Musicianship of Brian Wilson

The songwriting of Brian Wilson, co-founder and multi-tasking leader of the Beach Boys, is widely considered one of the most innovative and significant of the late 20th century,[7] and his work is credited as a major innovation in the field of music production.[8] Through his band, "[Brian] pretty much single-handedly raised the craft of pop songwriting from the awkwardly sub-lunar to the gracefully sublime," writes Jeff Miers of The Buffalo News,[9] while Adam Webb of The Guardian wrote: "Brian proved pop music could be high art with limitless imagination."[10]

In a 1966 article that asks "Do the Beach Boys rely too much on sound genius Brian?" brother and bandmate Carl Wilson responded that every member of the group contributes ideas, but admitted that Brian was majorly responsible for their music.[11] Dennis Wilson is quoted: "Brian Wilson is the Beach Boys. He is the band. We're his fucking messengers. He is all of it. Period. We're nothing. He's everything."[10][12]

Only 21 years old when he received the freedom to produce his own records with total creative autonomy, he ignited an explosion of like-minded California producers, supplanting New York as the center of popular records,[13] and becoming the first rock producer to use the studio as a discrete instrument.[14] He used recording sessions as fertile creative terrain in and of themselves, a practice which was unheard of in his time and later shorthanded as "playing the studio".[15] The positive commercial response to Brian's structurally irregular and harmonically varied pop compositions gave him the prestige, resources, and courage to further his creative aspirations.[16] He proceeded to explore many unusual combinations of instruments while emphasizing inventive percussion and progressively ambitious lyricism.[17][18]

Using major Hollywood recording studios, Wilson arranged many of his compositions for a conglomerate of session musicians informally known as the Wrecking Crew. Their assistance was needed because of the increasingly complicated nature of his music.[19] They were reportedly "in awe of Brian".[20] Once he started incorporating quasi-symphonic textures into his work, many people began crediting him for propelling the mid-1960s art pop movement.[21] With regards to Brian's mid 1960s productions, ethnomusicologist David Toop characterized his style as, "cartoon music and Disney influence mutating into avant-garde pop",[22] a designation also lent by The New York Times.[23] Sean O'Hagan of the High Llamas named him an important pioneer of experimental pop.[24]

Education and virtuosity

Wilson (center) playing electric bass guitar with the Beach Boys in 1964

Brian Wilson was born the son of Murry Wilson, a songwriter and machine business owner. Speaking of Brian's unusual musical abilities prior to his first birthday, Murry said that, as a baby, Brian could repeat the melody from "When the Caissons Go Rolling Along" after only a few verses had been sung. Murry said, "He was very clever and quick. I just fell in love with him."[25] A few years later, he was discovered to have extremely diminished hearing in his right ear. The exact cause of this hearing loss is unclear, though theories range from him simply being born partially deaf to a blow to the head from his father, or a neighborhood bully, being to blame.[26]

Although he was often dubbed a perfectionist, Wilson was an inexperienced musician,[27] and his understanding of music theory was self-taught.[28][nb 1] The first instrument he learned to play was a toy accordion[29] before quickly moving to piano and then bass guitar.[35] From an early age, Brian demonstrated an extraordinary skill for learning music by ear on keyboard.[36] By age 10, Brian could play "great boogie-woogie piano", said brother Carl Wilson.[37] Brian's experiments with his Wollensack tape recorder provide early examples of his flair for exotica and unusual percussive patterns and arranging ideas that he would recycle in later prominent work.[38] At some point in 1961 he wrote his first all-original melody, loosely based on a Dion and the Belmonts version of "When You Wish Upon a Star". The song was eventually known as "Surfer Girl". Though an early demo of the song was recorded in February 1962 at World Pacific Studios, it was not re-recorded and released until 1963, when it became a top-ten hit.[39]
Verse of "Surfer Girl" (1963)
"Surfer Girl" is the first original composition written by Brian. On its recording by the Beach Boys, he sings lead falsetto and plays bass guitar.
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Through attending Phil Spector's sessions sporadically, Brian learned how to act as a producer for records while being educated on the Wall of Sound process.[40] From then on, Brian received some production advice from Jan Berry. As they collaborated on several hit singles written and produced for other artists, they recorded what would later be regarded the California Sound.[41][42] Author Irwin Chusid noted Wilson as an "ironic" example of outsider music for perhaps being one of its biggest-selling artists. He explains that Wilson's history of torment, substance abuse, and "loopy" material "certify" him as an outsider artist.[43]

