Battle of Mount Tumbledown

Battle of Mount Tumbledown
Part of Falklands War

Mount Tumbledown, Two Sisters, and Wireless Ridge from Stanley Harbour
Date13 June – 14 June 1982
LocationMount Tumbledown, Falkland Islands
Result British victory
Belligerents
Argentina Argentina United Kingdom United Kingdom
Commanders and leaders
Commander Carlos Robacio Lt. Col. Michael Scott
Strength
700 Argentine Marines + 200 infantrymen from Argentine Army 641 Troops
Casualties and losses
30 killed[1]
100 wounded[1]
30 captured[1]		 10 killed[1]
53 wounded[1]
The British capture of heights above Stanley leads to the surrender of the town shortly afterwards.

The Battle of Mount Tumbledown was an engagement in the Falklands War, one of a series of battles that took place during the British advance towards Stanley.

Overview

On the night of 13–14 June 1982 the British launched an assault on Mount Tumbledown, one of the highest points near the town of Port Stanley, the capital, and succeeded in driving Argentinian forces from the mountain. This close-quarters night battle was later dramatized in the BBC film Tumbledown.

The attacking British forces consisted of the 2nd Battalion, Scots Guards (2SG), mortar detachments from 42 Commando, Royal Marines and the 1st Battalion, 7th Duke of Edinburgh's Own Gurkha Rifles, (1/7 GR) as well as support from a troop of the Blues and Royals equipped with two Scorpion and two Scimitar armoured vehicles. The Argentinian forces defending the mountains were Commander Carlos Robacio's 5th Marine Infantry Battalion (BIM 5). The defending Argentines were already proving costly in lives. In the shelling that was directed by Sub-Lieutenant Marcelo de Marco of the 5th Marines from his observation post on Tumbledown Mountain, four Paras and one REME craftsman were killed on Mount Longdon and another seven Paratroopers were wounded and a Welsh Guardsman was killed while riding a motorbike in the Fitzroy-Stanley track.

Prior to the British landings, the Argentinian marine battalion had been brought up to brigade strength by a company of the Amphibious Engineers Company (CKIA), a heavy machine-gun company of the Headquarters Battalion (BICO), a battery of the 1st Marine Field Artillery Battalion (BIAC), and three Tigercat SAM batteries of the 1st Marine Anti-Aircraft Regiment, as well as a 2nd Marine Infantry Battalion platoon and a 3rd Marine Infantry Battalion platoon.

As part of the British plan, 1/7 GR was given the task of capturing the sub-hill of Mount William held by O Company, the 5th Marine Battalion's reserve, and then allowing the Welsh Guards through to seize Sapper Hill, the final obstacle before Stanley. The attack was supported by naval gunfire from HMS Active's 4.5 inch gun.

At the time of the battle, Ship-of-the-Line Lieutenant Eduardo Villarraza's N Company held Mount Tumbledown. Mount William was just south of Tumbledown and the Marine battalion's O Company under Ship-of-the-Line Lieutenant Ricardo Quiroga was on its lower slopes. Major Oscar Ramon Jaimet's B Company, 6th Regiment was in reserve behind N Company. Ship-of-the-Line Lieutenant Rodolfo Oscar Cionchi's M Company occupied Sapper Hill. The Argentinian defenders held firm under the British 'softening up' bombardment, which began at 7:30 local time. Major Jaimet later recalled:

I heard the cries of the wounded calling for their comrades, twelve men wounded before nightfall. We thought we had suffered before, but what luxury and comfort compared to this.[2]

During the battle, the 5th Marines Command Post took five direct hits, but Commander Robacio emerged unscathed.[3]

