Murder of Lynette White

James Street, Butetown. Number 7 is the 4-storey building in the foreground on the right. The ground floor is still used as a bookmaker's.

Lynette Deborah White (5 July 1967 – 14 February 1988) was murdered on 14 February 1988 in Cardiff, Wales. South Wales Police issued a photofit image of a white male seen in the vicinity at the time of the murder but were unable to trace the man. In November 1988 the police charged five mixed-race men with White's murder, although none of the scientific evidence discovered at the crime scene could be linked to them. In November 1990, following the then longest murder trial in British history, three of the men were found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment.

In December 1992 the convictions were ruled unsafe and quashed by the Court of Appeal after it was decided that the police investigating the murder had acted improperly. The wrongful conviction of the three men has been called one of the most egregious miscarriages of justice in recent times. The police insisted that the men had been released purely on a legal technicality, and resisted calls for the case to be reopened. In January 2002 new DNA technology enabled forensic scientists to obtain a reliable crime scene DNA profile. The extracted profile led police to the real killer, Jeffrey Gafoor, who confessed to White's murder and was sentenced to life imprisonment. Controversially, Gafoor received a shorter minimum tariff (the length of time before a prisoner may be considered for parole) than had been given to the wrongfully convicted men.

In 2004 the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) began a review of the conduct of the police during the original inquiry. Over the next 12 months around 30 people were arrested in connection with the investigation, 19 of whom were serving or retired police officers. In 2007 three of the prosecution witnesses who gave evidence at the original murder trial were convicted of perjury and sentenced to 18 months imprisonment. In 2011 eight former police officers were charged with conspiring to pervert the course of justice. Their subsequent trial was the largest police corruption trial in British criminal history. A further four police officers were due to be tried on the same charges in 2012. In November 2011 the trial collapsed when the defence claimed that copies of files which they said they should have seen had instead been destroyed. As a result, the judge ruled that the defendants could not receive a fair trial and they were acquitted. In January 2012 the missing documents were found, still in the original box in which they had been sent to South Wales Police by the IPCC.

Lynette White

White had left school without any qualifications and had been working as a prostitute since she was 14 years old.[1] Tim Rogers, a BBC Wales journalist, interviewed White a few weeks before her murder as part of an investigation into child prostitution. Rogers said that White was "probably the most visible prostitute working in Cardiff at the time."[2] Described by acquaintances as "pretty and popular" White earned around £100 each night.[1] She told Rogers that she had been drugged and taken to Bristol by a gang of men who forced her into prostitution and that even after eventually making her way back to Cardiff she had found herself trapped in "a continual spiral of prostitution."[2] By 1988 she was working every day to pay for her boyfriend Stephen "Pineapple" Miller's cocaine addiction. Miller, who was also her pimp, took at least £60-£90 each day from White, who was his only source of income.[3][4][5] Each day he would drive her to Riverside, Cardiff where she plied her trade, before meeting with her at the "North Star" club in the evenings to collect her earnings.[3][6] The two lived together at a flat in Dorset Street, Cardiff.[1][7][8]

White went missing five days before her murder and made no contact with Miller or any of her friends or known associates.[8] Her whereabouts during this period or the reason for her disappearance have never been ascertained.[9] She was due to be called as a witness for the prosecution in two forthcoming trials, and it was later conjectured that she was deliberately "lying low" to avoid giving evidence.[10][11] The first trial involved an allegation of attempted murder (R. v Francine Cordle) and the second (R. v Robert Gent & Eric Marasco) involved an allegation of attempting to procure the services of a 13-year-old girl for prostitution.[12] When White disappeared, the police began actively searching for her and a judge issued a warrant for her arrest to ensure that she attended the first trial, which was listed to commence at Cardiff Crown Court on 15 February 1988.[13]

Earlier in February 1988 another prostitute, Learnne Vilday, had loaned White the keys to the flat in James Street where she was later murdered, for the purpose of taking clients there for sex.[14] After White disappeared, Vilday was unable to get into the flat herself without the keys and on the evening of February 14 she asked taxi driver Eddie Dimond, who knew both women, to take her to the address. There Vilday was able to get another occupant to drop a spare set of keys from a window to open the main door of the building but was still unable to enter her own flat.[8] Dimond and Vilday then drove to Butetown police station to report the situation and their concerns about White's disappearance. They returned to James Street with PS William Bisgood, PC Simon Johnson and PC Anthony Prosser, who were expecting to serve the arrest warrant on White and then take her into police custody. On arrival, Vilday and Dimond remained outside while the police forced entry and at 9.17pm found White's body inside.[13] PC Johnson later testified that he was aware that White was a "missing witness" in a court case and that officers had been looking for her. PC Prosser said: "We had been looking for her all weekend." He said he discovered White lying on her back on the floor of a bedroom in the flat, having suffered "massive injuries."[7]

