down to Shira 1 camp located by a stream on the Shira Plateau ((3,500 metres (11,500 ft), 7 hours). This campsite could be omitted.
  3. A gentle walk across the plateau leads to Shira 2 camp on moorland meadows by a stream ((3,850 metres (12,630 ft), 4 hours). A variety of walks are available on the plateau making this an excellent acclimatization day.
  4. Continue east towards Kibo passing the junction, then east towards the Lava Tower. Shortly after this, you descend to Barranco hut ((3,940 metres (12,930 ft), 6 hours).
  5. A short scramble to the top of the Great Barranco and then a traverse over scree and ridges to the Karanga Valley ((4,000 metres (13,000 ft), 3 hours), beneath the icefalls of the Heim, Kersten, and Decken Glaciers. After climbing out of the Karanga Valley, the trail ascends a ridge to the Barafu Hut, a bleak location with little vegetation at (4,600 metres (15,100 ft), (3 hours walking).
  6. An early start for the ascent to the rim of the Kibo Crater between the Rebmann and Ratzel Glaciers, (6 hours). The last section before the rim can sometimes be snow-covered and an ice-axe or ski stick is useful for balance. At the rim, Stella point is reached (18,652 feet (5,685 m)). From here, a further hour leads to Uhuru Peak, from where there are often fine views of Meru to the west and the jagged peak of Mawenzi to the east. Descend to the Barafu Hut (3 hours) for a rest and lunch before continuing on past Millenium camp down to camp at Mweka Hut in the giant heather zone on the forest edge (4 hours). Those with energy on the summit may wish to descend to the Reutsh Crater and visit the ice pinnacles of the Eastern Icefields.
  7. A 3-4 hour descent through forest brings you to the park gate.

Machame route

The Machame route as of 2006 is described here. The route is typically done on a six[13] or seven day hike.[1][14]

The campsites and gates (with corresponding elevations) are as follows:[15]

One benefit of the Machame route is its quick rise to relatively high elevations (~10,000 feet (3,000 m)), and a short ascent to the Lava Tower site (~15,000 feet (4,600 m)) before descending back to Barranco Camp (~12,700 feet (3,900 m)) on the same day. This follows the climber's adage "climb high, sleep low", and helps altitude acclimation. The initial steep ascent also helps trekkers acclimatise better.

The Machame route starts from Machame Gate and travels upwards through the montane rainforest, characterized by dense vegetation, a muddy trail, and short sections of steep climbs. The first campsite, Machame Camp, is right after the dense tree cover in an area with lower but still thick bushlands.

The second day continues through increasingly sparse trees and bushes into moorlands. The day finishes with Shira Camp, which is on a small plateau in the high moorlands, and features views of Kibo in the northwest and Mount Meru towards the east. White necked ravens can be seen throughout the day. There is also a set of small caves a short walk from the campsite known as the Shira Caves.

Garden of the Senecios, with part of Kibo in the background.
High camp at Barafu. GPS showing elevation (15287 feet).

The third day starts in the moorlands and moves into alpine desert, with fewer trees and more rocks. The highest point is the base of the Lava Tower, after which the trail descends into the Barranco Valley. More vegetation is present in this zone, especially the area just before the campsite. This area is called the "Garden of the Senecios", which features many of the huge senecio plants. Shorter lobelia plants are also present.

The fourth day starts with the ascent of the Barranco Wall, which is considered a scramble in climbing terms. The trail continues with many up and down sections across small streams and rivulets and finally crosses the Karanga River to the Karanga campsite.

The fifth day follows the path up and across a rocky zone, finishing at the high camp Barafu. Very little vegetation can be found on the inhospitable terrain. A field of sedimentary rocks litters the ground. (Note - the six day trek omits the Karanga campsite, and trekkers continue directly to Barafu on the same day.)

The summit is usually attempted on the very early morning of the sixth day (around midnight). Barafu is also used as a summit campsite for the Umbwe route. Trekkers typically take somewhere between five and seven hours to ascend, using headlamps and cold weather gear. Making the ascent on a full moon or shortly thereafter can make the headtorch unnecessary. The first milestone, generally reached shortly after dawn, is Stella Point (18,652 feet (5,685 m)), which is on the crater rim. Following Stella Point, the trail continues for another 60 minutes to Uhuru Peak, the summit.

The descent back to Barafu takes roughly four hours. Some trekkers scree slide down the slope, which entails skidding/running down the loose gravel at medium speed. From Barafu, trekkers typically take a short break, and continue downwards through the alpine desert and ensuing moorlands to Mweka Camp.

The seventh and final day has trekkers continue through the montane forest to Mweka Gate. Troops of black-and-white colobus monkeys can often be seen in the dense growth.