Nacar Company deployment

The Nacar Company from the 5th Marine Battalion, was commanded by Captain Villarraza, was highlighted to defend a sector comprising an area between Moody Brook Valley and existing coast south of Mount William.
-The 1st Platoon, led by Midshipman Bianchi, was located 500 meters southwest of Mount William.
-The 2nd Platoon, led by Midshipman Oruezabala, was located a little more to the northwest of the 1st Section.
-The 3rd Platoon, led by Chief Petty Officer Lucero, was located north of Mount Tumbledown, on its east end. The left flank of this section was very close to the Company HQ.
-The 4th Section, led by Lieutenant Vazquez, was located at the west end of Tumbledown, with their area of responsibility pointing west and south.
-The 5th Section, led by Lieutenant Mino, was at the west end of Tumbledown, behind the 4th Section, facing west and north.
While the traditional organization of the companies in the infantry battalions is with three platoons, during the war were added two platoons: the 4th Section, whose leader was added to the 5th Marine Battalion during the war, because he was studying at the Navy Officer´s School (ESOA) and 5th platoon leader from the Amphibious Engineers Unit.
-The 12.7 machine guns (from the Battalion Command) was located behind the 1st Section.
-105 mm cannons without recoil divided, a group was at the left end of the 1st Section and one on the right end of the 3rd Section.
-60 mm mortar were between the 4th Section and the company command post.

4th Platoon deployment

The 5th Marine Battalion, Nacar Company, 4th Platoon was located on the western edge of Mount Tumbledown. His forehead pointed south, the purpose of that location was to beat with guns the flank of the valley that was left to his forehead. Approximately 1000–1500 meters to front of the 1st and 2nd platoon were located.
Section had a frontline of about 150–200 m. Its right veered westward, covering that sector at the end of the high. It had a depth of about 50 meters including a secondary position located just to the rear in the topographic crest Tumbledown, about 30–50 m beyond the main position.
Initially, the platoon had two groups of shooters and firing command. The platoon leader was the Lieutenant Vazquez.Each group consisted of 10 soldiers. The left group was directly under Lieutenant Vazquez´s command and Petty Officer Fochesatto was his radio operator. The other group was led Petty Officer Castillo. The left group had left a 60mm mortar and a machine gun MAG. The group on the right had a FAP rifle and a machine gun MAG. The rest of the staff had FAL rifles.
The defensive position consisted of a main position (as described) and the secondary position indicated, besides considerable amount of "fox holes" which became change positions, additional or simulated. These were the result of natural works, artillery impacts, etc.
About five days before 14 June 1982 the 5th platoon of the Nacar Company was created under Lieutenant Mino command. This section took a defensive position in the topographical ridge west end of Tumbledown, pointing N and almost closing with its left end, the land that separated the far right. The distance separating this platoons varied between 20 m and 50 m, while both sections were "back to back".
On 12 June the fourth section received reinforcement by the addition of approximately 20 soldiers from the Argentine Army, a corporal and the sub lieutenant Oscar Augusto Silva. All these staff came from the RI 12 and RI 4. Lieutenant Vazquez ordered sub Lieutenant Silva Vazquez to go with a squad of five men to occupy the central position of the shift position in the rear (the topographical ridge, just 20 meters from the 5th Section of the Company Nacre Battalion 5) and its mission was to cover by fire the retreat of the 4th in case they could not hold the leading position.
In the last days before the fight, the fourth and fifth section coordinated the following action:
When they fight start, they will resist in their main positions. If the platoons could not stay in the main position, both sections retreat to the alternative position in the topographical ridge of Mount Tumbledown (30 meters to the rear) covered by guns from Lieutenant Silva´s Squad.
In the topographical ridge, both Sections, almost back to back, will try to maintain the west end of Tumbledown. If unsuccessful, both they redeploy to the Nacar Company HQ located in the east end of Tumbledown, approximately 1800 meters behind them. It was explicitly coordinated that none of the two platoons will retreat without the other.
The day before the battle some modifications were made: • Corporal Tejada came to occupy a position in the machine gun on the right as head of it. • The soldiers from the Argentine Army (except lieutenant Silva and the five soldiers who occupied the position in the rear) were distributed along the main defensive position.
Section was composed of 30 Marines, but when the fighting started there were only 27, because some had been evacuated three days earlier by injuries suffered during the British bombardment. And also, the previous days were added the Lieutenant Silva with 15 Army conscripts (many soldiers from the Army were evacuated because they were unable to continue fighting). In total, there were 44 men in the Vazquez´s position.

