Muqattaʿat

For the Ottoman instrument for financing state expenses, see Muqata'ah.

The Muqattaʿāt (Arabic: حروف مقطعات ‎ ḥurūf muqaṭṭaʿāt "disjoined letters" or "disconnected letters";[1] also "mysterious letters") are combinations of between one and five Arabic letters figuring at the beginning of 29 out of the 114 surahs (chapters) of the Quran just after the basmala.[2] The letters are also known as fawātih (فواتح) or "openers" as they form the opening verse of their respective suras .

Four surahs are named for their muqatta'at, Ṭāʾ-Hāʾ, Yāʾ-Sīn , Ṣād and Qāf.

The original significance of the letters is unknown. Tafsir (exegesis) has interpreted them as abbreviations for either names or qualities of God or for the names or content of the respective surahs.

Inventory

Muqatta'at occur in suras 2–3, 7, 10–15, 19–20, 26–32, 36, 38, 40–46, 50 and 68. The letters are written together like a word, but each letter is pronounced separately.

sura muqatta'at
Sura 2 Al-Baqara (The Cow) ʾAlif Lām Mīm ألم
Sura 3 Āl-Imran ʾAlif Lām Mīm ألم
Sura 7 Al-Aʿarāf ʾAlif Lām Mīm Ṣād ألمص
Sura 10 Yunus ʾAlif Lām Rāʾ ألر
Sura 11 Al-Hud ʾAlif Lām Rāʾ ألر
Sura 12 Yusuf ʾAlif Lām Rāʾ ألر
Sura 13 Ar-Raʿd ʾAlif Lām Mīm Rāʾ ألمر
Sura 14 Ibrahim ʾAlif Lām Rāʾ ألر
Sura 15 Al-Ḥijr ʾAlif Lām Rāʾ ألر
Sura 19 Maryam Kāf Hāʾ Yāʾ ʿAin Ṣād كهيعص
Sura 20 Ṭāʾ-Hāʾ Ṭāʾ Hāʾ طه
Sura 26 Ash-Shua'ra (The Poets) Ṭāʾ Sīn Mīm طسم
Sura 27 An-Naml (The Ant) Ṭāʾ Sīn طس
Sura 28 Al-Qaṣaṣ Ṭāʾ Sīn Mīm طسم
Sura 29 Al-Ankabut (The Spider) ʾAlif Lām Mīm ألم
Sura 30 Ar-Rum (The Romans) ʾAlif Lām Mīm ألم
Sura 31 Luqmān ʾAlif Lām Mīm ألم
Sura 32 As-Sajda (The Adoration) ʾAlif Lām Mīm ألم
Sura 36 Yāʾ-Sīn Yāʾ Sīn يس
Sura 38 Ṣād Ṣād ص
Sura 40 Ghafir (The Forgiver) Ḥāʾ Mīm حم
Sura 41 Fuṣṣilat Ḥāʾ Mīm حم
Sura 42 Al-Shūrā Ḥāʾ Mīm; ʿAin Sīn Qāf حم عسق
Sura 43 Al-Zukruf (The Embellishment) Ḥāʾ Mīm حم
Sura 44 Al-Dukhan (The Smoke) Ḥāʾ Mīm حم
Sura 45 Al-Jathiya (The Kneeling) Ḥāʾ Mīm حم
Sura 46 Al-Ahqaf (The Sandhills) Ḥāʾ Mīm حم
Sura 50 Qāf Qāf
Sura 68 Al-Qalam (The Pen) Nūn

Structural analysis

There are 14 unique combinations; the most frequent are ʾAlif Lām Mīm and Ḥāʾ Mīm, occurring six times each. Of the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet, exactly one half appear as muqatta'at, either singly or in combinations of two, three, four or five letters. The fourteen letters are: ʾalif أ, hā هـ, ḥā ح, ṭā ط, yā ي, kāf ك, lām ل, mīm م, nūn ن, sīn س, ʿain ع, ṣād ص, qāf ق, rā ر. The six final letters of the Abjadi order ( thakhadh ḍaẓagh) are unused. The letters represented correspond to those letters written without dots, plus ya ي.[3] It is possible that the restricted set of letters was supposed to invoke an archaic variant of the Arabic alphabet (modelled on the Hebrew-Aramaic Northwest Semitic abjad).[4]

Certain co-occurrence restrictions are observable in these letters; for instance, ʾAlif is invariably followed by Lām. The substantial majority of the combinations begin either ʾAlif Lām or Ḥāʾ Mīm.

In all but 3 of the 29 cases, these letters are almost immediately followed by mention of the Qur'anic revelation itself (the exceptions are suras 29, 30, and 68); and some argue that even these three cases should be included, since mention of the revelation is made later on in the sura. More specifically, one may note that in 8 cases the following verse begins "These are the signs...", and in another 5 it begins "The Revelation..."; another 3 begin "By the Qur'an...", and another 2 "By the Book..." Additionally, all but 3 of these suras are Meccan suras (the exceptions are suras 2, 3, 13.)