Murder

White's throat had been cut from the right ear across the front and around to the left side of the neck, exposing the bones of the spine. There were multiple stab wounds to her chest and breasts, and other wounds to her face, stomach, arms, wrists and inner thighs, as well as defensive wounds on her hands.[14][15] The pathologist, Professor Bernard Knight, described it as "a mutilating attack with sexual overtones" and identified a total of sixty-nine wounds. Although she had been stabbed seven times in the heart he concluded that it was the throat injury which had killed her. He said: "It would require considerable force because the skin, muscles, larynx and voice box had been cut right down to the neckbone." Speculating on how the wound could have been inflicted, he said it was a normal reflex for a person to keep their head down in such a situation, and her head may have been forcibly held back for the knife wound to be inflicted. One of the two T-shirts Lynette was wearing was "absolutely lacerated. It looked like a colander." Knight believed the murder weapon was at least five inches long.[14] He determined that she had died between midnight and 4am. Her wristwatch had stopped at 1.45am, leading the police to conclude that this was the most likely time of death.[3][14][16]

White's body was discovered between the foot of the bed – the room's only furniture – and the window, still clothed but with one shoe off. There was heavy bloodstaining to the base of the bed, the carpet and the walls of the room. There was very little blood on the mattress, where an opened but unused condom was found.[14] Forensic examination found 150 different sets of finger and palm prints in the flat. Azoospermic semen was present both in White's vagina and underwear, which pathologists determined had been deposited there within six hours of her death.[3][14] Some of the blood found on White's clothing, including her exposed sock, was found to be from a male with the blood type AB.[17]

Investigation

The 1988 police E-FIT of the prime suspect, a white male, seen outside 7 James Street.

The subsequent murder inquiry was led by Detective Chief Superintendent (DCS) John Williams, the head of South Wales C.I.D.[18] Appeals for information led to several potential witnesses independently describing a white male, approximately 5'8"-5'10", aged in his mid-thirties, with dark hair and a "dishevelled" appearance. He was seen in a distressed state in the vicinity of the James Street flat in the early hours of Valentine's Day, appeared to have cut himself on the hand, and had blood on his clothing.[19][20] An E-FIT of the suspect was compiled and on 17 March 1988 DCS Williams appeared on the BBC television programme Crimewatch UK where he stated that the police believed this man was responsible for White's murder. Williams said: "This man almost certainly had the blood of the deceased on him."[21][22][23]

On 25 February the police detained an individual who bore a striking resemblance to the e-fit but he was released the following day after providing an alibi corroborated by a third party. The suspect seen outside the flat has never been positively identified.[12]

Elimination of suspects

Francine Cordle, whom White had been due to testify against, and Cordle's mother Peggy Farrugia were also initially considered suspects, but the discovery of the blood on White's clothing allowed the police to eliminate them from their inquiries.

Stephen Miller was questioned at the beginning of the inquiry, having been picked up by the police early on 15 February, but after giving a statement detailing his whereabouts during the crucial period, he was released without charge and the police announced that he had been ruled out of their investigations.[12] When Miller was first taken in by the police for questioning he was still wearing the clothes that he had been wearing at the time of the murder. These were dirty and unwashed – the police even joked with Miller during his initial interview that he should sit in the opposite corner of the room due to the smell of his clothing – but there were no traces of blood found on them. His car was also forensically examined with no result, and his blood type did not match that found on White's clothing. Another witness, David Orton, also gave a statement to the police detailing his movements with Miller during the time of the murder, completely corroborating Miller's alibi.[12]

Mr. X

On 20 April 1988 DC Geoff Thomas put together a list of 12 people of interest, based on their previous criminal activities. One of the men, whose identity has never been publicly revealed and was referred to only as 'Mr X', was a convicted sex offender and paedophile who lived around twenty minutes driving distance from James Street, was known to use prostitutes, and was a frequent visitor to Cardiff.[24] He had a history of mental illness and had been classified as a "psychopath" by his doctor.[25][26][27] When interviewed by the police, he admitted that he had in the past paid White for sex, and was unable to account for his movements or provide an alibi for the period of the murder.[17] Crucially for the investigating officers, Mr. X was of blood type AB.[28]

Mr. X was interviewed by Detective Constables Graham Toogood and Paul Fish, who believed that, had he been pressed, he would have confessed to White's murder. It was decided however to adopt a "softly-softly" approach until they had DNA results from the crimescene.[17] On 19 October 1988 Detective Inspector Graham Mouncher placed Mr. X under surveillance for three days to identify his routines and associates. The policemen's main concern was that Mr. X would voluntarily commit himself to a mental institution if he became aware of the surveillance but by 25 October DI Mouncher was so convinced that he was the killer that he requested further surveillance. This took place between 27–30 October 1988. On 7 November 1988 Detective Chief Inspector Adrian Morgan informed DCS Williams that Mr. X was now the prime suspect.[17]

On 9 November 1988 the results of the DNA analysis eliminated Mr. X from the investigation.