Early moves

On the morning of 13 June, the Scots Guards were moved by helicopter from their position at Bluff Cove to an assembly area near Goat Ridge, west of Mount Tumbledown. During this day, a dispatch rider from the 1st Welsh Guards Battalion was mortally wounded by Argentine shellfire directed from Tumbledown. The British plan called for a diversionary attack south of Mount Tumbledown by a small number of the Scots Guards, assisted by the four light tanks of the Blues and Royals, whilst the main attack came as a three-phase silent advance from the west of Mount Tumbledown.

In the first phase, G company would take the western end of the mountain. In the second phase, Left Flank (company) would pass through the area taken by G company to capture the centre of the summit. In the third phase, Right Flank would pass through Left Flank to secure the eastern end of Tumbledown.

A daytime assault was initially planned, but was postponed at the British battalion commander's request. In a meeting with his company commanders the consensus was that the long uphill assault across the harsh ground of Tumbledown would be suicidal in daylight.

Diversion

At 8:30 p.m. on 13 June the diversionary attack began. The 2nd Bn Scots Guards' Reconnaissance Platoon, commanded by Major Richard Bethell (a former SAS officer), and supported by four light tanks of the Blues and Royals, clashed with an Argentinian marine company in a delay position on the lower slopes of Mount William. On Mount William's southern slopes, one of the tanks was taken out of action by a booby trap.

The initial advance was unopposed, but a heavy firefight broke out when British troops made contact with Argentinian defences. The Argentinians opened fire, killing two British soldiers and wounding four others. After two hours of hard fighting, the company withdrew to its main defences and the British secured the position. Marine First Class Private José Luis Fazio fought against Bethell's force:

At about 2230 hours our battalion had its first intensive gun battle with British companies which appeared out of nowhere. I heard Private Roberto Barboza yell 'The English are here!' ... I remember our Operations Officer requested the artillery to assist at 23.00 with star shells. The close quarter battle was such that the Argentine artillery was unable to drop shells on to the British attackers. I was shooting, doing my work. I don't know if I killed anyone. We just fired our rifles, that's all. Contact was maintained for over an hour before battalion headquarters ordered Obra Company to fall back ... What we did not realise at the time was that at least a wounded Marine made his way to the amphibious engineer platoon position and hurled a grenade wounding a Major. Simultaneously the Major opened fire, killing him.[4]

Fearing a counter-attack, the British platoon withdrew into an undetected minefield, and were forced to abandon their dead.[5] Two men were wounded covering the withdrawal and four more were wounded by mines. The explosions prompted the Argentine Marine Major Antonio Pernías to order the 81 mm mortar platoon on Mount William and the longer-ranged 120mm mortars attached to 'C' Company, 3rd Infantry Regiment on Sapper Hill to open fire on the minefield and the likely withdrawal route of anyone attacking Mount William.[6] The barrage lasted for about forty minutes and more British casualties would have been inflicted if the mortar bombs had not landed on soft peat, which absorbed most of the power of the explosions.

Night attack

Final Actions, 13 to 14 June 1982.

At 9 p.m., half an hour after the start of the diversionary attack, Major Iain Dalzel-Job's G Company started its advance of nearly two miles. Reaching its objective undetected, the company found the western end of the mountain undefended and occupied it easily, but later came under heavy shellfire that wounded Major Dalzel-Job in the head.[7] Major John Kiszely's Left Flank passed through them and reached the central region of the peak unopposed, but then came under heavy fire.[8]

The Argentinians, later learned to be of company strength, directed mortar, grenade, machine gun and small arms fire from very close range at the British company, killing three British soldiers. Marine Sub-Lieutenant Héctor Mino's 5th Platoon, Amphibious Engineer Company, held the rocks to the right of Marine Sub-Lieutenant Carlos Vázquez's 4th Platoon, 5th Marines. In the centre and to the left of the 4th Platoon were Second Lieutenant Óscar Silva's RI 4 platoon and Second Lieutenant Celestino Mosteirín's RI 12 platoon, which had recently fought on Goat Ridge and Mount Harriet.