Jim Miller observed, "On straight rockers they [the Beach Boys] sang tight harmonies behind Love's lead … on ballads, Brian played his falsetto off against lush, jazz-tinged voicings, often using (for rock) unorthodox harmonic structures."[44] Music theorist Daniel Harrison adds, "But even the least distinguished of the Beach Boys' early uptempo rock 'n' roll songs show traces of structural complexity at some level; Brian was simply too curious and experimental to leave convention alone."[45] Lyric collaborator Van Dyke Parks argued that Wilson made music as accessible as a cartoon and yet rewarded repeated listening as much as Bach: Just as the best comic books can turn cliché into high art, so can the best pop music. Brian does that. He can take common or hackneyed material and raise it from a low place to the highest, and he can do it with an economy of imagery that speaks to the casual observer—bam! It's no coincidence that he was working at the same time that [Andy] Warhol and [Roy] Lichtenstein were doing pop art."[37] Writer Anthony DeCurtis summarized Wilson's songcraft:

It's very easy to be complex and to show off—or to have people think, 'Wow, that’s complex!' What’s difficult is to be very complex and have every single thing you do have an emotional impact, and have the hearer not even be aware of it—just hear it the first time and get it. That's hard. And that's what Brian Wilson can do. That's what a song like 'I Get Around' can do.[46]

Before 1966, Brian's mastery of songwriting proved that he was capable of applying odd harmonic progressions, unexpected disruptions of hypermeter,[47] jazz theory,[48] tempo changes, metrical ambiguity, and unusual tone colors successfully within a pop context.[49] He made on-the-spot decisions about notes, articulation, and timbre; composing at the mixing board and using the studio as a musical instrument.[40] As his productions advanced, he became recognized for his pop artistry, vocal harmonization, incessant studio perfectionism,[50][51] forward-thinking song structures,[48] engineering and mixing know-how,[52] and creative multitasking abilities.[53]

Orchestrations
Intro to "California Girls" (1965)
Beginning with Carl Wilson's 12-string guitar and a horn section, "[this] passage was Brian's proclamation to the rest of the music biz that he was a composer to take seriously", wrote Mark Dillon.[54]
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Said by AllMusic's Donald Guarisco to be one of Wilson's most ambitious arrangements, "'Here Today' perfectly blends the complexity of an orchestral piece with the immediacy of a good pop tune".[55] Session bassist Carol Kaye noted, "We had to create [instrumental] parts for all the other groups we cut for, but not Brian. We were in awe of Brian."[20] She added: "He took bass up another step. He saw it as integral in a symphonic orchestra. He used bass as the framework for a hit record. Very few people can write for bass, but his writing was beautiful. There are a lot of jazz musicians who admire him for it."[56] Sometimes he wrote songs with melodic lines in different keys at the same time, which confused session musicians.[57]

It was unusual among rock groups that Brian wrote his own arrangements.[20] This included his own string orchestrations, which lyric collaborator Tony Asher referred to for their odd voicings and classical style. He was surprised to learn of Brian's arranging ability, recalling Brian's "economic" use of a relatively low number of players: "Because if you've got 40 strings, somebody'll be playing the right notes. But when you've only got 4 or 5 or a small number of voices, everything's audible, and there's nothing to distract people's ear from what you're writing."[58]

Friend Danny Hutton highlighted Brian's studio proficiency, citing what he believed to be an extraordinary talent at harnessing several different studio spaces while piecing together discrete instrumental patterns and timbres cohesively. He noted, "Somebody could go in right after Brian’s session and try to record, and they could never get the sound he got. There was a lot of subtle stuff he did. … People don’t talk that much about it. They always talk about his music. He was fabulous in the studio, in terms of getting sounds. You’d sit there, and that was him. He was just hands-on. He would change the reverb and the echo, and all of a sudden, something just – whoa! – got twice as big and fat."[59]