Constructing a case

Paul Atkins and Mark Grommek

Although their prime suspect had been eliminated from the inquiry, the police had collected thousands of statements through interviews and door-to-door enquiries. After the collapse of their case against Mr. X the police now returned to these. Among them were statements from Paul Atkins and Mark Grommek, two associates of Mr. X. Grommek was the tenant of the flat immediately above that where White was murdered.[29] Both Atkins and Grommek were homosexual and had previous convictions for petty crimes, which made them, in the view of Satish Sekar, "susceptible to police pressure."[30] Both men gave alibis for their whereabouts at the time of the murder, but under pressure from the police Atkins eventually gave a statement on 26 April in which he first said that Grommek had killed White, and then confessed to killing her himself.[31] Detective Chief Inspector John Ludlow recorded that Atkins first stated that Grommek had gone to the flat to have sex with White and after hearing a scream, Atkins went downstairs and saw Grommek exiting the flat covered in blood and carrying a blood stained knife. Atkins later said he had met White himself in the Custom House pub and went back to the flat to have sex with her.[32] He then "wrestled her to the floor, sat astride her and stabbed her."[33] As the statement contained "four completely different accounts in the one document" it was not treated seriously.[30]

Ronnie Williams

Yusef Abdullahi had been questioned as part of the routine door-to-door enquiries. At the time of the murder he had been working on board the ship MV Coral Sea, some eight miles away in Barry Docks.[34] Although he did not realise this at the time, his common-law wife Jackie Harris was having an affair with Geoff Smith, a South Wales police officer attached to the Vice Squad. His common-law brother-in-law, Ronnie Williams, was also a police informant.[35] Williams began passing information to the police in March 1988, much of it unreliable, including a claim that White had been stabbed in the Casablanca club in Butetown before being moved to the flat in James Street. Initially he claimed that Abdullahi knew the identity of the killer and was concealing this information but later he began to implicate him more directly with the murder, and claimed that Abdulahi had been able to leave work at the Coral Sea on the night of the murder without his colleagues being aware. It was well known by their associates and the police that Abdullahi and Williams "detested each other."[25] On 19 May 1988 Detective Inspector Richard Powell took a formal statement from Abdullahi in which he gave details of his work on the Coral Sea.[34]

Learnne Vilday

Learnne Vilday had also been placed under pressure during her interviews, particularly as it was she who had initially raised the alarm with the police, who felt she may be concealing information. She too was vulnerable, being a single parent, a lesbian, a drug addict and a prostitute. The police were visiting her daily, leading to her being asked to leave the flat she shared with her friend Angela Psaila, who was also a prostitute. She began lodging with another couple, who also complained that the police were calling round to speak with Vilday on an almost daily basis.[30] On 19 May 1988, while drunk, Vilday eventually named Miller and Yusef Abdullahi as the killers in front of several other prostitutes. That evening she was questioned by PS David Hathaway and agreed that she had named the two men while drunk, but said this was a false accusation as a result of "drunken rambling" and that she had heard the names from DI Powell when he had questioned her earlier in the day.[34] She was then asked by the police if she would agree to be hypnotised, and a session with a hypnotherapist was scheduled.

Violet Perriam

Violet Elizabeth Perriam was a secretary at a Cardiff yacht club who knew many police officers through working behind the club's bar.[36] On 10 November 1988, the day after Mr. X was cleared of any involvement, Perriam gave a statement to the police that she had been driving home from the club and had passed 7 James Street at around 1.30am on the night that White was murdered. She claimed that she saw four "excited" black males outside the building, "arguing and gesticulating," and recognised two of them as John Actie and Rashid Omar, who was of mixed-race.[37][38] John Actie had earlier responded to the door-to-door enquiries and told the police that on the night of the murder he had gone to the Casablanca club at around midnight, and had left there at around 3.30am. John Actie was the cousin of Learnne Vilday's boyfriend, Ronnie Actie. Perriam's statement was the "breakthrough" needed by the police and her allegation that she saw John Actie and others "at or near the scene of the murder" allowed the investigation to take a new direction after it had reached an impasse following the elimination of Mr. X.[5][39]

Angela Psaila

Angela Psaila lived in a flat at St. Clare's Court, Butetown which had an unrestricted view of the front of 7 James Street. Described later as "one of the most vulnerable members of Cardiff society" Psaila had an IQ of just 55, indicating mild mental retardation.[40][41][42] Armed with Perriam's statement placing the group of black men outside the flat at the time of the murder, the police questioned Psaila on 17 November 1988 and insisted that she was somehow connected with the crime. In the first of two statements taken that day Psaila claimed that Miller visited her at about 1am on the 14 February looking for White. Two and a half hours later she gave another statement claiming that she saw Miller, John and Ronnie Actie, Abdullahi, Tony Paris and Tony Brace (a doorman from the North Star club) outside 7 James Street. She also claimed to have heard screams from the flat and to have seen Ronnie Actie talking up to someone in the window of Grommek's flat before being let into the building.[43]