For four or five hours, three platoons of Argentinian riflemen, machine gunners, and mortar men pinned the British down. To help identify the bunkers, the Guardsmen fired flares at the summit. The Guardsmen traded 66 mm rockets and 84 mm anti-tank rounds with the Argentinians, who were protected in their rock bunkers. The Argentinians refused to budge; the Guardsmen could hear some of them shouting obscene phrases in English and even singing as they fought.[8]

Meanwhile, two Royal Navy frigates, HMS Yarmouth and Active, were pounding Tumbledown with their 4.5 inch guns. At one stage Lieutenant Colonel Michael Scott, (Commanding Officer of 2 SG), thought the battalion might have to withdraw and attack again the next night, The old nails were being bitten a bit, if we had been held on Tumbledown it might have encouraged them to keep on fighting.[8]

Left flank

The fighting was hard going for Left Flank. The Argentinians had well dug-in machine guns and snipers. At 2:30 a.m., however, a second British assault overwhelmed the men of Miño, Silva and Mosteirin but the bulk of Vazquez's platoon would continue fighting till about 7:00 am. The British troops swarmed over the mountaintop and killed or wounded Silva's men, at times fighting with fixed bayonets. Marine Private Jorge Sanchez recalled:

The fighting was sporadic, but at times fierce, as we tried to maintain our position. By this time we had ten or twelve dead including one officer [Second Lieutenant Oscar Silva, Argentine Army]. I hadn't fired directly at a British soldier, as they had been too hard to get a clear shot at. I can remember lying there with all this firing going over my head. They were everywhere. The platoon commander [Marine Sub-Lieutenant Carlos Daniel Vazquez] then called Private Ramon Rotela manning the 60 millimetre mortar and Rotela fired it straight up into the air so that the bombs landed on ourselves. At this point I had been up and in actual combat for over six hours. It was snowing and we were tired. Some of the guys had surrendered, but I didn't want to do this. I had only twenty rounds left and I decided to continue the fight from Mount William. I popped up, fired a rifle grenade in the direction of 8 to 10 British soldiers to keep their heads down, and then ran for the 2nd Platoon. I can remember saying some type of prayer hoping the British wouldn't shoot me in the back.[9]

Major Kiszely, who was to become a senior general after the war, was the first man into the Argentine position, personally shooting two Argentinian conscripts and bayoneting a third, his bayonet breaking in two. Seeing their company commander among the Argentinians inspired 14 and 15 Platoons to make the final dash across open ground to get within bayoneting distance of the remaining marines. Kiszely and six other Guardsmen suddenly found themselves standing on top of the mountain, looking down on Stanley which was under street lighting and vehicles could be seen moving along the roads. The Argentinians, in the form of Second Lieutenant Augusto La Madrid platoon from Major Jaimet's B Company and Marine Sub-Lieutenant Hector Miño's amphibious engineer platoon (rallied by First Lieutenant Waldemar Aquino and Sub-Lieutenant de Marco), now counter-attacked and a burst of machine gun fire from either the army or marine platoon injured three British men, including Lieutenant Alasdair Mitchell, commander of 15 Platoon. A bullet passed through the compass secured on Kiszely's belt. For his bayonet charge Major Kiszely was awarded the Military Cross.

Morning

By 6 a.m., Left Flank's attack had clearly stalled and had cost the British company seven men killed and 18 wounded. On the eastern half of the mountain the platoons of conscripts of La Madrid and Miño platoon, were still holding out, so Colonel Scott ordered Right Flank to push on to clear the final positions. Second Lieutenant La Madrid later described the fighting:

I went forward to make a reconnaissance and could see that the British had two machineguns and a missile launcher in action. I went through another gap in the rocks and was surprised by three men speaking in English behind and above me and firing over the top of me. I could see them with my night binoculars ... I took a rifle grenade and fired at where I had seen the first three men. I heard it explode and some shouts and cries of pain ... I ran back to my position and ordered my men to open fire. We stopped them, but they thinned out and came round our flanks ... They also engaged us with light mortars and missile launchers. This went on for a long time, and we suffered heavy casualties ... We started to run short of ammunition ... Also, I could see that we were outflanked, with the British behind us, so we were cut off from my company ... I reorganized and found that I was down to sixteen men. I started to retire ... I left six men in a line with one machinegun to cover our retreat, but really we were fighting all the time; we could not break contact. They came on us fast, and we fell back ... We eventually got through to Stanley, through what I would like to say was a perfect barrage fired by the Royal Artillery. We had to wait for breaks in the firing, but I still lost a man killed there.[10]

Major Simon Price sent 2 and 3 Platoons forward, preceded by a barrage of 66 mm rockets to clear the Argentine reinforcements. Major Price placed 1 Platoon high up in the rocks to provide fire support for the assault troops.