Singing

In 2013, Wilson explained: "I first felt I had a good voice when I was about seventeen or eighteen and was able to sing along well to records by the Four Freshmen. By singing along to those records that's how I learned how to sing falsetto. I would sing along to songs like 'I'm Always Chasing Rainbows,' 'I'll Remember April' and 'Day by Day'."[60] He declared in 1966 that his greatest interest was to expand modern vocal harmony, owing his fascination with voice to the Four Freshmen, which he considered a "groovy sectional sound."[61] He added, "The harmonies that we [the Beach Boys] are able to produce give us a uniqueness which is really the only important thing you can put into records – some quality that no one else has got. I love peaks in a song – and enhancing them on the control panel. Most of all, I love the human voice for its own sake."[40][61] For a period, Wilson avoided singing falsetto for the group, saying "I thought people thought I was a fairy. ... The band told me, 'If that's the way you sing, don't worry about it.'"[62]

You know Bob Dylan? Well, live, you know, he sort of has this harsh, raspy voice. That's what I have. I'm like the Bob Dylan of the '90s.

—Brian Wilson to Wayne Coyne in a 1999 interview[63]

Starting with the 1970 sessions for the Surf's Up album, engineer Stephen Desper remembers the emerging corrosive effects of Brian's incessant chain smoking and cocaine use: "He could still do falsettos and stuff, but he'd need Carl to help him. Either that or I'd modify the tape speed-wise to make it artificially higher, so it sounded like the old days."[64]

Musical influences

In 2015, writer Richard Goldstein related his impression of Wilson based on a meeting in 1967:

I've read monographs on the Beach Boys that describe Wilson as a self-conscious artist, fully aware of musical history. That wasn't my impression. He came across as a typical rock autodidact, deeply insecure about his creative instincts, terrified that the songs he was working on were too arty to sell. As a result of this ambivalence, he never realized his full potential as a composer. In the light of electronica and minimalism, you can see how advanced his ideas were, but they remain bursts of inspiration from a mind that couldn't mobilize itself into a whole. This was the major tragedy of rock in the sixties. ... I pressed him to agree that his music resembled [Gabriel] Fauré's—I wanted to prove my point to the Times. He looked like I had pulled a knife on him. "I never heard of that guy," he muttered.[65]

The influence of the Beach Boys' peers combined with Brian's competitive nature drove him to reach higher creative peaks.[66] He has spoken that "It isn't easy for me. So many things have scared me in my life – I've got fears, lots of stuff. I mean, boy, just all the records that have scared me. So many records just rocked my world, man. It's heavy."[67] He named "What a Fool Believes" (1978) as a song he considers a "scary record"[67] and once believed that Procol Harum's "A Whiter Shade of Pale" (1967) was his funeral march.[68] In 1986, Brian told David Toop: "I listened to a lot of orchestral music. I learned a lot of tricks too. Nelson Riddle taught me a lot about arranging."[69] Alice Cooper reported that Wilson once considered the traditional standard "Shortnin' Bread" to be the greatest song ever written, as he quotes Wilson for an explanation: "I don't know, it's just the best song ever written."[70]

On classical music, Wilson stated in 2015 that he doesn't listen to it.[71] Of soul music, Brian has cited Smokey Robinson and Stevie Wonder as influences.[72] Regarding surf rock pioneer Dick Dale, Brian clarified that his influence on the group was limited to Carl and his style of guitar playing.[73] In 1965, Brian added that he disdained surfing music.[74] On Jimi Hendrix and "heavy" music, Wilson said he felt no pressure to go in that direction: "We never got into the heavy musical level trip. We never needed to. It's already been done."[63] Of punk rock, he said: "I never went for that."[75] When asked for his opinion on artists influenced by him, Wilson responded that he had no knowledge of Kraftwerk,[75] Apples in Stereo,[76] the Shins,[76] Animal Collective, or Elephant 6. As of 2015, Wilson maintains that he doesn't listen to modern music, only "oldies but goodies".[76][77]