The same day, Grommek and Atkins gave new statements to the police saying that they had also seen a group of men outside the flat, including Ronnie Actie and Abdullahi.[43] During his first interview, in the morning, Grommek had stated that he knew nothing about the murder but by the afternoon he had given a very detailed account of the circumstances surrounding the crime.[44] Grommek also said that he had opened the door to the building to let Ronnie Actie in, and both he and Atkins now claimed that they too had heard screams that night.[43]

Psaila and Vilday: December statements

Psaila gave a new statement to the police on 6 December 1988 . In this account, she had been present at St. Clare's Court with Learnne Vilday and on hearing the screams the two had gone to 7 James Street. In what Sekar called "a most remarkable coincidence" Vilday, Grommek and Atkins all decided independently to go to the police that day and give new accounts of the murder. Vilday said that on hearing the screams she had gone to the flat and seen Lynette dead inside. In the room were Miller, Abdullahi, Ronnie Actie, Tony Miller (Stephen Miller's brother) and an unnamed man of mixed-race. Grommek and Atkins gave statements which corroborated this new version of events. Psaila and Vilday were then taken into protective custody.[45]

On 7 December 1988 the police arrested Stephen and Tony Miller, Yusef Abdullahi, Ronnie Actie, Rashid Omar and Martin Tucker. John Actie and Tony Paris were arrested on 9 December. No forensic evidence had been found to link any of the men with the crime scene.[10][46]

The police were notified on 10 December that Psaila's blood type was AB, the same as that found on White's sock and trousers. They reinterviewed her the following day, insisting that it was her blood that was found on White. Psaila gave a new version of events, this time claiming that she and Vilday had been present when White was murdered, and had taken part in the killing. She named Stephen and Tony Miller, Ronnie and John Actie, Tony Paris and Abdullahi as the other killers, and said Vilday had been responsible for cutting White's throat.

Vilday then gave a new statement on the same day, naming Stephen Miller, Ronnie and John Actie, Abdullahi and Paris as the killers, and saying that she and Psaila had both been forced to cut one of White's wrists to ensure their complicity and silence.

Stephen Miller's confession

Over a period of four days Stephen Miller was interviewed on 19 occasions for a total of 13 hours; he was denied access to a solicitor for the first two interviews. Miller, who had a mental age of 11, confessed to the killing after making 300 denials.[47] Miller also implicated the other men.[48]

Murder trial

The trial commenced at Swansea Crown Court on 5 October 1989, but was interrupted on 26 February 1990 — after 82 days of evidence — by the sudden death of the judge, Mr. Justice McNeill, from a heart attack.[15][49][50][51] The subsequent retrial, also held at Swansea, commenced on 14 May 1990 before Mr Justice Leonard.[52] It was at the time the longest murder trial in British legal history, lasting 197 days.[19][53] On 22 November 1990 three of the five accused were found guilty of White's murder.[15][26] Tony Paris, Yusef Abdullahi and Stephen Miller — who became known as the "Cardiff Three" — were each sentenced to life imprisonment.[46][54][55] Cousins Ronnie and John Actie were acquitted of the murder; both had spent two years in custody. Ronnie was found dead in his back garden in September 2007. Police said there were no suspicious circumstances.[56]

Doubts about the convictions

In early 1991 a number of journalists began to question the safety of the convictions and public-service television broadcaster Channel 4 transmitted their own investigation of the case in "Butetown: The Bridge And The Boys", part of their Black Bag magazine and documentary series aimed at Black and Asian viewers.[57] In May 1991 two of the convicted men were granted leave to appeal their convictions, but the third, Stephen Miller, was refused.[58] Satish Sekar, an investigative journalist specialising in crime and justice issues, had tracked down two witnesses not called at the trial who could provide an alibi for Miller's whereabouts at the time of the murder. Miller asked him if he would organise a new legal team to prepare his appeal. Sekar persuaded renowned solicitor Gareth Peirce to take on the case and handle the renewed application to appeal, and Pierce instructed Michael Mansfield QC to represent Miller in court.[59] A public campaign to overturn the convictions, started by families and friends of the three men, began to receive high-profile support, including that of American community leader Al Sharpton, and Gerry Conlon, a recently exonerated member of the "Guildford Four".[60] Further television documentaries followed in 1992, including "Unsafe Convictions" as part of the BBC documentary series Panorama.[23][61]