Lieutenant Robert Lawrence led 3 Platoon around to the right of the Argentinian platoons, hoping to take the Argentinians by surprise. They were detected, however, and the British were briefly pinned down by gunfire before a bayonet charge overwhelmed the Argentinian defenders. Lance-Corporal Graham Rennie of 3 Platoon later described the British attack:

Our assault was initiated by a Guardsman killing a sniper, which was followed by a volley of 66 mm anti-tank rounds. We ran forward in extended line, machine-gunners and riflemen firing from the hip to keep the enemy heads down, enabling us to cover the open ground in the shortest possible time. Halfway across the open ground 2 Platoon went to ground to give covering fire support, enabling us to gain a foothold on the enemy position. From then on we fought from crag to crag, rock to rock, taking out pockets of enemy and lone riflemen, all of whom resisted fiercely.[11]

As La Madrid withdrew after suffering reportedly five killed in the Argentine counterattack,[12] the platoons under Second Lieutenant Aldo Franco and Guillermo Robredo moved in from the eastern edge of the mountain to try to help La Madrid and Miño. Advancing out of the central region of Tumbledown Mountain, the British again came under heavy fire from the Argentinians, but by advancing in pairs under covering fire, they succeeded in clearing those RI 6 Company platoons as well, gaining firm control of the mountain's eastern side.[13]

Right Flank had achieved this at the cost of five wounded, including Lt. Lawrence. In his moment of victory on the eastern slopes, Lawrence was almost killed when a bullet fired by an Argentine sniper tore off the side of his head. He was awarded the Military Cross for bravery, but he spent a year in a wheelchair and was almost totally paralyzed. The Argentinian sniper (in fact Private Luis Jorge Bordón or Walter Ignacio Becerra, according to La Madrid[14]), armed with a FAL rifle, had helped cover the Argentinean retreat, firing shots at a Scout helicopter evacuating wounded off Tumbledown and injuring two men (including Guardsman Kenny Mains), before the Scots Guards mortally wounded him in a hail of gunfire.[13]

Aftermath

By 9:00 a.m., the Scots Guards had gained the high ground east of Tumbledown Mountain and the Gurkhas commenced deploying across the heavily shelled saddle from Tumbledown south to Mount William, which they took with the loss of 13 wounded. The 2nd Battalion Scots Guards had lost eight dead and 43 wounded. The Welsh Guards had lost one dead, the Royal Engineers had also lost one dead, and the Gurkhas had sustained altogether 13 wounded, including the artillery observation officer, Captain Keith Swinton. According to Dhanbahadur Rai, a Gurkha:

The Scots Guards were to attack Tumbledown, with the Gurkhas following behind. We were supposed to finish the attack and they would give us covering fire from Tumbledown ... During the night we followed the Scots Guards and then our CO told us to stop. The ground was like a valley when we stopped and afterwards the shelling started ... The headquarters and A Company had twelve wounded ... The next morning we started to move. The CO sahib and the anti-tank Milan Platoon commander and the FOO were just going up and they got a rifle shot. Our commanding sahib was shouting. He said, 'Look, Goli Ayo!' 'Get down! Someone fired!' Then the FOO was standing and looking and the second shot hit him in the chest.[15]

The Guards took 30 prisoners, several of them RI 6 soldiers. The bodies of 30 Argentine Army and Marine soldiers were found over the 5th Marine Battalion perimeter.

Unwilling to abandon the hill, Commander Carlos Robacio on Sapper Hill was planning to counter-attack and drive back the Guardsmen. Only the personal intervention of Colonel Félix Aguiar, the 10th Brigade Chief of Staff, brought the fighting to an end.[16] The 5th Marines worked their way back into Stanley, leaving the 2nd Platoon of Sub-Lieutenant Marcelo Davis and 3rd Platoon of Sub-Lieutenant Alejandro Koch of M Company to cover the retreat.