Early influences
Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue
George Gershwin playing his Rhapsody in Blue, February 24, 1924
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One of Wilson's earliest memories was hearing Glenn Miller's 1943 recording of George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue (1924), later citing it as a pivotal influence in his development as a composer.[78] He recalled: "Around our house, when I was a child, I heard things from my parents' record collection like Les Paul and Mary Ford, Tennessee Ernie Ford, Rosemary Clooney, and the Four Freshmen. Those were my first inspirations. To try to describe exactly what each influence was is hard to explain because it's very subtle, but it can be felt when you listen to my music. I don't think people realize just how much Rosemary Clooney affected my singing. She taught me to sing with love in my heart ... I would sing along with it ["Hey There"], studying her phrasing, and that's how I learned to sing with feeling."[78] John Sebastian of the Lovin' Spoonful noted, "Brian had control of this vocal palette of which we had no idea. We had never paid attention to the Four Freshmen or doo-wop combos like the Crew Cuts. Look what gold he mined out of that."[54] Carl speculated that it was Mike Love who got Brian into doo-wop music.[37]

Performed by the Four Freshmen, "Their Hearts Were Full of Spring" (1961) was a particular favorite of the Beach Boys.[79] Brian explained: "My mom turned me on to them. She turned on the radio and goes, 'Hear that song? This is called 'Day By Day' by the Four Freshmen.' And I listened and I went 'Oh, I love it, Mommy! I love it!' ... We went in [the record shop] and she said you can take records into these little booths and play them to see if you wanted to buy them. ... You know how you sit in a sauna bath and the sweat will come out? That's what that whole experience in that room started to be. I purged all kinds of bullshit and picked up the Freshmen. It was magic. Total magic."[80] By deconstructing their arrangements of pop standards, Brian educated himself on jazz harmony.[81] Taking this into mind, Philip Lambert noted, "If Bob Flanigan helped teach Brian how to sing, then Gershwin, Kern, Porter, and the other members of this pantheon helped him learn how to craft a song."[82][nb 2] Wilson continued: "I learned them bar by bar. I'd go to my hi-fi set and I'd play a little bit. Then I'd stop and try to figure it out, back and forth, back and forth, until I figured the whole song out."[83]

Phil Spector

Spector (center) at Gold Star Studios with Modern Folk Quartet in 1965

The work of record producer Phil Spector, who popularized the Wall of Sound, was a focal obsession for Wilson.[84] In the 1960s, Wilson thought of Spector as "the single most influential producer. He's timeless. He makes a milestone whenever he goes into the studio."[85] Brian later reflected: "I was unable to really think as a producer up until the time where I really got familiar with Phil Spector's work. That was when I started to design the experience to be a record rather than just a song."[86][nb 3]

When he heard the song "Be My Baby" (1963) by the Ronettes for the first time, it revamped his creative interests and songwriting.[88] "Be My Baby" is considered the epitome of Spector's Wall of Sound, a recording method that fascinated Wilson for the next several decades.[89] He kept "Be My Baby" on his living room jukebox, and listened to it whenever the mood struck him. At one point, he instructed engineer Stephen Desper to create a tape loop consisting only of the song's chorus, listening to it for several hours in what Desper saw as "some kind of a trance".[64]

James Murphy speculates that Lou Adler may have introduced Wilson to Spector around June 1963.[90] Wilson unsuccessfully attempted to submit two of his compositions to Spector: "Don't Worry Baby" and "Don't Hurt My Little Sister"; both written with the Ronettes in mind.[91] It was reported that Wilson attended the session for "River Deep – Mountain High", where he sat "transfixed" and "did not say a word".[92][nb 4]

Burt Bacharach

Burt Bacharach in 1972

Author Domenic Priore wrote that, in a subtle way, Brian grew to appreciate the potential of what a pop song could do after being partially spurred on by the dynamics of Burt Bacharach's "Walk On By" (1964), a song that became as influential to him as "Be My Baby", supporting his strive to achieve a sense of dynamics in his recordings while he began pulling away from a purely Spector-inspired approach to production.[94] Brian supported this by saying, "Burt Bacharach and Hal David are more like me. They’re also the best pop team – per se – today. As a producer, Bacharach has a very fresh, new approach."[95]