Appeal

Their appeal was heard over four days in December 1992 and ended after the Court of Appeal listened to an audio recording of Stephen Miller's police interrogation. Mansfield argued that the trial judge "was wrong to admit the evidence of Mr Miller's police interviews contained on the tapes because it was tainted by the officers' 'oppressive' conduct." The interviews were, he said, "not a search for the truth but a police attempt to achieve—by any means short of violence—a concurrence between Mr Miller's account and Ms Vilday's."[62] In his judgment, Lord Taylor said that the police had "bullied and hectored" Miller during a "travesty of an interview" and that "short of physical violence, it is hard to conceive of a more hostile and intimidating approach by officers to a suspect." The truthfulness of Miller's admission was, according to Taylor, "irrelevant" as the nature of the questioning "required the interview to be rejected as evidence."[63] He ordered copies of the recording to be sent to the Director of Public Prosecutions and the Chairman of the Royal Commission on Criminal Justice as an "example of what we hope we shall never hear again in this court".[64] All three men had their convictions declared "unsafe and unsatisfactory" and were released.[19]

Yusef Abdullahi was treated for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder after his release from prison and campaigned on behalf of other victims of miscarriages of justice and for the reopening of the investigation into White's murder. In 1996 he said: "Until it happens to you, no-one can have any idea what it's like to be convicted for a murder you didn't commit. We've been really messed up by what we've been through. We needed counselling, but no-one offered us any help. Being inside really did my head in." He died of a perforated ulcer in January 2011, aged 49.[65][66]

Case reopened

In September 2000 the case was reopened and detectives discovered fresh forensic evidence, including a small trace of blood on the cellophane wrapper from a cigarette packet and a further ten traces of the same blood underneath several layers of paint on a skirting board at the crime scene.[67] The killer was dubbed "Cellophane Man" by scientists and detectives.[68] No match was found in the United Kingdom National DNA Database.

Identification of the murderer

In January 2002, after the development of the Second Generation Multiplex Plus (SGM+) test, forensic scientists were finally able to obtain a reliable crime scene DNA profile.[69] Using the process of familial searching, a partial match was eventually made with the profile of a 14-year-old youth who was known to the police but who had not been born at the time of the murder. This led to the arrest on 28 February 2003 of Jeffrey Gafoor, an uncle of the youth.[68][70] Gafoor was tried in July 2003. On 4 July 2003, at Cardiff Crown Court, he pleaded guilty to White's murder and the judge, Mr Justice Royce, sentenced him to life imprisonment, with a minimum tariff of twelve years and eight months.[15][69]

Independent Police Complaints Commission investigation

In November 2004 the IPCC announced that it would supervise a reinvestigation by the South Wales Police into the original police inquiry.[71] On 13 April 2005 five retired police officers were arrested in connection with offences of false imprisonment, conspiring to pervert the course of justice and misconduct in public office.[67][72] Four more retired police officers were arrested in connection with their roles in the original murder investigation on 21 April 2005.[73] Along with the officers, a further 13 people were arrested in connection with evidence and information that they had provided in 1988 which had incriminated the Cardiff Three.[74] On 19 May 2005 three serving police officers – a Detective Constable, a Constable and a Detective Sergeant – were arrested.[75] As the investigation continued, over 30 arrests had been made by November 2005, 19 of whom were serving or retired police officers, including one Inspector.[76][77]

Legal actions arising from the wrongful convictions

2008: Perjury trial

In February 2007, four witnesses who gave evidence at the original murder trial were charged with perjury.[29] In December 2008, three of the accused – Angela Psaila, Learnne Vilday and Mark Grommek – were found guilty of committing perjury and each sentenced to 18 months imprisonment. The fourth, Paul Atkins, was deemed "unfit to stand trial."[51] Sentencing, Mr Justice Maddison said: "It's been submitted on your behalf, accepted by the prosecution, and I accept it myself... you were seriously hounded, bullied, threatened, abused and manipulated by the police during a period of several months leading up to late 1988, as a result of which you felt compelled to agree to false accounts they suggested to you." However, perjury was "an offence which strikes at the heart of the system of the administration of justice."[78]

2011: Police corruption trial

In March 2009 the Special Crime Division of the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) announced that there was "sufficient evidence" to prosecute three serving officers and ten former officers involved in the original investigation with conspiracy to pervert the course of justice.[51] Two further witnesses in the original trial, Violet Perriam and Ian Massey, were also charged with perjury.[79][80] In July 2011 the trial (R v Mouncher and Others)—the largest police corruption trial in British criminal history—of Chief Inspectors Graham Mouncher and Richard Powell, Chief Superintendent Thomas Page, Detectives Michael Daniels, Paul Jennings, Paul Stephen, Peter Greenwood and John Seaford, and Violet Perriam and Ian Massey, commenced at Swansea Crown Court.[81] A further four retired police officers were scheduled to stand trial separately in 2012.[36] Massey was a convicted armed robber incarcerated at HM Prison Cardiff at the same time as Tony Paris and John Actie. He agreed to act as a police informant against the men in return for "representations made by the police" to his forthcoming Parole Board hearing, and gave evidence at their trial that Paris had confessed to White's murder in his presence.[82][83]

