Mulhouse

"Mülhausen" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Mühlhausen.
Mulhouse
Mülhausen / Milhüsa

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Mulhouse

Coordinates: 47°45′N 7°20′E / 47.75°N 7.34°E / 47.75; 7.34Coordinates: 47°45′N 7°20′E / 47.75°N 7.34°E / 47.75; 7.34
Country France
Region Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine
Department Haut-Rhin
Arrondissement Mulhouse
Intercommunality Mulhouse Alsace Agglomération
Government
 • Mayor (2010–2014) Jean Rottner (UMP)
Area1 22.18 km2 (8.56 sq mi)
Population (2009)2 111,156
 • Density 5,000/km2 (13,000/sq mi)
INSEE/Postal code 68224 / 68100, 68200
Dialling codes 0389, 0369
Elevation 232–338 m (761–1,109 ft)
(avg. 240 m or 790 ft)

1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once.

Mulhouse (pronounced: [myluz]; Alsatian: Milhüsa or Milhüse, [mɪlˈyːzə]; German: Mülhausen; i.e. mill house) is a city and commune in eastern France, close to the Swiss and German borders.

With a population of 110,514[1] and 278,206 inhabitants in the metropolitan area[2] in 2006, it is the largest city in the Haut-Rhin département, and the second largest in the Alsace region after Strasbourg. Mulhouse is the principal commune of the 32 making up the communauté d'agglomération Mulhouse Alsace Agglomération (M2A, population 252,000).[3]

Mulhouse is famous for its museums, especially the Cité de l’Automobile (also known as "Musée national de l’automobile") and the Musée Français du Chemin de Fer (also known as "Cité du train"), respectively the largest automobile and railway museums in Europe. An industrial town nicknamed "the French Manchester",[4] Mulhouse is also the main seat of the Upper Alsace University, where the secretariat of the European Physical Society can be found.

Administration

Mulhouse is the chief city of an arrondissement of the Haut-Rhin département, of which it is a sub-prefecture.

History

Legends mention the origin of the town in 58 BC, but the first written records of Mulhouse date from the twelfth century. It was part of the southern Alsatian county of Sundgau in the Holy Roman Empire. From 1354–1515 Mulhouse was part of the Décapole, an association of ten Free Imperial Cities in Alsace. The city joined the Swiss Confederation as an associate in 1515 and was therefore not annexed by France in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 like the rest of the Sundgau. An enclave in Alsace, it was a free and independent Calvinist republic, known as Stadtrepublik Mülhausen, associated with the Swiss Confederation until, after a vote by its citizens on 4 January 1798, it became a part of France in the Treaty of Mulhouse signed on 28 January 1798, during the Directory period of the French Revolution.

Starting in the middle of the eighteenth century, the Koechlin family pioneered cotton cloth manufacturing; Mulhouse became one of France’s leading textile centers in the nineteenth century. André Koechlin (1789–1875) built machinery and started making railroad equipment in 1842. The firm in 1839 already employed 1,800 people. It was one of the six large French locomotive constructors until the merger with Elsässische Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft Grafenstaden in 1872, when the company became Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques.[5]

After the Prussian victory in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) Mulhouse was annexed to the German Empire as part of the territory of Alsace-Lorraine (1871–1918). The city was briefly occupied by French troops on 8 August 1914 at the start of World War I, but they were forced to withdraw two days later in the Battle of Mulhouse. The citizens of Alsace who unwisely celebrated the appearance of the French army, were left to face German reprisals. Alsace-Lorraine was invaded and annexed by France after World War I. Although never formally restored to Germany after the Battle of France in 1940, it was occupied by German forces until returned to French control at the end of the war in May 1945.

The town's development was stimulated first by the expansion of the textile industry and tanning, and subsequently by chemical and engineering industries from the mid 18th century. Mulhouse was for a long time called the French Manchester. In consequence, the town has enduring links with Louisiana, from which it imported cotton, and also with the Levant. The town's history also explains why its centre is relatively small.

Geography

Two rivers run through Mulhouse, the Doller and the Ill, both tributaries of the Rhine. Mulhouse is approximately 100 kilometres (62 miles) away from Strasbourg and Zürich; it is 350 km (217 mi) away from Milan and about 340 km (211 mi) from Frankfurt. It is close enough to Basel, Switzerland and Freiburg, Germany to share the EuroAirPort international airport with these two cities.[6]