With production by Wilson, the Beach Boys covered Bacharach's "My Little Red Book" and "Walk On By" in 1967 and 1968 but left the recordings unreleased.[96] Wilson has said that Bacharach was a direct influence on his "She Knows Me Too Well",[97] "Let's Go Away for Awhile",[33] and "Love and Mercy".[98] Writers have variously attributed Bacharach influence on Wilson's "Guess I'm Dumb",[99] "Let Him Run Wild,[100][101] and "The Little Girl I Once Knew".[102]

The Beatles

The Beach Boys and the Beatles are often stated to have directly reciprocated each other's musical developments during the 1960s. Echoing this, Beatles producer George Martin said, "No one made a greater impact on the Beatles than Brian."[103][nb 5] Wilson later clarified his side of the matter: "The Beatles inspired me. They didn't influence me."[105] Carl elaborated: "[Phil Spector] was Brian’s favorite kind of rock; he liked [him] better than the early Beatles stuff. He loved the Beatles' later music when they evolved and started making intelligent, masterful music, but before that Phil was it."[37] In 2014, Brian stated that he thought "Strawberry Fields Forever" was "a weird record ... I liked it," though denied rumors which said that the song had crippled him emotionally.[71] In 2015, he highlighted "With a Little Help from My Friends" as a favorite song.[106]

Brian identified the main difference between his music approach to the Beatles' is that they simplify songs to their "skeletal form," whereas he would be "impelled to make [them] more complex," and that if he had arranged "Norwegian Wood", he would have "orchestrated it, put in background voices, [and] done a thousand things."[107] On the subject of the Beatles' Revolver (1966), Mike Love responded: "No, I don't think he was influenced by Revolver. Brian was in his own world, believe me. If he were influenced by the Beatles, there'd be more fuzz tone and a few sitars on our records, but there never have been, really."[108]

Non-musical influences

British rock critic Nick Kent wrote that, sometime in the mid-1960s: "Wilson began getting wrapped up in big complicated ideas like 'Art' and 'Civilization'. People would tell him the most commonplace facts about such-and-such a composer or painter and Brian would just flip right out ... A visitor would read a fragment from a volume of Omar Khayyam and Brian Wilson would leap up, his head just awash with all this magical dumb inspiration, screaming 'Wow' and 'Too much' over and over again because he sensed right there and then that this guy had access to all the answers to the problems besetting our troubled universe.[109] According to unnamed participants of the Smile sessions, "If you came up to the house and introduced something new to Brian's thought processes–astrology, a different way to think about the relationship of Russia to China, anything at all–if all of a sudden he was into that, it would find its way into the music. You could hear a bit and say, 'I know where that feeling came from.'"[110]

By the time of the Smile era, Wilson had indulged himself in works ranging from the I Ching and Subud philosophy, tracts on astrology, detailed charts of the stars and planets, various topics of mysticism, The Little Prince, the novels of Hermann Hesse, works by Kahlil Gibran, Rod McKuen, and Walter Benton's This is My Beloved.[111][112] In a reported meeting at Wilson's home between him and novelist Thomas Pynchon—a fan of Pet Sounds—the two were so intimidated by each other that "neither of them really said a word all night long."[113] Wilson had also developed an obsession with the Del Close and John Brent comedy album How to Speak Hip (1959), and attempted to reference it in Pet Sounds with the provisional song title "And Then We'll Have World Peace".[114]

Psychedelics and spiritual beliefs

An original handwritten manuscript of the lyrics to "God Only Knows"

