Robin Olds

Robin Olds

Col Robin Olds with his trademark mustache, conducting a pre-combat mission walk around inspection of his F-4 fighter, at Ubon RTAFB, Thailand, circa Sept 1967.[1]
Birth name Robert Oldys, Jr.
Born (1922-07-14)July 14, 1922
Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.
Died June 14, 2007(2007-06-14) (aged 84)
Steamboat Springs, Colorado, U.S.
Place of burial United States Air Force Academy Cemetery
Allegiance  United States of America
Service/branch United States Air Force
Years of service 1943–1973
Rank Brigadier General
Commands held 434th Fighter Squadron
No. 1 Squadron RAF
86th Fighter-Interceptor Group
81st Tactical Fighter Wing
8th Tactical Fighter Wing
Battles/wars

World War II
Vietnam War

Awards Air Force Cross
Air Force Distinguished Service Medal (2)
Silver Star (4)
Legion of Merit
Distinguished Flying Cross (6)
Air Medal (40)
British Distinguished Flying Cross
Croix de Guerre with Star (France)
Spouse(s) Ella Raines (1947–1976; divorced)
Abigail Morgan Sellers Barnett (1978–1993; divorced)
Relations Robert Olds (father)

Robin Olds[2] (July 14, 1922 – June 14, 2007) was an American fighter pilot and general officer in the U.S. Air Force. He was a "triple ace", with a combined total of 16 victories in World War II and the Vietnam War.[3] He retired in 1973 as a brigadier general.

The son of Army Air Forces Major General Robert Olds, educated at West Point, and the product of an upbringing in the early years of the U.S. Army Air Corps, Olds epitomized the youthful World War II fighter pilot. He remained in the service as it became the United States Air Force, despite often being at odds with its leadership, and was one of its pioneer jet pilots. Rising to the command of two fighter wings, Olds is regarded among aviation historians, and his peers, as the best wing commander of the Vietnam War, for both his air-fighting skills, and his reputation as a combat leader.[4]

Olds was promoted to brigadier general after returning from Vietnam but did not hold another major command. The remainder of his career was spent in non-operational positions, as Commandant of Cadets at the United States Air Force Academy and as an official in the Air Force Inspector General's Office. His inability to rise higher as a general officer is attributed to both his maverick views and his penchant for drinking.[5]

Olds had a highly publicized career and life, including marriage to Hollywood actress Ella Raines. As a young man he was also recognized for his athletic prowess in both high school and college, being named an All-American as a lineman in college football. Olds expressed his philosophy regarding fighter pilots in the quote: "There are pilots and there are pilots; with the good ones, it is inborn. You can't teach it. If you are a fighter pilot, you have to be willing to take risks."[6]

Early life

Olds was born "Robert Oldys, Jr." in Honolulu into an Army family and spent much of his boyhood in Hampton, Virginia, where he attended elementary and high school. His father was Captain (later Major General) Robert Oldys (later Olds),[2] an instructor pilot in France during World War I, former aide to Brigadier General Billy Mitchell from 1922 to 1925,[7] and a leading advocate of strategic bombing in the Air Corps. His mother, Eloise Wichman Nott Olds, died when Robin was four and he was raised by his father.[8] Olds was the eldest of four brothers, followed by Stevan (1924), Sterling (1935), and Frederick (1936).[9]

Growing up primarily at Langley Field, Virginia,[10] Olds virtually made daily contact with the small group of officers who would lead the US Army Air Forces in World War II (one neighbor was Major Carl Spaatz, destined to become the first Chief of Staff of the USAF),[11] and as a result was imbued with an unusually strong dedication to the air service, and conversely, with a low tolerance for officers who did not exhibit the same.[12] On November 10, 1925, his father appeared as a witness on behalf of Billy Mitchell during Mitchell's court-martial in Washington, D.C.. He brought three-year-old Robin with him to court, dressed in an Air Service uniform, and posed with him for newspaper photographers before testifying.[13]

Olds first flew at the age of eight, in an open cockpit biplane operated by his father.[14] At the age of 12, Olds made attending the U.S. Military Academy at West Point an objective to accomplish his goals of becoming an officer, a military aviator, and playing football.[15]

His father was made commander of the pioneer B-17 Flying Fortress 2nd Bombardment Group at Langley Field on March 1, 1937, and promoted to lieutenant colonel on March 7. Olds attended Hampton High School where he was elected president of his class three successive years,[16] and played varsity high school football on a team that won the state championship of Virginia in 1937. Olds was aggressive, even mean, as a player, and received offers to attend Virginia Military Institute and Dartmouth College on football scholarships.[15]

Instead of entering college after graduating in 1939, Olds enrolled at Millard Preparatory School in Washington, D.C., a school established to prepare men for the entrance examinations to the military academies. When Germany invaded Poland, Olds attempted to join the Royal Canadian Air Force but was thwarted by his father's refusal to approve his enlistment papers.[17] Olds completed Millard Prep and applied for admission to the United States Military Academy at West Point. After he received a conditional commitment for nomination from Pennsylvania Congressman J. Buell Snyder, Olds moved to Uniontown, Pennsylvania, where he lived in the YMCA and supported himself working odd jobs. He passed the West Point entrance examination and was accepted into the Class of 1944 on June 1, 1940. He entered the academy a month later but after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Olds was sent to the Spartan School of Aeronautics in Tulsa, Oklahoma, for flight training. This training ended a year later by Christmas 1942. Olds returned to West Point, hoping to graduate early and see action in the war.[17]

West Point and football

As a plebe, Olds played football on a freshman squad that began the season with three losses but finished 3-4-1 while the varsity won only one game in its second consecutive losing season. As a result, the new academy superintendent, Maj. Gen. Robert L. Eichelberger, replaced the head coach (an Army officer) with Earl "Red" Blaik, a 1920 graduate and head coach at Dartmouth, who had recruited Olds in 1939.[18]

Olds played on the varsity college football team in both 1941 and 1942. At 6 foot 2 inches in height (1.88m) and weighing 205 pounds (92 kg), he played tackle on both offense and defense, lettering both seasons. Army's record in 1941 was 5-3-1, with wins over The Citadel, VMI, Yale, Columbia, and West Virginia, a scoreless tie with Notre Dame, and losses to Harvard, Penn and Navy. The loss to the midshipmen was followed eight days later by the attack on Pearl Harbor.[19]