Climate

Climate data for Mulhouse (1981–2010 averages)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.8
(65.8)		 21.7
(71.1)		 25.7
(78.3)		 30.0
(86)		 32.8
(91)		 37.0
(98.6)		 38.8
(101.8)		 39.1
(102.4)		 33.7
(92.7)		 31.0
(87.8)		 23.4
(74.1)		 19.9
(67.8)		 39.1
(102.4)
Average high °C (°F) 4.9
(40.8)		 6.8
(44.2)		 11.5
(52.7)		 15.5
(59.9)		 19.9
(67.8)		 23.3
(73.9)		 25.9
(78.6)		 25.5
(77.9)		 21.0
(69.8)		 15.8
(60.4)		 9.2
(48.6)		 5.6
(42.1)		 15.5
(59.9)
Average low °C (°F) −1.5
(29.3)		 −1.2
(29.8)		 2.0
(35.6)		 4.6
(40.3)		 9.1
(48.4)		 12.2
(54)		 14.1
(57.4)		 13.7
(56.7)		 10.3
(50.5)		 6.9
(44.4)		 2.3
(36.1)		 −0.3
(31.5)		 6.1
(43)
Record low °C (°F) −23.2
(−9.8)		 −22.8
(−9)		 −16.4
(2.5)		 −6.3
(20.7)		 −3.1
(26.4)		 1.8
(35.2)		 5.1
(41.2)		 3.4
(38.1)		 −0.9
(30.4)		 −6.3
(20.7)		 −12.6
(9.3)		 −18.7
(−1.7)		 −23.2
(−9.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 47.3
(1.862)		 44.7
(1.76)		 52.3
(2.059)		 59.0
(2.323)		 90.4
(3.559)		 73.9
(2.909)		 71.2
(2.803)		 73.2
(2.882)		 69.1
(2.72)		 68.6
(2.701)		 56.7
(2.232)		 66.4
(2.614)		 772.8
(30.425)
Average precipitation days 9.3 8.7 10.0 9.9 11.6 10.2 9.8 10.1 9.0 10.3 10.1 10.5 119.7
Average snowy days 8.3 7.4 4.6 1.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 3.5 6.9 32.5
Average relative humidity (%) 84 81 75 72 74 74 72 76 80 84 85 84 78.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours 74.0 94.1 138.1 176.1 200.1 226.0 241.3 227.7 164.3 118.5 67.8 55.1 1,783
Source #1: Météo France[7][8]
Source #2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity and snowy days, 1961–1990)[9]

Districts

Medieval Mulhouse consists essentially of a lower and an upper town.

Principal places of interest

Christmas market in Mulhouse

Principal economic activities

Main commercial areas
Campus "La Fonderie" of the Upper Alsace University

As early as the mid-19th century, Mulhouse was known as "the industrial capital of Alsace", the "city with a hundred chimneys" (cité aux cent cheminées) and "the French Manchester"[10]

Transport

Tram in Mulhouse

Air

Mulhouse is served by EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg, located 25 km (16 mi) south of the town.

Rail

Gare de Mulhouse is well connected with the rest of France by train, major destinations such as Paris, Dijon, Besançon, Belfort, Strasbourg, Lyon, Marseille, Montpellier and Lille being directly possible by train. There are also some trains which operate into Switzerland, such as Basel, Bern and Zürich. There is also a train service to Frankfurt am Main in Germany. A Eurocity service connects Brussels, Luxembourg, Strasbourg and Basel; this service calls at Mulhouse.

Regional services connect Mulhouse to Colmar, Strasbourg, Basel, Belfort, Kruth and Freiburg im Breisgau.

Urban transport

Transport within Mulhouse is provided by Soléa and comprises a network of buses together with the city's tram network, which opened on 13 May 2006. The tramway now consists of three tram lines and one tram-train line.

Road

Motorway A36 is the main axis connecting the city with the west of the country, to cities such as Dijon, Paris and Lyon. The A35 is the main north-south axis, connecting cities such as Strasbourg and Basel.

Miscellaneous

Notable people

Mulhouse was the birthplace of:

Other notable residents

Mayors of Mulhouse

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

Mulhouse is twinned with:

  • Israel Giv'atayim, Israel, since 1991
  • Romania Timişoara, Romania, since 1991 (Coopération décentralisée)
  • Russia Arkhangelsk, Russia, since 1992
  • Algeria El Khroub, Algeria, since 1999 (Coopération décentralisée)
  • Mali Sofara, Mali, since 2003 (Coopération décentralisée)

References

  1. ↑ Commune : Mulhouse (68224) on INSEE
  2. ↑ Aire urbaine 1999 : Mulhouse (031) on INSEE
  3. ↑ Mulhouse Alsace Agglomération / Conseil installé hier soir , Les Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace, 5 January 2010 (French)
  4. ↑ Le sex appeal industriel de Mulhouse (French)
  5. ↑ Michael Stephen Smith, The emergence of modern business enterprise in France, 1800–1930 (2006) p. 575.
  6. ↑ "Mulhouse". Tourist Office****and Conventional Bureau of Mulhouse and its Region.
  7. ↑ "Données climatiques de la station de Mulhouse" (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
  8. ↑ "Climat Alsace" (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
  9. ↑ "Normes et records 1961-1990: Bâle-Mulhouse (68) - altitude 263m" (in French). Infoclimat. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
  10. 1 2 Scheurer, Marie-Philippe; Lehni, Roger; Menninger, Claude: Mulhouse, Haut-Rhin − Images du Patrimoine, Le Verger, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, 1990, ISBN 2-908367-18-1 (French)
  11. ↑ "Town twinnings and international relations"(Italian)

External links

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