During the trial, "concerns had been almost continually raised" by defence counsel relating to alleged non-disclosure by the prosecution of relevant documents.[84] On 28 November 2011, Mr Justice Sweeney ordered the prosecution to produce to him a number of specific documents requested by the defence. Four of the documents were "found to be missing from their expected location" and an initial investigation by the police concluded that the documents had been destroyed in 2010 on the instructions of Detective Chief Superintendent Christopher Coutts. As a result, Nicholas Dean QC, leading counsel for the prosecution, informed the court on 1 December 2011 that "the prosecution can no longer sustain a position maintaining that the court and the defendants can have the required confidence in the disclosure process, the confidence that my Lord has referred to with all its importance to our criminal justice system. In those circumstances I formally offer no further evidence and will invite my Lord to direct the jury to return not guilty verdicts."[85] The decision not to offer evidence was made at the highest level, by Keir Starmer, at the time the Director of Public Prosecutions, Head of the Crown Prosecution Service and the most senior public prosecutor in England and Wales.[86] The trial collapsed and South Wales Police immediately announced referral to the IPCC for further investigation.[87] Starmer said: "Prosecutions will stand or fall on the quality of disclosure, and failings can leave the court with no choice but to acquit defendants who have a case to answer."[88] On 17 January 2012 the missing documents were found in the office of DCS Coutts, still in the original box in which they had been sent from the IPCC.[89][90][91]

Sekar responded to the acquittals by saying: "It is a very, very sad day for justice, as it suggests you cannot ever prosecute police officers successfully if you can't do it in a case like this."[92] Tom Mangold, the BBC journalist and broadcaster who covered the case for Panorama in 1992 and 2012, called it "the biggest scandal in the history of British justice."[93] Mangold also noted: "If the 13 accused Cardiff detectives had been found guilty, presumably all their previous cases — hundreds — would have had to be reopened and re-examined. Instead, they are now considering suing the South Wales Police."[94] By the time the trial collapsed, all of the police officers charged had been allowed to retire.[95]

2015: Horwell investigation

In February 2015 Home Secretary Theresa May announced that an investigation into the collapse of the police corruption trial would be conducted, led by Richard Horwell QC.[96] May, who rejected calls for a full public inquiry, said: "There are still unresolved questions surrounding the reasons why no-one was found responsible for this appalling miscarriage of justice."[96] The inquiry was expected to present its findings in the summer of 2015 but this was delayed by the civil actions brought by former officers against South Wales Police.[97]

2015: Civil action against South Wales Police

Following the collapse of the corruption trial, eight former police officers and seven others sued South Wales Police for damage to their reputations.[98] The action alleged "a host of claims including unlawful arrest and misfeasance in public office".[99]