In 1942 he was named by Collier's Weekly as its "Lineman of the Year" and by Grantland Rice as "Player of the Year." Olds was also selected as an All-American as the cadets compiled a 6-3 record, beating Lafayette College, Cornell, Columbia, Harvard, VMI, and Princeton, and falling to Notre Dame, Penn, and Navy.[20] In the Army–Navy Game of 1942, which was played at Annapolis instead of Philadelphia, Olds had both upper front teeth knocked out when he received a forearm blow to the mouth while making a tackle. Olds returned to the game and reportedly was cheered by the Navy Third and Fourth Classes, which were assigned as the Army cheering section when wartime travel restrictions prevented the Corps of Cadets from attending.[21] In 1985 Olds was enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame.[20]

Olds developed ambivalent feelings about West Point, admiring its dedication to "Duty, Honor, Country", but disturbed by the tendency of many tactical officers to distort the purpose of its Honor Code. In March 1943, Olds was braced by an officer upon returning from leave in New York City, and compelled on penalty of an honor violation to admit he had consumed alcohol. The infraction reduced him in rank from cadet captain to cadet private, characterized by Olds in his memoirs as "only the second cadet in the history of West Point to earn that dubious honor."[22]

He walked punishment tours until the day of his graduation in June. The incident left its mark on Olds such that when he became Commandant of Cadets at the Air Force Academy, use of the Honor Code as an instrument for integrity rather than as a tool for petty enforcement of discipline became a point of emphasis in his administration.[23] During his Academy years Olds also acquired a strong contempt for alumni networking, commonly called "ring knocking",[24] to the degree that he went out of his way to conceal his West Point background.[25]

By an act of Congress on October 1, 1942, during Olds' Second Class year, the academy began a three-year curriculum for the duration of the war for cadets entering after July 1939. Cadets applying to the Air Corps were classified as Air Cadets, with a modified curriculum that provided flying training but eliminated Military Topography and Graphics required for Ground Cadets. Olds' class was given an abridged second class course of study until January 19, 1943, when it began an abridged first class course.[26]

Olds completed primary training in the summer of 1942 at the Spartan School of Aviation in Tulsa, Oklahoma,[27] and basic and advanced training at Stewart Field, New York. 208 cadets including Olds completed the course, while five classmates died in accidents.[28] Olds received his pilot's wings personally from Gen. Henry H. Arnold on May 30, 1943,[29] and graduated on June 1 as a member of the Class of June 1943, 194th in general merit of 514 graduates.[30]

World War II fighter pilot

P-38 Lightning missions

Lieutenant Olds completed fighter pilot training with the 329th Fighter Group, an operational training unit based at Grand Central Air Terminal in Glendale, California. His initial twin-engine training at Williams Field, Arizona, was in the Curtiss AT-9, followed by transition fighter training[31] to the Lockheed P-38 Lightning in its P-322 variant.[32] After gunnery training at Matagorda, Texas in the first half of August 1943, he was assigned to P-38 phase training at Muroc Army Air Field, California.[33]

In early 1944 he became part of the cadre assigned to build up the newly activated 434th Fighter Squadron and its parent 479th Fighter Group, based at Lomita, California. Olds logged 650 hours of flying time during training, including 250 hours in the P-38 Lightning, as the 479th built its proficiency as a combat group. It departed the Los Angeles area on April 15 for Camp Kilmer, New Jersey, and shipped aboard the USS Argentina for Europe on May 3. The 479th arrived in Scotland on May 14, 1944, and entrained for RAF Wattisham, England, where it arrived the next day.[34]

The 479th began combat on May 26, flying bomber escort missions and attacking transportation targets in occupied France in advance of the invasion of Normandy.[35] Olds flew a new P-38J Lightning that he nicknamed Scat II.[36] Olds' crew chief, T/Sgt. Glen A. Wold, said that he showed an immediate interest in aircraft maintenance and learned emergency servicing under Wold. He also insisted his aircraft be waxed to reduce air resistance and helped his maintenance crew carry out their tasks.[37] On July 24 Olds was promoted to captain and became a flight and later squadron leader. Following a low-level bridge-bombing mission to Montmirail, France, on August 14, Olds shot down his first German aircraft, a pair of Focke-Wulf Fw 190s.[38]

On an escort mission to Wismar on August 25, his flight was on the far left of the group's line abreast formation and encountered 40-50 Messerschmitt Bf 109s near Wittenberge, flying north at the same 28,000 ft (8,500 m) altitude in a loose formation of three large vees. Olds turned his flight left and began a ten-minute pursuit in which they climbed to altitude above and behind the Germans. Over Bützow, undetected by the Germans, Olds and his wingman jettisoned their fuel drop tanks and attacked, although the second element of the flight had been unable to keep up during the climb.[39]

Just as Olds began firing, both engines of his P-38 quit from fuel exhaustion; in the excitement of the attack he had neglected to switch to his internal fuel tanks. He continued attacking in "dead-stick mode", hitting his target in the fuselage and shooting off part of its engine cowling. After fatally damaging the Bf 109 he dived away and restarted his engines.[40] Despite battle damage to his own plane, including loss of a side window of its canopy, Olds shot down two during the dogfight and another on the way home to become the first ace of the 479th FG.[41][42] His combat report for that date concluded:

Still in a shallow dive, I observed another P-38 and an Me 109 going round and round. It seemed that the 38 needed help so I started down. At about 4,000 ft (1,200 m), the Jerry, still way out of my range, turned under me and slightly to the right. I rolled over on my back, following him and gave him an ineffective burst at long range. By this time I was traveling in excess of 500 mph (800 km/h). My left window blew out, scaring the hell out of me. I thought I had been hit by some of the ground fire I had observed in the vicinity. I regained control of the aircraft and pulled out above a wheat field. I tried to contact the flight to get myself recognized, but observed an Me 109 making a pass at me from about seven o'clock high. I broke left as well as my plane could and the Jerry overshot. I straightened out and gave him a burst. He chandelled steeply to the left and I shot some more. He passed right over me and I slipped over in an Immelmann. As I straightened out at the top, I saw the pilot bail out.[43]

He made eight claims while flying the P-38 (five of which are sustained by the Air Force Historical Research Agency) and was originally credited as the top-scoring P-38 pilot of the European Theater of Operations.[44]

P-51 Mustang pilot

The 479th FG converted to the P-51 Mustang in mid-September. On his second transition flight, at the point of touchdown during landing, Olds learned a lesson in "false confidence" when the powerful torque of the single-engined fighter forced him to ground loop after the Mustang veered off the runway.[45] Olds shot down an Fw 190 in his new Scat IV on October 6 during a savage battle near Berlin in which he was nearly shot down by his own wingman.[46] He completed his first combat tour on November 9, 1944, accruing 270 hours of combat time and six kills.[47]