Lām and Mīm are conjoined and both are written with prolongation mark. One letter is written in two styles. [Refer 19:01 and 20:01] Letter 20:01 is used only in the beginning and middle of a word and that in 19:01 is not used as such. الم is also the First Ayah of Sura 3, 29, 30, 31 and 32 [total 6].

Interpretations

Acrophony

Ibn Abbas and Ibn Mas'ud, as cited by Abu Hayyan Al Gharnati in his Bahr Al Muhit, are said to have favored the view that these letters stand for words or phrases related to God and His Attributes. Muhammad Ali in his 1917 translation of the Qur'an follows this tradition, giving the following interpretations the letters:

Alif (ا): an abbreviation for Ana (أنا, I am)
Hā (ه): as either an abbreviation for Al-Hādīy (الهادي, the Guide) or an abbreviation for Man (in dialect), and
Ḥā (ح): an abbreviation for Al-Ḥamīd (الحميد, the Praised),
Ṭā (ط): as either an abbreviation for the Benignant or an interjection equivalent to O (in dialect),
Yā (ي): an interjection equivalent to O.
Kāf (ك): an abbreviation for Al-Kāfi (كافي, the Sufficient),
Lām (ل): an abbreviation for Allāh (الله, using the second letter),
Mīm (م): as either an abbreviation for Al-'Alīm (العليم, the Knowing, using the ending letter) or for Al-Majīd (المجيد, the Glorious),
Nūn (ن) (occurring only as the name of sura 68): a word meaning Inkstand,
Sīn (س): as either an abbreviation for Man or an abbreviation for As-Samī' (السميع, the Hearing),
ʿAin (ع): an abbreviation for Al-'Alīm (العليم, the Knowing),
Ṣād (ص): an abbreviation for As-Ṣādiq (الصادق, the Truthful),
Qāf (ق): an abbreviation for Al-Qādir (القادر, the Almighty),
Rā (ر): an abbreviation for the Seeing (رائي / رأى / رؤيا / يرى / بصير )

Sura content

Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, a classical commentator of the Qur'an, has noted some twenty opinions regarding these letters, and mentions multiple opinions that these letters present the names of the Surahs as appointed by God. In addition, he mentions that Arabs would name things after such letters (for example, 'eye' as 'ع', clouds as 'غ', and whale as 'ن'). [5][6] Amin Ahsan Islahi supported al-Razi's opinion, arguing that since these letters are names for Surahs, they are proper nouns. Hamiduddin Farahi similarly attaches symbolic meanings to the letters, e.g. Nun (ن) symbolizing "fish" identifying the sura dedicated to Jonah, or Ta (ط) representing "serpent" introducing suras that mention the story of Prophet Moses and serpents.[7]

Ahsan ur Rehman (2013) claims that there are phonological, syntactic and semantic links between the prefixed letters and the text of the chapters.[8]

Scribal intrusion or corruption

Massey (1996) proposed new evidence for an older theory that the "Mystery Letters" were the initials or monograms of the scribes who originally transcribed the suras.[9]

The Hebrew Theory[10] assumes that the letters represent an import from Biblical Hebrew. Specifically, the combination Alif-Lam would correspond to Hebrew El "god". Abbreviations from Aramaic or Greek have also been suggested.

Bellamy (1973) proposed that the letters are the remnants of abbreviations for the Bismillah.[11] Bellamy's suggestion was ciriticized as improbable by Alford T. Welch (1978).[12]

Christoph Luxenberg in The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran (2000) proposed that substantial portions of the text of the Qur'an were directly taken from Syriac liturgy. His explanation of the disjoined letters is that they are remnants of indications for the liturgical recitation for the Syriac hymns that ended up being copied into the Arabic text.[13]

Numerology

There have been attempts to give numerological interpretations. Loth (1888) suggested a connection to Jewish models.[14] Rashad Khalifa (1974) claimed to have discovered a mathematical code in the Qur'an based on these initials and the number 19. According to his claims, these initials occur throughout their respective chapters in multiples of nineteen.[15] which is mentioned in Sura 74:30[16] The Báb uses Muqatta'at in his Qayyúmu'l-Asmá'.[17][18] He writes in an early commentary and in his Dalá'il-i-Sab'ih (Seven Proofs) about a hadith from Muhammad al-Baqir (the fifth Shia Imam) where it is stated that the first seven sets of Muqatta'at (Sura 2 through 13) have a numerical value of 1267, from which the year AD 1844 (the year of the Báb's declaration) can be derived.[19][20]

Mystical

Further information: Hurufism

Sufism has a tradition of attributing mystical significance to the letters. The details differ between schools of Sufism; Sufi tradition generally regards the letters as an extension to the ninety-nine names of God, with some authors offering specific "hidden" meanings for the individual letters.[21]