See also

References

Notes
  1. 1 2 3 Jones, Mike (10 August 2011). "Lynette worked 'day and night' for her pimp". South Wales Echo (Cardiff). p. 16.
  2. 1 2 "Lynette White: Prostitute was 'a tragic figure'". BBC News. 2 December 2011. Radio interview with Tim Rogers by BBC Radio Wales presenter Bethan Rhys Roberts. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Sekar 1997, pp. 1–3.
  4. ↑ Williams 1994, p. 50.
  5. 1 2 Morris, Steven (6 July 2011). "Eight former police officers accused of fabricating Lynette White murder case". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  6. ↑ "Lynette was terrified of her boyfriend". South Wales Echo (Cardiff). 27 July 2011. p. 4.
  7. 1 2 "Lynette White vanished for five days before body found, corruption trial told". Wales Online. 12 July 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
  8. 1 2 3 Arthur, Bob (13 July 2011). "Lynette had been missing for five days". South Wales Echo (Cardiff). p. 11.
  9. ↑ Sekar 1997, p. 4.
  10. 1 2 Campbell, Duncan; Sekar, Satish (20 March 1991). "New evidence grows for Cardiff Three". The Guardian (Manchester). Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  11. ↑ "Ex-landlord denies tip-off over Lynette hideout". Western Mail (Cardiff). 21 October 2011. p. 14.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Sekar 1997, pp. 6–8,11
  13. 1 2 "Lynette 'missing for five days', court told". Western Mail (Cardiff). 13 July 2011. p. 12.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Justice at last: Knifed nearly 70 times during massive struggle". South Wales Echo (Cardiff). 4 July 2003. p. 5.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Regina v. Jeffrey Charles Gafoor [2005] EWHC 2163 (QB) Her Majesty's Courts Service 19 October 2005.
  16. ↑ "Crime and Punishment – The story of the Lynette murder inquiry". South Wales Echo (Cardiff). 4 July 2003. p. 2.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Sekar 1997, pp. 30–32
  18. ↑ Sekar 1997, p. 288.
  19. 1 2 3 Jenkins, Lin (11 December 1992). "Appeal judges free Cardiff Three over police conduct". The Times (London). p. 7.
  20. ↑ Wallis, Lynne (14 December 1992). "Sisters in search of the truth". The Guardian (Manchester).
  21. ↑ Woffinden, Bob (5 July 2003). "Real killer jailed in case of Cardiff 3: Newspaper queried safety of convictions". The Guardian (London). p. 9.
  22. ↑ Mills, Heather (15 January 1996). "Prostitute's murder trial 'based on faulty tests'". The Independent (London). p. 6.
  23. 1 2 Fisher, Daniel (1 December 2011). "The complete timeline of the Lynette White murder and corruption trials". Western Mail (Cardiff). Retrieved 26 December 2011.
  24. ↑ "Justice at last: Stalker's dismissive views on witnesses fuels police criticism". South Wales Echo (Cardiff). 4 July 2003. p. 6.
  25. 1 2 Sekar 1997, pp. 17–19
  26. 1 2 Campbell, Duncan (8 Dec 1992). "Murder case police 'not engaged in search for truth'". The Guardian (Manchester).
  27. ↑ Sekar, Satish (2003). "The Downfall of Cellophane Man". The Fitted In Journal. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
  28. ↑ "DNA Samples Hold Key". South Wales Echo (Cardiff). 17 January 2002. p. 2.
  29. 1 2 Hammond, Anna (28 February 2007). "Lynette charges". South Wales Echo (Cardiff). p. 1.
  30. 1 2 3 Sekar 1997, pp. 20–21.
  31. ↑ "Murder trial witness arrested". Western Mail (Cardiff). 12 November 2003. p. 3.
  32. ↑ "Jury told that man 'admitted to killing'". Western Mail (Cardiff). 30 July 2011. p. 16.
  33. ↑ Arthur, Bob (30 July 2011). "Man 'had told detective he killed Lynette'". South Wales Echo (Cardiff). p. 14.
  34. 1 2 3 Sekar 1997, p. 22.
  35. ↑ Sekar 1997, p. 13
  36. 1 2 Camber, Rebecca (7 July 2011). "Eight police stand trial for 'framing men in vice girl murder'". Daily Mail (London). p. 11.
  37. ↑ Arthur, Bob (7 July 2011). "Police 'framed innocent men for murder'". Western Mail (Cardiff). p. 1.
  38. ↑ Sekar 1997, pp. 34–37
  39. ↑ "Police in court over framing of Cardiff Three". The Independent (London). 7 July 2011. p. 6.
  40. ↑ "Trio jailed for lying in murder trial". Daily Post (Liverpool). 20 December 2008. p. 12.
  41. ↑ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). American Psychiatric Association 1994.
  42. ↑ Hirsch, Afua; Sekar, Satish (22 December 2008). "Jailing of Cardiff Three witnesses raises questions over law on duress". The Guardian (London). p. 15.
  43. 1 2 3 Sekar 1997, pp. 35–36
  44. ↑ Beacham, Rhiannon (28 October 2008). "Lynette murder perjury trial accused changes plea to admit 3 charges". Western Mail (Cardiff). p. 7.
  45. ↑ Sekar 1997, p. 38
  46. 1 2 "Killing led to miscarriage of justice". BBC News. 4 July 2003. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
  47. ↑ Mullin, John (22 December 1992). "Cardiff Three police will not face action". The Guardian (Manchester).
  48. ↑ Campbell, Duncan; Sekar, Satish (21 June 1991). "Murder appeal in prostitute case". The Guardian (Manchester). Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  49. ↑ Williams 1994, p. 103.
  50. ↑ Edwards, Steve; Sharpe, Nick; Day, Louise (4 July 2003). "Justice at last". South Wales Echo (Cardiff). p. 2.
  51. 1 2 3 "CPS advises charges over Lynette White trials". Crown Prosecution Service. 3 March 2009. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
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  53. ↑ "Cardiff Three fight murder conviction". The Times (London). 7 December 1992. p. 7.
  54. ↑ "Security guard admits 1988 prostitute murder". The Guardian (London). 4 July 2003. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