After returning to the United States for a two-month leave, Olds began a full second tour at Wattisham on January 15, 1945. He was assigned duties as operations officer of the 434th Fighter squadron.[48] Promoted to major on February 9, 1945, Olds claimed his seventh victory southeast of Magdeburg, Germany the same day, downing another Bf 109. On February 14, he claimed three victories, two Bf 109s and an Fw 190, but one of the former was credited only as a "probable".[49]

His final World War II aerial kill occurred on April 7, 1945, when Olds in Scat VI led the 479th Fighter Group on a mission escorting B-24s bombing an ammunition dump in Lüneburg, Germany. The engagement marked the only combat appearance of Sonderkommando Elbe, a German Air Force Squadron formed to ram Allied bombers.[50][51] South of Bremen, Olds noticed contrails popping up above a bank of cirrus clouds, of aircraft flying above and to the left of the bombers. For five minutes these bogeys paralleled the bomber stream while the 479th held station. Turning to investigate, Olds saw pairs of Me 262s turn towards and dive on the Liberators. After damaging one of the jets in a chase meant to lure the fighter escort away from the bombers, the Mustangs returned to the bomber stream. Olds observed a Bf 109 of Sonderkommando Elbe attack the bombers and shoot down a B-24. Olds pursued the Bf 109 through the formation, and shot it down.[52]

Olds achieved the bulk of his strafing credits the following week in attacks on Lübeck Blankensee and Tarnewitz airdromes on April 13, and Reichersburg airfield in Austria on April 16, when he destroyed six German planes on the ground. He later reflected on the hazards of such missions:

I was hit by flak as I was pulling out of a dive-strafing pass on an airfield called Tarnewitz, up on the Baltic. Five P-51s made a pass on the airdrome that April day. I was the only one to return home...When I tested the stall characteristics of my wounded bird over our home airfield, I found it quit flying at a little over 175 mph (282 km/h) indicated and rolled violently into the dead wing (note: the right flap had been blown away and two large holes knocked in the same wing). What to do? Bailout seemed the logical response, but here's where sentiment got in the way of reason. That airplane (note: "Scat VI") had taken me through a lot and I was damned if I was going to give up on her...why the bird and I survived the careening, bouncing and juttering ride down the length of the field, I guess I'll never know.[53]

Olds had not only risen in rank to field grade but was given command of his squadron on March 25, less than two years out of West Point and at only 22 years of age. By the end of his combat service he was officially credited with 12 German planes shot down and 11.5 others destroyed on the ground.[42] Olds became an ace on both of his combat tours and was twice awarded the Silver Star, for the mission of August 25 and for the achievements of himself and his squadron during his combined tours.[54]

Career highlights and assignments

Returning to the United States after the war, Olds was assigned at West Point as an assistant football coach for Red Blaik. Apparently resented by many on the staff for his rapid rise in rank and plethora of combat decorations,[55] Olds transferred in February 1946 to the 412th Fighter Group at March Field, California, to fly the P-80 Shooting Star, which began a career-long professional struggle with superiors he viewed as more promotion- than warrior-minded.[56][57][58]

In April 1946, he and Lieutenant Colonel John C. "Pappy" Herbst formed what he believed was the Air Force's first jet aerobatic demonstration team.[59] In late May, the 412th was ordered to undertake PROJECT COMET, a nine-city transcontinental mass formation flight. Olds and Herbst performed a two-ship acro routine that thrilled the crowds at every stop, the highlight being a three-day layover in Washington, D.C. In June, Olds was one of four pilots who participated in the first one-day, dawn-to-dusk, transcontinental round trip jet flight from March Field to Washington, D.C.[60]

The jet demonstration performances with Herbst ended tragically on July 4, 1946, when Herbst crashed at the Del Mar Racetrack after his aircraft stalled during an encore of their routine finale in which the P-80s did a loop while configured to land.[60] Later that same year Olds took second place in the Thompson Trophy Race (Jet Division) of the Cleveland National Air Races at Brook Park, Ohio over the Labor Day weekend. In this first "closed course" jet race, six P-80s competed against each other on a three pylon course 30 miles in length.[61]

RAF Gloster Meteor.

Olds went to England under the U.S. Air Force/Royal Air Force Exchange Program in 1948. Flying the Gloster Meteor jet fighter, he commanded No. 1 Squadron at Royal Air Force Station Tangmere between October 20, 1948 and September 25, 1949,[55] the first foreigner to command an RAF unit in peacetime. Following his exchange assignment, Olds returned to March AFB to become operations officer of the 94th Fighter Squadron of the 1st Fighter Group, flying F-86A Sabres, on November 15, 1949.[62]

Olds was assigned to command the 71st Fighter Squadron, which was soon detached from the 1st FG to the Air Defense Command and based at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport in Pennsylvania. As a result, he missed service in the Korean War despite repeated applications for a combat assignment.[63] Discouraged and at odds with the Air Force, in which he was seen as an iconoclast, Olds reportedly was in the process of resigning when he was talked out of it by a mentor, Maj Gen Frederic H. Smith, Jr., who brought him to work at Eastern Air Defense Command headquarters at Stewart AFB.[64]

Promoted to Lieutenant Colonel on February 20, 1951, and Colonel April 15, 1953, while just thirty years of age, Olds served unenthusiastically in several staff assignments until returning to flying in 1955. At first on the command staff of the 86th Fighter-Interceptor Wing at Landstuhl Air Base, Germany, Olds then commanded its Sabre-equipped 86th Fighter-Interceptor Group from October 8, 1955, to August 10, 1956.[65] He then was made chief of the Weapons Proficiency Center at Wheelus Air Base, Libya, in charge of all fighter weapons training for the United States Air Forces Europe until July 1958.[66]

Olds had administrative and staff duty assignments at the Pentagon between 1958 and 1962 as the Deputy Chief, Air Defense Division, Headquarters USAF.[67] In this assignment he prepared a number of papers, iconoclastic at the time, which soon became prophetic, including identifying the need for upgraded conventional munitions (foretelling the "bomb shortage" of the Vietnam War), and the dearth of any serious tactical air training in conventional warfare.[68] From November 1959 to March 1960, his section worked intensely to develop a program reducing the entire structure of the ADC with the purpose of generating $6.5 billion for classified funding to develop the SR-71 Blackbird.[69] Following his Pentagon assignment, Olds attended the National War College, graduating in 1963.