Detailed description:[1][14]

Marangu Route

Waterfalls at Marangu

The Marangu Route (also known at the "Coca-Cola" route) is the easiest ascent of Kilimanjaro, although any ascent can be challenging. Climbs can be done over 6 days. It crosses The Saddle, a 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) wide, high-altitude, semi-desert that separates craggy Mawenzi from the main summit Kibo. From the summit, glaciers, screes, cliffs, afro-alpine moorland, and forests lead down to the cultivated foothills.[1]

The Merangu route is a favourite of local tour operators as it's the shortest route and requires no camping gear to be carried. For this reason it is often the cheapest option. Because of its short profile, the Merangu route actually has the lowest summit success rate out of any route.

Trekkers sometimes spend an extra day to acclimate to the altitude at Horombo Hut. Also, trekkers often start the final ascent to Uhuru Peak early from Kibo Hut, because the scree is easier to climb when frozen, and dawn views from the crater rim are often spectacular.

Route Outline

  1. Drive to Marangu Gate. Walk through the rain forest to Mandara hut (2,743 metres (8,999 ft), about 3 hours).
  2. Leave the forest and cross open moor land to Horombo hut (3,760 metres (12,340 ft)).
  3. Rest and acclimatisation day at Horombo Hut. Day walk to Zebra Rocks or to Mawenzi Hut. This day can be omitted.
  4. Walk through moorland then alpine desert to "The Saddle" between the peaks of Mawenzi and Kibo. From here you will walk for about an hour to reach Kibo hut (4,730 metres (15,520 ft)).
  5. Very early start for the summit on steep scree up to Gillman's Point (5,681 metres (18,638 ft)), which is on the crater rim. Continue around the rim (which will take about two hours if you are fit) to Uhuru Peak (5,895 metres (19,341 ft)) the highest point in Africa. Descend to Kibo Hut and then down to the thicker air and relative warmth of Horombo hut.
  6. Descend to Marangu gate.

Rongai Route

Route Outline

The route described below includes the 'Mawenzi Tarn Hut variation' which is recommended for acclimatization. However, some tours skip this and proceed directly from Simba camp to a 'Third Camp' at around 3700m to Kibo Hut, resulting in a (more difficult because of shorter length) 5-day total trip.

  1. Drive 2 hours from the Marangu gate to the Rongai Gate. Walk to Simba Camp at 2,650 metres (8,690 ft), 2.5-3 hrs. The walk is initially through plantations then rain forest and finally bush country.
  2. Walk to second Cave at 3,450 metres (11,320 ft), 3½ hrs. A gentle day through bush then heathers.
  3. Gentle rising traverse through moorland over several ridges to Kikelea Caves, 3,600 metres (11,800 ft), 3 hours.
  4. Moorland then screes to Mawenzi Tarn Hut, 4,330 metres (14,210 ft), 3-3.5 hrs.
  5. Easy angled screes slopes lead across the Saddle to Kibo Hut, 4,700 metres (15,400 ft), 4.5-5 hrs.
  6. Very early start for the summit on steep scree up to Gillman's Point (5,681 metres (18,638 ft)), which is on the crater rim. Continue around the rim (which will take about two hours if you are fit) to Uhuru Peak (5,895 metres (19,341 ft)) the highest point in Africa. Descend to Kibo Hut and then down to the thicker air and relative warmth of Horombo hut.
  7. Descend to Marangu gate.

Climbers often omit the second cave during ascent, although the climb is more difficult.

Umbwe Route

Southern Icefields viewed from Umbwe Route (Barranco Camp)

The Umbwe route is often considered the hardest but most spectacular and direct way to reach Uhuru Peak.

Route Outline

  1. Drive to the Umbwe Roadhead at 1,800 metres (5,900 ft). The route initially follows a forestry track winding up through the natural rain forest. It then narrows and steepens to climb the ridge between the Lonzo and Umbwe rivers. The first campsite is in the forest by some rock overhangs at 2,940 metres (9,650 ft), (5–6 hours walking).
  2. Shortly after leaving the camp, the forest ends and the path continues along a narrow spectacular ridge. Above, the sheer 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) of the Breach Wall appears and disappears as the afternoon mists roll up the Great Barranco. From the Umbwe ridge the route descends slightly to the Barranco Hut and the camp in the valley floor at 3,900 metres (12,800 ft), (5–6 hours walking).
    • From here the route parts. The traditional route continues north to climb the Western Breach from the Arrow Glacier Camp. However, because of the high risk from falling rock, it is suggested to follow the route below.[16]
  3. A short scramble to the top of the Great Barranco and then a traverse over scree and ridges to the Karanga Valley (4,000 metres (13,000 ft), 3 hours), beneath the icefalls of the Heim, Kersten, and Decken Glaciers.
  4. After climbing out of the Karanga Valley, the trail ascends a ridge to the Barafu Hut, a bleak location with little vegetation at 4,600 metres (15,100 ft), (3 hours walking).
  5. An early start for the ascent to the rim of the Kibo Crater between the Rebmann and Ratzel Glaciers, (4 hours). The last section before the rim can sometimes be snow-covered and an ice-axe or ski stick is useful for balance. From here, a further hour leads to Uhuru Peak, from where there are often fine views of Meru to the west and the jagged peak of Mawenzi to the east. After a short time on the summit, descend to the Barafu Hut before continuing on down to camp at Mweka Hut in the giant heather zone on the Mweka route.
  6. A 3-4 hour descent through forest brings you to the park gate.