At the foot of the hill there was an enormous minefield. A group of Sappers went ahead to clear a path through the mines, but when the Welsh Guardsmen advanced they found Sapper Hill abandoned. The delay caused by the mines probably saved many lives.[17] The Argentine Marine companies had been deeply entrenched and were well equipped with heavy machine guns. To Guardsman Tracy Evens, the Sapper Hill positions looked impregnable:

We were led to an area that the company would rest at for the night, I still took in the fact the Argies had prepared Sapper Hill well, they had depth positions that would have made the task of taking it very hard.[18]

During the battle, Guardsman Philip Williams was knocked unconscious by an explosion, and left for dead. When he came to, the rest of the British soldiers had gone. Williams' parents were informed of his "death" and a memorial service held for him. After seven weeks he found his way back to civilization, to find himself accused of desertion by the media and fellow soldiers.[19] As the Guardsmen and Gurkhas consolidated their positions, the British lost a Volvo BV-202 tracked vehicle to a mine planted in the Tumbledown sector. "We ran over a mine. I went up through the roof and the vehicle went up and was turned right round by the explosion," recalled Major Brian Armitage.[20]

For the courage displayed in the attack, men from 2 SG were awarded one Distinguished Service Order, two Military Crosses, two Distinguished Conduct Medals (one posthumously) and two Military Medals. Men from 9 Para Squadron, Royal Engineers, were awarded two Military Medals and Captain Sam Drennan, the Army Air Corps Scout pilot who had picked up the injured soldiers under fire and a former Scots Guards NCO, received the Distinguished Flying Cross.

Carlos Robacio, BIM5 commander, was awarded the Argentine Nation to the Valour in Combat Medal and the battalion itself was decorated by the Argentine Congress in 2002 [21]

Due to his actions on both Two Sisters and Tumbledown, Private Oscar Ismael Poltronieri of La Madrid's platoon was awarded the Argentine Nation to the Heroic Valour in Combat Cross, Argentina's highest military decoration. He is the only conscript soldier in his nation's recent history who has received this honour.[22]

After the battle, Pipe Major James Riddell of 2 SG stood near the top of the mountain and played his bagpipes. He played a quick march he had composed "on the back of a fag packet" [cigarette pack],[23] during the battle, following a long tradition in which Pipe Majors were encouraged "to write tunes to commemorate any actions in which their regiments have been engaged".[24][25] He named the tune The Crags of Tumbledown Mountain. It was released as a single by the Pipes and Drums of 2SG a year later.[24]

Tumbledown after the war

On 30 May 1988, was the premiere of Tumbledown film, directed by Richard Eyre, which is based on the experiences of the Lieutenant Robert Lawrence, who was severely wounded during combat. Obtained, among others, the award from the Royal Television Society Best Actor for the brilliant performance by Colin Firth in the role of Lieutenant Lawrence.

- During 2012 the Argentine journalist Nicolas Kasanzew wrote a tango called ´The Carlos Daniel Vazquez's Thermopylae´, which is sung by Carlos Longoni.[26]

- Once the battle was over, Pipe Major Riddell produced his pipes on the summit and played the tune for which he is famous. “The Crags of Tumbledown Mountain”.[27]

- In place of fighting a cross was set up in tribute to the soldiers who gave their lives in that place.

- Two British artists have depicted combat into two paintings, one of Mark Churms[28] and the other Terence Cuneo.[29]

-In Britain an association of Families and Veterans Combat Mount Tumbledown was created.

- An Ode had also been written in honour of the fallen:
´It was the Guardsmen of the Crown

Who scaled the Heights of Tumbledown

And fought that night a bloody fight

To see victory by dawn's first light.

From crag to crag amongst the rock,

They skirmished on, numbed by shock.

Through shell and mortar fire they moved,

Till at last the ground they'd proved

Port Stanley lay there...just ahead,

As they began to count their dead.

But where the glory, where the pride,

Of those eight brave men who died?