Olds next became commander of the 81st Tactical Fighter Wing at RAF Bentwaters, England, an F-101 Voodoo fighter-bomber wing, on September 8, 1963. The 81st TFW was a major combat unit in United States Air Forces Europe, having both a tactical nuclear and conventional bombing role supporting NATO. Olds commanded the wing until July 26, 1965.[65] As his Deputy Commander of Operations Olds brought with him Colonel Daniel "Chappie" James, Jr., whom he had met during his Pentagon assignment and who would go on to become the first African-American 4-star Air Force general.[70] James and Olds worked closely together for a year as a command team and developed both a professional and social relationship which was later renewed in combat.[71]

Olds formed a demonstration team for the F-101 using pilots of his wing, without command authorization, and performed at an Air Force open house at Bentwaters. He asserted that his superior at Third Air Force attempted to have him court-martialed, but the commander of USAFE, General Gabriel P. Disosway, instead authorized his removal from command of the 81st TFW, cancellation of a recommended Legion of Merit award, and transfer to the headquarters of the Ninth Air Force at Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina.[56][72]

In September 1966, Olds was tapped to command an F-4C Phantom wing in Southeast Asia. En route he arranged with the 4453rd Combat Crew Training Wing, Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona, (where Col. James was now Deputy Commander of Operations) to be checked out in the Phantom, completing the 14-step syllabus in just five days. His instructor was Major William L. Kirk, the 4453rd CCTW's Standardization and Evaluation officer, who had been one of Olds' pilots at RAF Bentwaters, and who later commanded the United States Air Forces Europe as a full general. Kirk accompanied Olds for practice firing of AIM-7 Sparrow and AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles on the Point Mugu missile range while Olds was en route to Travis Air Force Base for his charter flight overseas.[73] Olds rewarded Kirk by granting him a transfer to his command in Thailand in March 1967.[74]

Vietnam

Robin Olds beside F-4C Phantom II "Scat XXVII", which he flew during his 1966-1967 combat tour as the 8th TFW CO. Above the "Scat" markings, this aircraft also displays the insignia of the 433rd Tactical Fighter Squadron, nicknamed the "Satan's Angels".

On September 30, 1966, Olds took command of the 8th Tactical Fighter Wing, based at Ubon Royal Thai Air Force Base.[65] A lack of aggressiveness and sense of purpose in the wing had led to the change in command (Olds' predecessor had flown only 12 missions during the 10 months the wing had been in combat).[75] The 44-year-old colonel also set the tone for his command stint by immediately placing himself on the flight schedule as a rookie pilot under officers junior to himself, then challenging them to train him properly because he would soon be leading them.[76]

Olds' vice commander was Col. Vermont Garrison, an ace in both World War II and Korea,[77] and in December Olds brought in James to replace an ineffective deputy commander for operations, creating arguably the strongest and most effective tactical command triumvirate of the Vietnam War.[78] The Olds-James combination became popularly nicknamed "Blackman and Robin".[79] Olds took to the air war over North Vietnam in an F-4C Phantom he nicknamed "Scat XXVII", in keeping with his previous combat aircraft that all carried the "Scat" name.[80]

MiG Killer

After suggesting the idea to Seventh Air Force commander Major General William Momyer, himself a former commander of the 8th TFW, Olds was directed to plan a mission designed to draw the North Vietnamese Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21s into an aerial trap, and "Operation Bolo" resulted.

"Wolfpack" aviators of the 8th Tactical Fighter Wing carry their Commanding Officer, Colonel Robin Olds, following his return from his last combat mission over North Vietnam, on 23 September 1967.

In October 1966, strike force F-105 Thunderchiefs were equipped with QRC-160 radar jamming pods whose effectiveness virtually ended their losses to surface-to-air missiles. As a result, SAM attacks shifted to the Phantoms, unprotected because of a shortage of pods. To protect the F-4s, rules of engagement that allowed the MiGCAP to escort the strike force in and out of the target area were revised in December to restrict MiGCAP penetration to the edge of SAM coverage. MiG interceptions increased as a result, primarily by MiG-21s using high speed hit-and-run tactics against bomb-laden F-105 formations, and although only two bombers had been lost, the threat to the force was perceived as serious.[81]

The Bolo plan reasoned that by equipping F-4s with jamming pods, using the call signs and communications codewords of the F-105 wings, and flying their flight profiles through northwest Vietnam, the F-4s could effectively simulate an F-105 bombing mission and entice the MiG-21s into intercepting not bomb-laden Thunderchiefs, but Phantoms configured for air-to-air combat.[82]

After an intensive planning, maintenance, and briefing period, the mission was scheduled for January 1, 1967. Poor weather caused a 24-hour delay, but even then, a solid overcast covered the North Vietnamese airbases at Phúc Yên, Gia Lam, Kép, and Cat Bai when the bogus strike force began arriving over the target area, five-minute intervals separating the flights of F-4s. Leading the first flight, Olds overflew the primary MiG-21 base at Phúc Yên and was on a second pass when MiGs finally began popping up through the cloud base. Although at first seemingly random in nature, it quickly became apparent that the MiGs were ground-controlled intercepts designed to place the supposed F-105s in a vise between enemies to their front and rear.[82]

The F-4s and their crews, however, proved equal to the situation and claimed seven MiG-21s destroyed, almost half of the 16 then in service with the VPAF without loss to USAF aircraft. Olds himself shot down one of the seven, for which he and the other aircrew were awarded Silver Stars. Follow-up interceptions over the next two days by MiGs against RF-4C reconnaissance aircraft led to a similar mission on a smaller scale on January 6, with another two MiG-21s shot down. VPAF fighter activity diminished to almost nothing for 10 weeks afterwards, thereby accomplishing the main goal of Operation Bolo: to eliminate or diminish the threat of MiGs to the strike formations.[82]

Olds' MiG scoreboard on splitter vane of a McDonnell F-4C Phantom II

On May 4, Olds destroyed another MiG-21 over Phúc Yên. Two weeks later, on May 20, he destroyed two MiG-17s in what one of his pilots described as a "vengeful chase" after they shot down his wingman during a large dogfight,[83] bringing his total to 16 confirmed kills (12 in World War II and four in Vietnam), making him a triple ace. Olds states that following the shoot down of his fourth MiG, he intentionally avoided shooting down a fifth, even though he had at least ten opportunities to do so, because he had learned in the middle of June that Seventh Air Force, at the direction of Secretary of the Air Force Harold Brown, would immediately relieve him of command to return to the United States as a publicity asset.[84][85]

He was awarded a fourth Silver Star for leading a three-aircraft low-level bombing strike on March 30, 1967, and the Air Force Cross for an attack on the Paul Doumer Bridge in Hanoi on August 11, one of five awarded to Air Force pilots for that mission.[54] He flew his final combat mission over North Vietnam on September 23, 1967.[86]