Climbing Routes - Costs

To climb Kilimanjaro you have to trek with a licensed guide. There is no option to climb solo. When you take into consideration permit fees, park fees, camping and food logistics, the only realistic way to climb the mountain is with a tour operator. A local, no frills operator on the short Merangu route costs between US$900 - $1,200. However, the short Merangu route has the lowest summit success rate and if you want to take a longer itinerary it will cost more.

The 8 day Lemosho will cost in the region of US$1,700 and the 9 day Northern Circuit route will cost between US$1,900 - $2,500. These prices are based upon local operator costs. Western operators generally charge more but usually offer a far better service.

The quality of the tour operator is actually a very important factor as your safety is on the line throughout the trek. Unethical treatment of porters is also a big problem on the mountain and local operators are often the culprits, paying their porters below minimum wage and getting them to carry gear that is too heavy. Factors like this should be taken into account when booking as a Kilimanjaro trek is a fairly large investment and it's worth getting the right operator. Cost should only be one factor among many when choosing your route and operator.

Rock climbing routes

The Credner Glacier
Abseiling down the Credner Glacier on the way to the Western Breach

The rock on Kilimanjaro is generally unsuitable for rock climbing; however, there are several good snow and ice routes that are rapidly vanishing due to glacial recession. Mawenzi's peaks provide a few rock routes on loose rock.

Until recently, glacial recession has made it harder to ascend the Umbwe Route followed by the Heim Glacier. Just left of the glacier, the Breach Wall was considered the hardest route on Kilimanjaro (featuring a 100 m high vertical icicle). Further left again, the Western Breach (Arrow Glacier) Route provides an easy scrambling route to the crater.

Park authorities and outfitters require special arrangements and often disclaimers to climb these routes. Although it is only a scramble, the Western Breach route falls into this category on account of rock fall danger.

Selected rock climbing routes

Other climbing routes:[18][19][20]

Frequently Asked Kilimanjaro Questions and Answers [21]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Kilimanjaro Map and Guide (Map) (4th ed.). 1:75,000 with 1:20,000 and 1:30,000 insets. EWP Map Guides. Cartography by EWP. EWP. 2001. ISBN 0-906227-66-6.
  2. ↑ "Climb Kilimanjaro Guide". Climb Kilimanjaro Guide. 02/12/2015. Retrieved 02/12/2015. Roughly 30,000 people trek up the Kilimanjaro annually, most of them tourists. On average only 65 percent of climbers who attempt Kilimanjaro reach the summit. Check date values in: |access-date=, |date= (help)
  3. ↑ "Northern Circuit Kilimanjaro climb to the Summit". Kandoo Adventures. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
  4. ↑ Private Kilimanjaro - How many days are needed to climb Kilimanjaro?
  5. ↑ How Many Days are Needed to Climb Kilimanjaro?
  6. ↑ Kilimanjaro National Park
  7. ↑ Climb Kilimanjaro Guide – Tipping on Kilimanjaro
  8. 1 2 Northern Circuit route description
  9. ↑ Africa Travel Resource - Tanzania, Tanzania Northeast, Mount Kilimanjaro, Kilimanjaro Umbwe
  10. ↑ Three-dimensional google-earth route map
  11. 1 2 "Kilimanjaro Climb - Northern Circuit". Exodus. Retrieved March 25, 2011.
  12. 1 2 "Kilimanjaro Northern Circuit Itinerary" (PDF). Gane & Marshall. Retrieved March 25, 2011.
  13. ↑ Machame route itinerary over 6 days for climbing up Mount Kilimanjaro with a private tailor made climb groups charities
  14. 1 2 Machame detailed route description
  15. ↑ GPS waypoints of the Machame route, The 7 Summits
  16. ↑ http://www.etripafrica.com/#/mount_kilimanjaro/
  17. ↑ http://www.climbmountkilimanjaro.com/the-history-of-kilimanjaro/history-of-kilimanjaro-after-meyer/index.html
  18. ↑ Climbing route information
  19. ↑ Climbing and walking guide
  20. ↑ Kilimanjaro information
  21. ↑ Frequently Asked Kilimanjaro Q & A
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