Murad I

Murad I مراد اول
Ottoman Sultan Hüdavendigâr
3rd Ottoman Sultan
Reign	1362 – 14 June, 1389 (27 years)
Predecessor	Orhan
Successor	Bayezid I
Born	29 June 1326 Amasya,[1] in present-day Turkey
Died	15 June 1389 Kosovo Field, in present-day Prishtina District, Kosovo[lower-alpha 1]
Burial	Tomb of Sultan Murad, Kosovo Field, in present-day Prishtina District, Kosovo[lower-alpha 1] 42°42′07″N 21°06′15″E / 42.70194°N 21.10417°ECoordinates: 42°42′07″N 21°06′15″E / 42.70194°N 21.10417°E
Consort	Gülçiçek Hatun Thamara Hatun Paşa Melek Hatun Maria Hatun
Dynasty	House of Osman (Osmanlı Hanedanı)
Father	Orhan
Mother	Nilüfer Hatun
Religion	Islam
Tughra

Murad I (Ottoman Turkish: مراد اول‎) (Turkish: I. Murat Hüdavendigâr) (nicknamed Hüdavendigâr, from Persian خداوندگار Khodāvandgār, "the devotee of God" – but meaning "sovereign" in this context) (29 June 1326, Amasya – 15 June 1389, Kosovo Field) was the Ottoman Sultan from 1362 to 1389. He was a son of Orhan and the Valide Nilüfer Hatun.

Murad I conquered Adrianople, renamed it to Edirne,^[1] and in 1363 made it the new capital of Ottoman Sultanate.^[2] Then he further expanded the Ottoman realm in Southeast Europe by bringing most of the Balkans under Ottoman rule, and forced the princes of northern Serbia and Bulgaria as well as the Byzantine emperor John V Palaiologos to pay him tribute.^[1] Murad I administratively divided his sultanate into the two provinces of Anatolia (Asia Minor) and Rumelia (the Balkans). Murad's death against the Serbians would cause the Ottomans to halt their expansion into the territory temporarily and focus their attention once more on the ailing Byzantine Empire.

Wars

Map of the conquests of Murad I

Murad fought against the powerful beylik of Karaman in Anatolia and against the Serbs, Albanians, Bulgarians and Hungarians in Europe. In particular, a Serb expedition to expel the Turks from Adrianople led by the Serbian brothers King Vukašin and Despot Uglješa, was defeated on September 26, 1371, by Murad's capable second lieutenant Lala Şâhin Paşa, the first governor (beylerbey) of Rumeli. In 1385, Sofia fell to the Ottomans. In 1386 Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović defeated an Ottoman force at the Battle of Pločnik. The Ottoman army suffered heavy casualties, and was unable to capture Niš on the way back.

Battle of Kosovo

Tomb of Sultan Murat on Kosovo field

Tomb of Sultan Murat

In 1389, Murad's army defeated the Serbian Army and its allies under the leadership of Lazar at the Battle of Kosovo. There are different accounts from different sources about when and how Murad I was assassinated. The contemporary sources mainly noted that the battle took place and that both Prince Lazar and the Sultan lost their lives in the battle. The existing evidence of the additional stories and speculations as to how Murad I died were disseminated and recorded in the 15th century and later, decades after the actual event. One Western source states that during first hours of the battle, Murad I was assassinated by Serbian nobleman and knight Miloš Obilić by knife.^[3][4] Most Ottoman chroniclers (including Dimitrie Cantemir) ^[5] state that he was assassinated after the finish of the battle while going around the battlefield. Others state that he was assassinated in the evening after the battle at his tent by the assassin who was admitted to ask a special favour. His older son Bayezid, who was in charge of the left wing of the Ottoman forces, took charge after that. His other son, Yakub Bey, who was in charge of the other wing, was called to the Sultan's command center tent by Bayezid, but when Yakub Bey arrived he was strangled, leaving Bayezid as the sole claimant to the throne.