His 259 total combat missions included 107 in World War II and 152 in Southeast Asia, 105 of those over North Vietnam. Scat XXVII (F-4C-24-MC 64-0829) was retired from operational service and placed on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.[87][88]

Olds's mustache

Olds during the Vietnam War sporting his trademark handlebar mustache

Olds was known for the extravagantly waxed (and decidedly non-regulation) handlebar moustache he sported in Vietnam. It was a common superstition among airmen to grow a "bulletproof mustache",[89][90] but Olds also used his as "a gesture of defiance. The kids on base loved it. Most everybody grew a mustache."[91] Olds started the mustache in the wake of the success of Operation Bolo and let it grow beyond regulation length because "It became the middle finger I couldn't raise in the PR photographs. The mustache became my silent last word in the verbal battles...with higher headquarters on rules, targets, and fighting the war."[92] Returning home, however, marked the end of this flamboyance. When he reported to his first interview with Air Force Chief of Staff General John P. McConnell, McConnell walked up to him, stuck a finger under his nose and said, "Take it off." Olds replied, "Yes, sir."

For his part, Olds was not upset with the order, recalling:

To tell the truth, I wasn't all that fond of the damned thing by then, but it had become a symbol for the men of the 8th Wing. I knew McConnell understood. During his visits to Ubon over the past year he had never referred to my breach of military standards, just seemed rather amused at the variety of 'staches sported by many of the troops. (It) was the most direct order I had received in twenty-four years of service.[93]

The incident with the mustache is given credit as the impetus for a new Air Force tradition, "Mustache March", in which aircrew, aircraft maintainers, and other airmen worldwide show solidarity by a symbolic, albeit good-natured "protest" for one month against Air Force facial hair regulations.[94]

Dogfighting advocate

"We weren't allowed to dogfight. Very little attention was paid to strafing, dive-bombing, rocketry, stuff like that. It was thought to be unnecessary. Yet every confrontation America faced in the Cold War years was a 'bombs and bullets' situation, raging under an uneasy nuclear standoff." The Vietnam War "proved the need to teach tactical warfare and have fighter pilots. It caught us unprepared because we weren't allowed to learn it or practice it in training."[91]

Olds often lamented the lack of an internal gun in the F-4C he flew during his tour in Vietnam, but would not allow his fighters to be equipped with the gun pods then available. While he knew that he would be capable of effectively using them, he was also aware that none of his pilots were trained in the use of a gun or dogfighting. He also reasoned that the drag of the pod would both degrade the performance characteristics of the F-4 while not gaining it any advantage against the more maneuverable MiG-17s and MiG-21s, result in unnecessary losses strafing worthless targets, and reduce the number of bombs carried by the Phantoms, the delivery of which was the 8th's primary mission.[95]

The History Channel, in its series Dogfights, recreated Operation Bolo using a computer animation for an episode entitled "Air Ambush", first telecast on November 10, 2006. Olds, then 84 years old, appeared as a commentator, and as background, dogfights he experienced as a P-38 pilot were also recreated.

Post-Southeast Asia career

Air Force Academy 1967–71

Official portrait of Brigadier General Robin Olds as Commandant of Cadets at the United States Air Force Academy, circa 1967–71.

After relinquishing command of the 8th TFW on September 23, 1967, Olds reported for duty to the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, Colorado, in December 1967. He served as Commandant of Cadets for three years and sought to restore morale in the wake of a major cheating scandal. Olds was promoted to brigadier general on June 1, 1968, with seniority dating from May 28.[87]

Director of Aerospace Safety

In February 1971 he began his last duty assignment as director of aerospace safety in the Office of the Inspector General, Headquarters USAF, and after December 1971 as part of the Air Force Inspection and Safety Center, a newly activated separate operating agency located at Norton Air Force Base, California. Olds oversaw the creation of policies, standards, and procedures for Air Force accident prevention programs, and dealt with work safety education, workplace accident investigation and analysis, and safety inspections.[87]

1971 inspector general tour and 1973 retirement

Air Force Inspector General and Olds' West Point classmate Lt Gen Louis L. Wilson, Jr., sent Olds to Southeast Asia in the autumn of 1971 to determine the state of readiness of Air Force pilots. Olds toured USAF bases in Thailand (flying several unauthorized combat missions in the process) and brought back a blunt assessment. Air Force pilots, he reported to the Air Force Chief of Staff, Gen John D. Ryan (a former SAC general and bomber pilot often at odds with the tactical fighter community), "...couldn't fight their way out of a wet paper bag," because of a systemic lack of interest by the USAF in air-to-air combat training for fighter crews. He warned that losses would be severe in any resumption of aerial combat. Olds recalled that Ryan expressed surprise at this assessment and reflected his disagreement.[96]

When Operation Linebacker began in May 1972, American fighter jets returned to the offense in the skies over North Vietnam for the first time in nearly four years. Navy and Marine Corps fighters, reaping the benefits of their TOPGUN program, immediately enjoyed considerable success. In contrast by June, as Olds had predicted, the Air Force's fighter community was struggling with a nearly 1:1 kill-loss ratio. To the new Inspector General, Lt Gen Ernest C. Hardin, Jr., Olds offered to take a voluntary reduction in rank to colonel so he could return to operational command and straighten out the situation. Olds decided to leave the Air Force when the offer was refused (he was offered another inspection tour instead) and he retired on June 1, 1973.[97][98]

Awards and decorations

Robin Olds' ribbons as they appeared at retirement.[87]

 

Silver star
Bronze star
Bronze star

Bronze star

Gold star

From top, and from left to right: Command pilot.