They who made that lonely sacrifice

And through each death paid the total price

In their final and heroic act,

Did surely speed the warring parties pact.

Each one who there his life laid down,

Saved countless others from their own unknown.

So those of you who live to talk,

Let your pride hover as does the hawk.

And never let men these acts forget,

Nor the memory of our dead neglect,

But once returned across this vast sea,

Remember then just what it was to be....

A Scots Guardsman. ´

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Falklands hero hails Magaret Thatcher’s leadership
  2. ↑ Razor's Edge, Hugh Bicheno, p. 288, Phoenix, 2007
  3. ↑ (The Sinking of the Belgrano, Arthur Gavshon and Desmond Rice pg. 47)
  4. ↑ Nick van der Bijl, Victory in the Falklands, p.199, Pen and Sword, 2007
  5. ↑ http://www.britains smallwars.com/Falklands/Tumbledown.htm
  6. ↑ Nine battles to Stanley, Nicholas Van der Bijl, p.190, Leo Cooper, 30/09/1999
  7. ↑ Attenshun! Scots Guards hotel is opening (wait for it ..) now The Scotsman, 10 March 2007
  8. 1 2 3 Patrick Bishop and John Witherow, The Winter War: Falklands Conflict, p. 133
  9. ↑ Nick van der Bijl, Victory in the Falklands, pp. 208-209, Pen and Sword, 2007
  10. ↑ The Fight for the Malvinas, Martin Middlebrook, pp. 261-262, Viking, 1989
  11. ↑ 5th Infantry Brigade in the Falklands 1982, Nicholas Van der Bijl, David Aldea, page 200, Leo Cooper, 2003
  12. ↑ Malvinas: La Defensa de Puerto Argentino, Oscar Luis Jofre & Félix Roberto Aguiar, page 262, Editorial Sudamericana, 1987
  13. 1 2 Hugh Bicheno (2007). Razor's Edge. Phoenix. p. 309.
  14. ↑ http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1362425-un-heroe-todos-los-heroes Un héroe, todos los héroes lanacion.com, 03/04/2011
  15. ↑ The Gurkhas: Special Force, Chris Bellamy, p. ?, Hachette, 2011
  16. ↑ Malvinas: La Defensa de Puerto Argentino, Oscar Luis Jofre & Félix Roberto Aguiar, page 275, Editorial Sudamericana, 1987
  17. ↑ "Robacio, who came in for criticism from some British officers ... had total command of N Company and the Army platoons involved, and deserves credit for doing all that was possible to limit British gains ... His positioning of heavy weapons on Sapper Hill before the Argentine surrender provided a defensive barrier that would only have been breached at heavy cost in men and equipment." Van Der Bijl, Victory in the Falklands, p. 211
  18. ↑ Day of Surrender.
  19. ↑ Philip Williams and M.S. Power: Summer Soldier, Bloomsbury, 1991. (cover notes)
  20. ↑ Our Falklands war: The Men of The Task Force Tell Their Story, Geoffrey Underwood, p.70, Maritime Books, 1983
  21. ↑ Honor al valor en combate y Batallón benemérito
  22. ↑ Middlebrook, Martin (1990). The fight for the "Malvinas": the Argentine forces in the Falklands War. Penguin books, p. 239. ISBN 0-14-010767-3
  23. ↑ Sharkey Ward (1992). Sea Harrier over the Falklands: a maverick at war. Leo Cooper. p. 266. ISBN 0-85052-305-2.
  24. 1 2 The gramophone, Volume 60, Issue 2, page 1089, 1983
  25. ↑ Piping Times, Volume 55 No.1 (October 2002) includes a photo of P/M Riddell playing his bagpipes on top of Mount Tumbledown. Piping Times, Volume 55 No.2 (November 2002) contains a Riddell's handwritten copy of the music.
  26. ↑ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4kJt_GV4FPc
  27. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6gsr2dnj3po
  28. ↑ http://www.military-art.com/mall/images/800s/dhm0750.jpg
  29. ↑ http://www.military-art.com/mall/images/800s/dhm0892.jpg
General

Coordinates: 51°41′47″S 57°58′3″W / 51.69639°S 57.96750°W / -51.69639; -57.96750

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