  55. ↑ "Fresh probe on woman killed at flat". Birmingham Mail (Birmingham). 9 September 2000. p. 7.
  56. ↑ "Wrongly-accused man is found dead". South Wales Echo (Cardiff). 28 September 2007. p. 5.
  57. ↑ "Butetown, The Bridge and the Boys (1991)". British Film Institute. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  58. ↑ Sekar 1997, pp. 140–142.
  59. ↑ Sekar 1997, p. 143.
  60. ↑ Sekar 1997, p. 144.
  61. ↑ Sekar 1997, p. 145.
  62. ↑ "Cardiff murder appeal man 'beaten over head verbally'". The Guardian (London). 10 December 1992. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  63. ↑ Naughton, Michael (March 2005). "Redefining Miscarriages of Justice: A Revived Human-Rights Approach to Unearth Subjugated Discourses of Wrongful Criminal Conviction". The British Journal of Criminology 45 (2): 165–182.
  64. ↑ Lewis, Greg (8 January 2002). "Whistle-blower who was ignored". South Wales Echo (Cardiff). p. 10.
  65. ↑ Jones, Lisa (25 January 2011). "Man wrongly jailed for murder dies aged 49". South Wales Echo (Cardiff). p. 7.
  66. ↑ "Evidence from beyond the grave in Lynette trial". South Wales Echo (Cardiff). 7 October 2011. p. 18.
  67. 1 2 Hammond, Anna; Young, Alison; Stead, Mark; James, David (13 April 2005). "Lynette Murder: Ex-Cops Arrested". South Wales Echo (Cardiff). pp. 1–5.
  68. 1 2 "Life for Lynette White murder". BBC News. 4 July 2003. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
  69. 1 2 Woffinden, Bob (5 July 2003). "Real killer jailed in case of Cardiff 3: Legal history is made as man pleads guilty to murder of prostitute for which three others were jailed". The Guardian (London). p. 9.
  70. ↑ Savill, Richard (5 July 2003). "Nephew's DNA traps killer 15 years later". The Daily Telegraph (London). p. 9.
  71. ↑ Maunder, Paul (19 November 2004). "New look at Lynette evidence". South Wales Echo (Cardiff). p. 6.
  72. ↑ "Police arrested". The Times (London). 14 April 2005. p. 2.
  73. ↑ Hammond, Anna (21 April 2005). "Lynette: Four More Arrests". South Wales Echo (Cardiff). p. 1.
  74. ↑ Bennetto, Jason (25 April 2005). "Police officers among 22 held over quashed murder convictions". The Independent (London). p. 18.
  75. ↑ Hammond, Anna (19 May 2005). "Three More Cop Arrests In Lynette Police Probe". South Wales Echo (Cardiff). p. 6.
  76. ↑ "30 people arrested in inquiry". South Wales Echo (Cardiff). 18 March 2006. p. 5.
  77. ↑ Stead, Mark (27 May 2006). "Psychiatric help for 19 arrested police officers". South Wales Echo (Cardiff). p. 2.
  78. ↑ Beacham, Rhiannon (20 December 2008). "'Scandalous': Witnesses Are Jailed In Lynette White Perjury Case – Now QC Demands Action Against 'Wicked' Police Officers". South Wales Echo (Cardiff). p. 1.
  79. ↑ Gill, Charlotte (4 March 2009). "13 police are accused of framing vice murder trio". Daily Mail (London). p. 26.
  80. ↑ "Miscarriage case sees 14 in court". Western Mail (Cardiff). 25 April 2009. p. 15.
  81. ↑ Blake, Matt (7 July 2011). "Police in court over framing of Cardiff Three". The Independent (London). Retrieved 12 July 2011.
  82. ↑ Williams 1994, pp. 97–98.
  83. ↑ "Lynette White case: 'Witness motivated by parole bid'". BBC News. 10 October 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  84. ↑ Riley 2013, p. 5.
  85. ↑ Riley 2013, p. 6.
  86. ↑ "Urgent review ordered as £30m Lynette White police corruption trial collapses". Western Mail (Cardiff). 1 December 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  87. ↑ "Lynette White case: Police officers' trial collapses". BBC News. 1 December 2001. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
  88. ↑ "Murder Case a Thorn in the Side of South Wales Police". Western Mail (Cardiff). 15 March 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2015 – via HighBeam Research. (subscription required (help)).
  89. ↑ Riley 2013, pp. 34–35.
  90. ↑ "Lynette White police corruption acquittal: Retrial very unlikely, says QC". BBC News. 27 January 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  91. ↑ Morris, Steven (26 January 2012). "Lynette White police corruption trial evidence found in south Wales". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  92. ↑ Sekar, Satish (1 December 2011). "Cardiff Three". Channel 4 News. Interviewed by Cathy Newman.
  93. ↑ "Justice Denied: the Greatest Scandal?". Panorama. 13 August 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  94. ↑ Mangold, Tom (12 August 2012). "An injustice that won't go away". The Independent (London). Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  95. ↑ "Statement from IPCC regarding Lynette White corruption trial". Independent Police Complaints Commission. 1 December 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  96. 1 2 Shipton, Martin (27 February 2015). "Inquiry Launched into Collapse of Corruption Trial". Western Mail (Cardiff). Retrieved 20 June 2015 – via HighBeam Research. (subscription required (help)).
  97. ↑ "Lynette White: Corruption inquiry review after civil case". BBC News. 30 July 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  98. ↑ Morris, Steven (12 October 2015). "Cardiff Three: ex-officers sue South Wales police over miscarriage of justice saga". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  99. ↑ Wright, Benjamin (16 October 2015). "Police investigation into its own officers over Lynette White case followed the proper procedures, court told". WalesOnline. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
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