In December 1964, Brian was introduced to cannabis[nb 6] before quickly progressing to LSD in early 1965. Of his first acid trip,[116] Brian recalled that the drug had subjected him to "a very religious experience" which enlightened him to indescribable philosophies.[117] The music for "California Girls" came from this first LSD experience,[116] as did much of the group's subsequent work where they would partake in drug use during recording sessions.[118] Wilson spoke of his LSD trips as a "religious experience", and during a session for his a cappella hymn "Our Prayer", Brian can be heard asking the other Beach Boys: "Do you guys feel any acid yet?".[119] Wilson believes after he dropped LSD: "It expanded my mind a little bit, so I could write better songs ... [While] it was worth it, I wouldn't take it again."[120]

After being asked in a 1988 interview about whether his music is or was religiously influenced, Brian referred to the 1962-published A Toehold on Zen, and said that he believed that he possessed what is called a "toehold," defined metaphorically as "any small step which allows one to move toward a greater goal." He elaborated, "I learned from that book and from people who had a toehold on... say somebody had a grasp on life, a good grasp—they ought to be able to transfer that over to another thing."[121] During the recording of Pet Sounds, Brian held prayer meetings, later reflecting that "God was with us the whole time we were doing [the] album ... I could feel that feeling in my brain."[122] In 1966, he explained that he wanted to move into a white spiritual sound, and predicted that the rest of the music industry would follow suit.[123]

In 1999, when asked if he was a religious man, Wilson responded: "I believe in Phil Spector,"[124] later clarifying that while he had spiritual beliefs, he did not follow any particular religion.[125] In 1990, he wrote that he believed "music is God's voice".[126]

Mental illness

Wilson is afflicted with schizoaffective disorder that presents itself in the form of disembodied voices (auditory hallucinations).[127] The illness emerged a week after his first LSD consumption.[127] It formed a major component of Bill Pohlad's Love & Mercy (2014), a biographical film which depicts Wilson's hallucinations as a source of musical inspiration,[128] constructing songs that were partly designed to converse with them.[129] Wilson has said of the voices: "Mostly [they're] derogatory. Some of it's cheerful. Most of it isn't."[130] He added that his hallucinations will inspire a song "every now and then".[131] In 2002, Wilson felt that his successful treatment initiated a writer's block: "I haven't been able to write anything for three years. I think I need the demons in order to write, but the demons have gone. It bothers me a lot. I've tried and tried, but I just can't seem to find a melody."[132]

Health and fitness

See also: Radiant Radish

During the latter half of the 1960s, Wilson began an obsession with fitness that led him to move the furniture out of his living room in order to make room for tumbling mats and exercise bars; later briefly serving as the co-owner of his own health food store.[133] Wilson reported in 1967, "I want to turn people on to vegetables, good natural food, organic food. Health is an important element in spiritual enlightenment. But I do not want to be pompous about it, so we will engage in a satirical approach."[134] Derek Taylor remembers: "He'd be sitting with me in this restaurant going on and on about this supposedly strict vegetarian diet of his, preaching vegetarianism at me while at the very same moment he'd be whacking down some massive hamburger."[114]

Wilson's songs about exercise or eating right include "Vega-Tables", "Mama Says", "H.E.L.P. Is on the Way", "Life is for the Living", and "Too Much Sugar".[135]

Compositional methods

Songwriting
"Don't Talk (Put Your Head on My Shoulder)" (Demo)
Home recording of Wilson performing the basic chord patterns of "Don't Talk (Put Your Head on My Shoulder)" on solo piano.
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In 1966, Wilson elaborated that his writing process involved going to the piano and finding "feels," which he described as "brief note sequences, fragments of ideas," and that "once they're out of my head and into the open air, I can see them and touch them firmly. They're not 'feels' anymore."[61] Mike Love remembered: "Brian is so spontaneous that if there's a piano and two or three people around to sing parts, he’ll sit down and write a song in five minutes. But if you don’t get it right then, he goes off and drops it."[37]

Musical collaborator Andy Paley said of Wilson: "When I was a kid listening to Beach Boys records, I used to go nuts trying to figure out what the hell was going on. It sounded so easy, but you'd get to a spot where it was, Jesus, is that a major chord or a minor chord? Now that I'm in the studio with Brian, I know that sometimes he's playing both. He'll do things that sound like they're going to be terribly dissonant, but when it's all put together, It's beautiful. It's actually a great sort of philosophy."[136]