Not shown:

Air Force Cross citation

Colonel Robin Olds
U.S. Air Force
Date Of Action: August 11, 1967
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Title 10, Section 8742, United States Code, takes pleasure in presenting the Air Force Cross to Colonel Robin Olds (AFSN: 0-26046), United States Air Force, for extraordinary heroism in military operations against an opposing armed force while serving as Strike Mission Commander in the 8th Tactical Fighter Wing, Ubon Royal Thai Air Base, Thailand, against the Paul Doumer Bridge, a major north-south transportation link on Hanoi's Red River in North Vietnam, on 11 August 1967. On that date, Colonel Olds led his strike force of eight F-4C aircraft against a key railroad and highway bridge in North Vietnam. Despite intense, accurately directed fire, multiple surface-to-air missile attacks on his force, and continuous harassment by MiG fighters defending the target, Colonel Olds, with undaunted determination, indomitable courage, and professional skill, led his force through to help destroy this significant bridge. As a result the flow of war materials into this area was appreciably reduced. Through his extraordinary heroism, superb airmanship, and aggressiveness in the face of hostile forces, Colonel Olds reflected the highest credit upon himself and the United States Air Force.[99]

Personal

Olds was briefly a stepbrother of author Gore Vidal after Olds' father married for the fourth time in June 1942, to Nina Gore Auchinloss. His father died of pneumonia on April 28, 1943, after hospitalization for constrictive pericarditis and Libman-Sacks endocarditis,[100][101] at the age of 46, just prior to Olds' graduation from West Point.[102]

In 1946, while based at March Field, Olds met Hollywood actress (and "pin-up girl") Ella Raines on a blind date in Palm Springs.[103] They married in Beverly Hills on February 6, 1947, and had two daughters, Christina and Susan, and a son, Robert Ernest, who was stillborn in 1958.[67] Most of their 29-year marriage, marked by frequent extended separations and difficult homecomings, was turbulent because of a clash of lifestyles,[104] particularly her refusal to ever live in government housing on base.[105] Robin Olds and Ella Raines separated in 1975 and divorced in 1976. Robin married Abigail Morgan Sellers Barnett in January 1978, and they divorced after fifteen years of marriage.[106]

In his retirement at Steamboat Springs, Colorado, Olds pursued his love of skiing and served on the city's planning commission. He was active in public speaking, making 21 events as late in his life as 2005 and 13 in 2006.[107]

Olds' fondness for alcohol was well known. John Darrell Sherwood, in his book Fast Movers: Jet Pilots and the Vietnam Experience,[5] posits that Olds' heavy drinking hurt his post-Vietnam career.[108] On July 12, 2001, Olds was arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol and resisting arrest near his home in Steamboat Springs. Olds, briefly hospitalized during the incident for facial cuts, pled guilty in return for charges of weaving and felony vehicular eluding being dropped. Olds was placed on one year probation, and ordered to pay almost $900 in fines and costs, attend an alcohol education course, and perform 72 hours of community service.[109]

Days later, on July 21, 2001, Olds was enshrined at Dayton, Ohio, in the National Aviation Hall of Fame class of 2001, along with test pilot Joseph H. Engle, Marine Corps ace Marion E. Carl, and Albert Lee Ueltschi. He became the only person enshrined in both the National Aviation Hall of Fame and the College Football Hall of Fame.[110]

In March 2007 Olds was hospitalized in Colorado for complications of Stage 4 prostate cancer. On the evening of June 14, 2007, General Olds died from congestive heart failure in Steamboat Springs, Colorado. Olds was honored with a flyover and services at the United States Air Force Academy on June 30,[111] where his ashes are kept. General Olds is remembered as the Class Exemplar of the Academy Class of 2011, which had begun Basic Cadet Training, the first step towards becoming Air Force officers, two days before Olds' funeral.[112]