In 1857-58, Bahá'u'lláh, founder of the Bahá'í Faith, wrote his Commentary on the Isolated Letters (Tafsír-i-Hurúfát-i-Muqatta'ih, also known as Lawh-i-Áyiy-i-Núr, Tablet of the Light Verse).[22][23] In it, he describes how God created the letters. A black teardrop fell down from the Primordial Pen on the "Perspicuous, Snow-white Tablet", by which the Point was created. The Point then turned into an Alif (vertical stroke), which was again transformed, after which the Muqatta'at appeared. These letters were then differentiated, separated and then again gathered and linked together, appearing as the "names and attributes" of creation. Bahá'u'lláh gives various interpretations of the letters "alif, lam, mim", mostly relating to Allah, trusteeship (wilayah) and the prophethood (nubuwwah) of Muhammad. He emphasizes the central role of the alif in all the worlds of God.[22]

References

  1. ↑ مقطعات is the plural of a participle from قطع "to cut, break".
  2. ↑ Massey, Keith. "Mysterious Letters." in Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.) Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. Vol. 3 (205), p. 472 (.brillonline.com).
  3. ↑ nun ن and qaf ق have no variant written without dots in modern script; Steward (2012): "the mysterious letters include no letters with dots. There is an apparent exception to this rule, the occurrences of ya in [suras 19 and 36 ...]"
  4. ↑ Devin J. Steward, "The mysterious letters and other formal features of the Qur'an in light of Greek and Babylonian oracular texts", in: New Perspectives on the Qur'an ed. Reynolds, Routledge (2012), 323-348 (p. 341).
  5. ↑ Michael R. Rose; Casandra L. Rauser; Laurence D. Mueller; Javed Ahmed Ghamidi, Shehzad Saleem (July 2003). "Al-Baqarah (1-7)". Renaissance. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  6. ↑ Amatul Rahman Omar and Abdul Mannan Omar, "Derivation of Vocabulary from its Root Alphabets", Exegesis of the Holy Qur'an - Commentary and Reflections, 2015
  7. ↑ Islahi, Amin Ahsan (2004). Taddabur-i-Quran. Faraan Foundation. pp. 82–85.
  8. ↑ Ahsan ur Rehman, "Morpho Phonemic Patterns in the Prefixed Chapters of the Qur'an: A Stylistic Approach" (2013) lasjan.page.tl A stylistic study of the consonant Șād (ﺹ) in three Qur’anic chapters:Șād (38), Maryam (19) and Al A‘rāf (7) (2013)
  9. ↑ Massey, Keith (1996). "A New Investigation into the "Mystery Letters" of the Qur'an" in 'Arabica', Vol. 43 No. 3. pp. 497–501.
  10. ↑ "Muqatta'at". www.academia.edu. Retrieved 2015-11-17.
  11. ↑ Bellamy, James A. (1973) The Mysterious Letters of the Koran: Old Abbreviations of the Basmalah. Journal of the American Oriental Society 93 (3), 267-285.
  12. ↑ A. Welch, "al-Ḳurʾān" in: Encyclopedia of Islam 2nd ed. (1978).
  13. ↑ Luxenberg, Christoph (2009). The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran: A Contribution to the Decoding of the Language of the Koran 1st Edition.
  14. ↑ Otto Loth, "Tabaris Korankommentar" ZDMG 35 (1888), 603f.
  15. ↑ Rashad Khalifa, Quran: Visual Presentation of the Miracle, Islamic Productions International, 1982. ISBN 0-934894-30-2
  16. ↑ Quran 74:30
  17. ↑ Lawson, Todd. "Reading Reading Itself: The Bab's `Sura of the Bees,' A Commentary on Qur'an 12:93 from the Sura of Joseph". Retrieved 2007-03-19.
  18. ↑ See the following source for more about Bábí letter symbolism: Editors (2009). "Letters of the Living (Hurúf-i-Hayy)". Bahá’í Encyclopedia Project. Evanston, IL: National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States.
  19. ↑ Lambden, Stephen N. A note upon the messianic year 1260 / 1844 and the Bābī-Bahā'ī interpretation of the isolated letters of the Qur'an.
  20. ↑ Saiedi, Nader (2008). Gate of the Heart: Understanding the Writings of the Báb. Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 109–110. ISBN 978-1-55458-035-4.
  21. ↑ An example is given by Siddiq Osman Noormuhammad of the Naqshbandi order in Salawaat by Sufi Mashaaikh Nairobi (2004).
  22. 1 2 Marshall, Alison. "What on earth is a disconnected letter? - Baha'u'llah's commentary on the disconnected letters". Retrieved 2007-03-19.
  23. ↑ Lambden, Stephen N. "Tafsír-al-Hurúfát al-Muqatta'át (Commentary on the Isolated Letters) or Lawh-i Áyah-yi Núr (Tablet of the Light Verse) of Mírzá Husayn 'Alí Núrí Bahá'-Alláh (1817-1892)". Retrieved 2007-03-19.

External links

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