Nam quốc sÆ¡n hÃ
| Nam quốc sơn hà | |
| Vietnamese name | |
|---|---|
| Vietnamese | Nam quốc sơn hà |
| Hán-Nôm | å—國山河 |
Nam quốc sÆ¡n hà (Mountains and Rivers of the Southern Country) was a famous 10th century Vietnamese poem. Dubbed "Vietnam's first Declaration of Independence", it asserts the sovereignty of Vietnam's rulers over its lands. This poem was first dictated to be read aloud before and during battles to boost troops morale when Vietnam under Lý ThÆ°á»ng Kiệt fought against the first invasion of Song dynasty in 981 though its exact authorship is still controversial.
Written in the form of an oracle,[1] the poem is one of the best known Vietnamese literature pieces.[2] It became an emblematic hymn in the early independence wars, recited by Lý ThÆ°á»ng Kiệt on the Nhu Nguyet river defense line for the same morale boosting effect during the second Song invasion in 1076.[3] In recent times, this same poem was often recited to show anti-Chinese sentiments by Vietnamese citizens when China began oil exploration in historically Vietnamese marine areas.
Content
| Chinese | Transliteration[4] | Vietnamese | English[5] |
|---|---|---|---|
| å—國山河å—å¸å±… 截然定分在天書 |
Nam quốc sÆ¡n hà nam đế cÆ° Tiệt nhiên định pháºn tại thiên thÆ° |
Sông núi nÆ°á»›c Nam, vua Nam ở Rà nh rà nh định pháºn tại sách trá»i. |
The mountains and rivers that carved the southern empire, dwelled by the Southern Emperor. Its sovereignty is of nature's will and is allotted in script from the heaven. |
See also
- Vietnamese Declarations of Independence
- Hịch tÆ°á»›ng sÄ©, a 13th-century hymn by Trần HÆ°ng Ãạo while fighting against the Mongol invasions.
Notes
- ↑ Essays on Literature and Society in Southeast Asia 1981 Page 305 "The "Nam-quốc sơn-hà " poem had the form of an oracle"
- ↑ Nguyá»…n Äức Sá»± Some Features on Vietnamese Buddhism in the Lý Dynasty Religious Studies Review, No. 02-2010 Institute of Religious Studies, Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences 2011 "Besides the well-known works of celebrities and of the Lý court as Chiếu dá»i đô (Royal edict on the transfer of the capital), Nam quốc sÆ¡n hà (Mountains and Rivers of the empire of the South), Văn lá»™ bố khi đánh trống, Di chiếu lúc lâm chung (King's last will at point of death), etc. There were many Zen poems in the literature of the Lý dynasty. Almost poets and writers in the Lý dynasty were Zen masters."
- ↑ Patricia M. Pelley Postcolonial Vietnam: New Histories of the National Past 2002 Page 268 "The relevant works are Nam quốc sÆ¡n ha, Lý ThÆ°á»ng Kiệt's famous affirmation of Vietnamese identity; Hịch tÆ°á»›ng sÄ©, the plea from Trần HÆ°ng Ãạo to fight against the Mongols; Quốc ngữ thi táºp, Chu Văn An's collection of poems in the national language..."
- ↑ James Anderson The Rebel Den of Nùng Trà Cao: Loyalty and Identity 2007 Page 214 "The Vietnamese text reads: "Nam quốc sÆ¡n hà nam đế cÆ°, Tiệt nhiên định pháºn tại thiên thÆ°..."
- ↑ Vuving, Alexander L. (June 2000). "The References of Vietnamese States and the Mechanisms of World Formation" (PDF). Asienkunde.de.