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Olds wears USAF flight gear typical of the 1967 time frame, including: K-2B Flying Suit, CSU-3/P Anti-G Suit, SRU-21/P Survival Vest, PCU-3/P Torso Harness, B-3A Gloves, and a Pilot's Survival Knife.
  2. 1 2 Zamzow, Major S.L., USAF, (2008). Ambassador of American Airpower: Major General Robert Olds, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. SAASS thesis published on-line, 7. The family surname was spelled "Oldys" until 1931, when it was officially changed to "Olds", reverting to the original spelling before Robin's grandfather. Both the spelling change and his birth name sourced by Major Zamzow from AF records.
  3. ↑ "Aerial Victory Credits database". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on January 15, 2010. Retrieved 19 June 2007. Query "name"="contains"="Olds Robin" NOTE: THE AVC DATA BASE IS CURRENTLY OFF-LINE. (NOV 2013)
  4. ↑ Sherwood, John Darrell (1999). "Old Lionheart". Fast Movers: Jet Pilots and the Vietnam Experience. Free Press. ISBN 978-0-312-97962-1., 42
  5. 1 2 Sherwood 1999, p. 42
  6. ↑ "Great Aviation Quotes: Robin Olds". Skygod.com. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
  7. ↑ Griffith 1999, p. 41
  8. ↑ Lars Anderson (2004). The All-Americans. St. Martins Press. ISBN 978-0-312-30887-2., 20
  9. ↑ Zamzow 2008
  10. ↑ Captain Olds was stationed at Luke Field, Hawaii, when Robin was an infant. From 1927 to 1933, and again from 1935 to 1940, Olds was stationed at Langley.
  11. ↑ Sherwood 1999, p. 5
  12. ↑ Sherwood 1999, p. 6
  13. ↑ Waller, Douglas C. (2004). A Question of Loyalty: Gen. Billy Mitchell and the Court-Martial That Gripped the Nation, Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-050547-9, 176
  14. ↑ Olds, Robin. (2010) Fighter Pilot: The Memoirs of Legendary Ace Robin Olds , St. Martin's Press, ISBN 978-0-312-56023-2, p. 6.
  15. 1 2 Anderson 2004, p. 11
  16. ↑ Olds 2010, p. 7
  17. 1 2 Anderson 2004, p. 21
  18. ↑ Anderson 2004, pp. 55–66
  19. ↑ Wyatt, Hugh. "Chapter Two, Answering the Call". Earl "Red" Blaik. Retrieved 14 May 2007.
  20. 1 2 "Hall of Famers: Robin Olds". College Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved 14 May 2007.
  21. ↑ Anderson 2004, p. 186
  22. ↑ Olds 2010, p. 16
  23. ↑ Boyne, Walter J. (2001). Aces in Command: Fighter Pilots as Combat Leaders, Brassey's, Inc. ISBN 978-1-57488-401-2, 147
  24. ↑ Broughton, Jack (2007). Rupert Red Two: A Fighter Pilot's Life from Thunderbolts to Thunderchiefs, Zenith Press, ISBN 978-0-7603-3217-7, 141. According to Broughton, a 1945 USMA graduate and a fellow wing commander with Olds in Thailand, the term "implies that if there is a discussion in progress, the senior (West) Pointer need only knock his large ring on the table and all Pointers present are obliged to rally to his point of view."
  25. ↑ Sherwood 1999, p. 7
  26. ↑ Official Register of the Officers and Cadets, United States Military Academy, For the Academic Year Ending June 30, 1943, pp. 32-33.
  27. ↑ Olds 2010, p. 11
  28. ↑ Olds 2010, p. 21
  29. ↑ Anderson 2004, p. 188. Arnold was present to give the commencement address, and to see his son, William Bruce Arnold, graduate. Bruce Arnold, however, was medically disqualified from being a pilot and entered the Army Ground Forces.
  30. ↑ The class originally designated the Class of 1943 graduated January 19, 1943, as the Class of January 1943.
  31. ↑ Had Olds completed the standard four-year Academy course, he would have been compelled by his height to become a bomber pilot after the AAF imposed height limitations on new fighter pilots to 5'08" [1.73m] or shorter in early 1944. (John A. DeVries Flying American Combat Aircraft of World War II, Stackpole Books, ISBN 978-0-8117-3124-9, p. 135)
  32. ↑ Olds 2010, p. 19. The P-322 was a variant of the P-38 originally intended for the Royal Air Force, differing from the standard P-38 by having neither counter-rotating propellers nor turbo-superchargers.
  33. ↑ Olds 2010, pp. 18–23
  34. ↑ Terry A. Fairfield (2004). The 479th Fighter Group in World War II: In Action over Europe with the P-38 and P-51. Schiffer Military History. ISBN 978-0-7643-2056-9., 25-27
  35. ↑ Anderson 2004, p. 202
  36. ↑ Olds 2010, p. 42. The aircraft was 43-28707, a P-38J-15-LO with less than 20 hours flight time. The nickname Scat, which Olds used on all fighters assigned to him, was to fulfill a promise he made to Lawton "Scat" Davis, his West Point roommate. Davis been washed out of pilot training because he was color blind, and through the nickname on Olds' aircraft could "at least be here symbolically". Scat II was destroyed by fire when it bellied into a field during takeoff while being flown by another pilot on July 5, 1944. 1st Lt. Lawton Davis became a company commander in the 289th Infantry, 75th Infantry Division, and was killed in action near Vielsalm, Belgium, January 16, 1945.
  37. ↑ Fairfield 2004, p. 55
  38. ↑ Fairfield 2004, pp. 138–139
  39. ↑ Fairfield 2004, pp. 152–155. The lead aircraft of the lagging second element, flown by 1st Lt. Berkeley E. Hollister, also shot down two Bf 109s in the engagement.
  40. ↑ Olds 2010, pp. 89–90
  41. ↑ Anderson 2004, pp. 219–225
  42. 1 2 "USAF Historical Study 85: USAF Credits for Destruction of Enemy Aircraft, World War II" (PDF). Office of Air Force History, AFHRA. Retrieved 14 October 2006..
  43. ↑ Fairfield 2004, p. 155
  44. ↑ Jerry Scutts (1987). Lion in the Sky: US 8th Air Force Fighter Operations 1942-45, Patrick Stephens, ISBN 978-0-85059-788-2, 73-74
  45. ↑ Olds 2010, p. 99. Olds stated that the embarrassing near-crash was in full view of—and aimed at—Major Glenn Miller and his band, performing outside a hangar.
  46. ↑ Olds 2010, pp. 102–103
  47. ↑ Olds 2010, p. 114
  48. ↑ Olds 2010, p. 122
  49. ↑ "P-51 combat reports". Spitfire Performance. Retrieved 22 May 2007.
  50. ↑ Roger A. Freeman (1993). The Mighty Eighth: A History of the Units, men and Machines of the US 8th Air Force, Motorbooks International. ISBN 978-0-87938-638-2., 226. Also known variously as "Kommando Elbe", "Rammkommando Elbe", "Schulungslehrgang Elbe", and "Lehrgang Elbe" under Maj. Otto Köhnke.
  51. ↑ Fairfield 2004, pp. 384–386
  52. ↑ "Robin Olds (sidebar)". AU Gathering of Eagles. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
  53. ↑ Fairfield 2004, p. 399. In spite of the effort, Scat VI was written off as beyond economical repair on April 13.
  54. 1 2 "Hall of Valor - Robin Olds". Military Times. Retrieved 13 June 2009. Lt. Col. James McInerney, Lt. Col. Harry Schurr, Capt. Fred Shannon, and Col. Robert M. White were the other recipients.
  55. 1 2 Sherwood 1999, p. 12
  56. 1 2 Sherwood 1999, p. 18
  57. ↑ Olds 2010, pp. 153–161
  58. ↑ Olds was a supernumerary major in the 412th and soon became ad hoc operations officer for an unattached provisional squadron of reconnaissance pilots training on the P-80 in preparation for activation of the 12th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron later that year. (Olds, pp. 160-161)
  59. ↑ Olds 2010, p. 165. The "team" was unofficial, consisting of just Herbst and Olds, and their performances were ad hoc in nature. Olds also thought that the team might have been the first of its type in the world but did not know if any similar group had been put together in the RAF.
  60. 1 2 Olds 2010, pp. 170–171
  61. ↑ "Jet Racing at Reno -Point/Counterpoint". Aero Press. Retrieved 24 May 2007.
  62. ↑ Olds 2010, p. 198
  63. ↑ Olds 2010, p. 207. Olds alleged that he learned in 1998 that he had been repeatedly turned down for Korean duty because of behind-the-scenes lobbying by his wife, then acting in television, and her producers. Her anxiety over the possible duty had resulted in a miscarriage in December 1950, after which she had their mutual friend, Laurence Rockefeller, use his influence to have the applications refused.
  64. ↑ Sherwood 1999, p. 13
  65. 1 2 3 "Wings/Groups index". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on February 2, 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2007.
  66. ↑ Olds
  67. 1 2 Olds 2010, p. 225
  68. ↑ Boyne 2001, p. 160
  69. ↑ Olds 2010, pp. 234–235
  70. ↑ "Airman Exemplars: Gen Daniel "Chappie" James, Jr.". United States Air Force. Retrieved 2006-11-15.
  71. ↑ Sherwood 1999, p. 17
  72. ↑ Olds 2010, pp. 243–245. Olds averred that he deliberately staged the incident to have his name removed from the 1965 selection list to brigadier general. Promotion would have meant the end of his flying career and refusal of the promotion would have resulted in his retirement from the Air Force. Disoway was a friend and arranged the staff assignment as a means of routing him to a command assignment in Southeast Asia.
  73. ↑ Olds 2010, pp. 247–252
  74. ↑ Sherwood 1999, p. 27
  75. ↑ Sherwood 1999, p. 28. The previous commander, who had been a P-80 pilot with Olds at March Field in 1946, had been in command of the 8th TFW for 13 months and despite the appearance of being relieved from command, soon was promoted to general and held a series of "deputy chief of staff" assignments.
  76. ↑ Sherwood 1999, p. 28
  77. ↑ Olds 2010, pp. 254–255
  78. ↑ Olds 2010, p. 261
  79. ↑ Jerry Stringer (2006-02-16). "Remembering General James and others". Air Force News Agency. Retrieved 2016-04-06. A private site asserts that this was a derogatory comment, and that they were usually referred to as "Batman and Robin", after the TV series then airing.Bad Request James was named 8th TFW Vice Commander in June 1967, succeeding Garrison, who had completed his tour.
  80. ↑ Olds 2010, p. 325
  81. ↑ Marshall L. Michel (1997). Clashes: Air Combat Over North Vietnam 1965-1972. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-585-9., 71
  82. 1 2 3 Boyne, Walter J. (Nov 1998). "MiG Sweep". AIR FORCE Magazine. Retrieved 3 Feb 2010.
  83. ↑ Wetterhahn, Ralph (September 1997) "Change of Command", Air and Space Smithsonian
  84. ↑ Olds 2010, pp. 318–320
  85. ↑ Sherwood 2004, p. 37. Sherwood states he interviewed sources who suggested that Olds did shoot down more than the four MiGs, but those uncounted kills went unclaimed or were awarded to wingmen for the same reason. In his memoirs, Olds denied further MiG kills (Olds p. 319), but in an interview with Oliver North he was purposely vague, stating "I was only in nine more fights. Unfortunately... nothing worked." Ironically, in his memoir Olds recalls that on June 5, before he learned of Secretary Brown's directive, he nearly had a fifth kill anyway, but the much-despised and unreliable AIM-4 Falcon he launched went ballistic after it initially guided toward the tailpipe of his MiG target. (Olds pp. 314-315)
  86. ↑ Olds 2010, p. 333
  87. 1 2 3 4 "Brigadier General Robin Olds". Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  88. ↑ Olds 2010, p. 335. Olds reported that during the eleven active months of his command of the 8th TFW (October 1966 to August 1967 inclusive), the wing flew 13,249 combat sorties, incurred 29 combat and 7 operational losses of F-4s, and had casualties of 6 killed and 32 missing. 34 aircrew were rescued, a 47% recovery rate. 18 of the combat losses were in the vicinity of Hanoi.
  89. ↑ Brig. Gen. Ken Bell, USAF (ret.) (1993). "Checking In". 100 Missions North: A Fighter Pilot's Story of the Vietnam War. Brassey's (US). ISBN 978-0-02-881012-6., 39
  90. ↑ Ed Rasimus (2003). When Thunder Rolled: An F-105 Pilot Over North Vietnam. Presidio Press. ISBN 978-0-89141-854-2., 105
  91. 1 2 CMSgt Tom Kuhn (December 1996). "Robin Olds: An Unconventional Man's Fight for Conventional Warfare". Airman:Magazine of America's Air Force. Archived from the original on October 9, 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-15.
  92. ↑ Olds 2010, p. 284
  93. ↑ Olds 2010, p. 342
  94. ↑ "Mustache Madness down to the wire". 386AEW, AF.mil. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
  95. ↑ Olds 2010, p. 317
  96. ↑ Olds 2010, pp. 377–378
  97. ↑ Olds 2010, p. 378
  98. ↑ Sherwood 1999, pp. 34–35
  99. ↑ "Robin Olds". Military Times Hall of Valor. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
  100. ↑ Zamzow 2008, p. 85
  101. ↑ Fogerty, Ronald P. (editor, 1953), USAF Historical Study 91: Biographical Data on Air Force General Officers, 1917-1952, Vol II: "L-Z".
  102. ↑ Anderson 2004, p. 187
  103. ↑ Olds 2010, p. 163
  104. ↑ Olds 2010, pp. 233–234, 337, 347–350
  105. ↑ Olds 2010, p. 214
  106. ↑ Olds 2010, p. 382
  107. ↑ "Fighter ace Robin Olds dies at 84". Steamboat Pilot. Retrieved 17 June 2007.
  108. ↑ Olds attributed this block of any further rise beyond brigadier general to a widespread perception in the senior officer hierarchy that his wife was unsupportive of his career following his return from Southeast Asia. (Olds, p. 352)
  109. ↑ Gary E. Salazar (2002-01-23). "Retired general put on probation". Steamboat Pilot & Today. Retrieved 2007-04-06.
  110. ↑ "Famed fighter pilot dies". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved 19 June 2007.
  111. ↑ Boggie, Dale. "Memorial Service for Brigadier General Robin Olds". KeytLaw (Another Life: Flying the F-4 Phantom in the United States Air Force). Retrieved 7 February 2009. The flyover included a flight of F-4 Phantoms, which were no longer operational in any component of Air Force except as target drones, for a missing man formation. The flight lead, LTC Anthony Murphy, requested family permission to modify the normal missing man procedure. Instead of having the third aircraft leave formation, Murphy had the lead aircraft, using Olds' callsign Wolf 01, pull up into a vertical climb over the grave site as a symbolic tribute to Olds' leadership. A photograph of the pull-up appears in Olds' memoirs facing page 177.
  112. ↑ "Legendary fighter pilot Robin Olds dies". Air Force link. Retrieved 6 April 2016.