In the earliest preserved Christian record, a letter of Florentine senate (written by Coluccio Salutati) to the King Tvrtko I of Bosnia, dated 20 October 1389, Murad I's (and Jakub Bey's) killing was described. A party of twelve Serbian lords slashed their way through the Ottoman lines defending Murad I. One of them, allegedly Miloš Obilić, had managed to get through to the Sultan's tent and kill him with sword stabs to the throat and belly. ^[6]

Sultan Murad's internal organs were buried in Kosovo field and remains to this day on a corner of the battlefield in a location called Meshed-i Hudavendigar which has gained a religious significance by the Muslims (which had been renamed Obilić by the Serbs). It has recently been renovated. His other remains were carried to Bursa, his Anatolian capital city, and were buried in a tomb at the complex built in his name.

Establishment of sultanate

He established the sultanate by building up a society and government in the newly conquered city of Adrianople (Edirne in Turkish) and by expanding the realm in Europe, bringing most of the Balkans under Ottoman rule and forcing the Byzantine emperor to pay him tribute. It was Murad who established the former Osmanli tribe into an sultanate. He established the title of sultan in 1383 and the corps of the janissaries and the devşirme recruiting system. He also organised the government of the Divan, the system of timars and timar-holders (timariots) and the military judge, the kazasker. He also established the two provinces of Anadolu (Anatolia) and Rumeli (Europe).

Marriages and progeny

He was the son of Orhan and the Valide Sultan Nilüfer Hatun, daughter of the Prince of Yarhisar or Byzantine princess Theodora Kantakouzene (also named Nilüfer), who was of ethnic Greek descent^[7][8][9]

Marriages of Murad I:

• In 1359 Gülçiçek Hatun
• In 1365 Paşa Melek Hatun – daughter of Kızıl Murad Bey
• In 1370 Maria Thamara Hatun – daughter of Bulgarian Czar Ivan Alexander
• Füldane Hatun, daughter of Süleyman Pasha

Progeny of Murad I:

• Yakub Çelebi (? – d. 1389) – son. Bayezid I had Yakub killed during or following the Battle of Kosovo at which their father had been killed.
• Sultan Bayezid I (1354–1402) – son of Gülçiçek Hatun
• Savcı Bey – son. He and his ally, Byzantine emperor John V Palaeologus' son Andronicus,^[10] rebelled against their fathers. Murad had Savcı killed. Andronicus, who had surrendered to his father, was imprisoned and blinded at Murad's insistence.^[11]
• Ibrahim Bey – son
• Yahşi Bey – son of Gülçiçek Hatun
• Halil Bey – son
• Nefise Hatun – daughter
• Sultan Hatun – daughter

In literature

• Murad (as "Amurath the First") is the subject of Thomas Goffe's play The Courageous Turk, published in 1632.

Further reading

• Harris, Jonathan, The End of Byzantium. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-300-11786-8
• Imber, Colin, The Ottoman Empire. London: Palgrave/Macmillan, 2002. ISBN 0-333-61387-2

Notes and references

Notes:

1. Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia. The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008, but Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory. The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013, as part of the Brussels Agreement. Kosovo has been recognised as an independent state by 108 out of 193 United Nations member states.

References:

1. "Murad I". Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2014. Web. 19 Dec. 2014.
2. "In 1363 the Ottoman capital moved from Bursa to Edirne, although Bursa retained its spiritual and economic importance." Ottoman Capital Bursa. Official website of Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
3. Helmolt, Ferdinand. The World's History, p.293. W. Heinemann, 1907.
4. Fine, John. The Late Medieval Balkans, p. 410. University of Michigan Press, 1994. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
5. Cantemir, Dimitrie, History of the Growth and Decay of the Osman Ottoman Empire, London 1734.
6. Wayne S. Vucinich, Thomas A. Emmert (1991). Kosovo: Legacy of a Medieval Battle. University of Minnesota.
7. The Fall of Constantinople, Steven Runciman, Cambridge University Press, p. 36
8. The Nature of the Early Ottoman State, Heath W. Lowry, 2003 SUNY Press, p. 153
9. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Stanford Jay Shaw, Cambridge University Press, p. 24
10. Gibbon, Edward, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Modern Library, v. iii, p. 651
11. Finkel, C., Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire, 2005, p. 19, Basic Books

External links

Media related to Murad I at Wikimedia Commons