Bibliography

  • Anderson, Lars. (2004) The All Americans, St. Martins Press, ISBN 978-0-312-30887-2
  • Boyne, Walter J. (November 1998) "Mig Sweep", AIR FORCE Magazine
  • Griffith, Charles (1999). The Quest: Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II. Maxwell Air Force Base: Air University Press. ISBN 1-58566-069-8. Retrieved 31 October 2013. 
  • Fairfield, Terry A. (2004) The 479th Fighter Group in World War II: in Action over Europe with the P-38 and P-51, Schiffer Military History, ISBN 978-0-7643-2056-9
  • Michel, Marshall L. (1997). Clashes: Air Combat Over North Vietnam 1965-1972, Naval Institute Press, ISBN 978-1-55750-585-9
  • Nordeen, Lon O. (1986) Air Warfare in the Missile Age, Smithsonian Institution Press, ISBN 978-0-87474-680-8
  • Olds, Robin; Olds, Christina; Rasimus, Ed (2010). Fighter Pilot: The Memoirs of Legendary Ace Robin Olds. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-56023-2. 
  • Olynyk, Frank. (1995) 'Stars & Bars: A Tribute to the American 'Fighter Ace 1920-1973, Grub Street, ISBN 1-898697-17-5
  • Sherwood, John Darrell. (1999) Fast Movers: Jet Pilots and the Vietnam Experience, Free Press, ISBN 978-0-312-97962-1
  • Wetterhahn, Ralph (September 1997) "Change of Command", Air and Space Smithsonian
Online

External links

Robin Olds at Find a Grave

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