Sound engineer Eugene Gearty called "God Only Knows" a perfect example of "how much [Brian] modulated from key to key. He was far more complex than the Beatles and mostly like [Igor] Stravinsky in orchestral music where the key changes and key centers change four or five times within a pop tune, which is unheard of."[137] On Pet Sounds and other work, author Jim Fussili observed a repeated nuance of Wilson's to "wander far from the logic of his composition only to return triumphantly to confirm the emotional intent of his work".[122] Tony Asher remembers: "one of the things that I really enjoyed, was that first time I'd hear him hunting for a chord change and I'd think 'Man, he's just gone right off the edge because he's not ever gonna get close. He's way out there in some area that's just—he'll never get back. And if he's successful, gets out of there, people are going to say, I've lost my tone center, don't know where the hell I am and stuff. And then, eventually, he'd figure out what it was he wanted to do. A lot of it was just hunting and pecking, the way some of us type."[58]

James Perone writes of the second track from Pet Sounds, "You Still Believe in Me", "One of the high points of the composition and Brian's vocal performance ... is the snaky, though generally descending melodic line on the line 'I want to cry,' his response to the realization that his girlfriend still believes in him despite his past failures." He describes the "stepwise falloff of the interval of a third at the end of each verse" to be a typically "Wilsonian" feature. The feature recurs alongside a "madrigal sigh motif" in "That's Not Me", where the motif concludes each line of the verses. This sighing motif then appears in the next track, "Don't Talk (Put Your Head on My Shoulder)", a piece inspired by classical music, and once again in the closing "Caroline, No".[138]

Harmonic outline of the bridge from "Wouldn't It Be Nice"

Paul McCartney commented on Wilson's bass lines: "If you were in the key of C, you would normally use–the root note would be, like, a C on the bass ... Brian would be using notes that weren't the obvious notes to use. As I say, 'the G if you're in C–that kind of thing. And [he] also [put] melodies in the bass line."[139]

On the subject of Wilson's Bedroom Tapes, Beach Boys archivist Alan Boyd observed: "A lot of the music that Brian was creating during this period was full of syncopated exercises and counterpoints piled on top of jittery eighth-note clusters and loping shuffle grooves. You get hints of it earlier in things like the tags to 'California Girls,' 'Wouldn't It Be Nice' and all throughout Smile, but it takes on an almost manic edge in the '70s."[140]

Lyricism

Brian didn’t write about the Vietnam War, but he did capture the era's gestalt when he described how easily his hopes for romance or status or a happy family could be shattered. He refused to abandon those hopes, however, and each time asked a woman named Wendy or Rhonda or something else to pick up the pieces and reconstitute the dream.

—Geoffrey Himes[37]

In most cases, Wilson was forced to rely on outside collaborators when it came to adding lyricism to his compositions. At this stage, Wilson usually worked with bandmate Mike Love,[141] whose assertive persona provided youthful swagger that contrasted Wilson's explorations in romanticism and sensitivity.[142] Luis Sanchez noted a pattern where Brian would spare surfing imagery when working with collaborators outside of his band's circle, in the examples "Lonely Sea" and "In My Room".[143] Wilson has said that he had "never been the type" to preach social messages in his songs.[131]

In early 1964, Wilson began his breakaway from beach-themed music.[144] The album The Beach Boys Today! (1965) established Wilson's new lyrical approach toward the autobiographical. Nick Kent writes: "In songs like 'She Knows Me Too Well' and 'In the Back of My Mind', Wilson's dream lovers were suddenly no longer simple happy souls harmonizing their sun-kissed innocence and dying devotion to each other over a honey-coated backdrop of surf and sand. Instead, they'd become highly vulnerable, slightly neurotic and riddled with telling insecurities."[109]

Recording and arranging

Making an instrumental track is a whole experience. It starts after you have written a song. As I write a song, I write some of the instrumental piano and pluck some of the different notes for the arrangement. It’s impossible to lay the whole arrangement on the piano but you play just enough to get the overall feelin’ of the record. It is an art in itself. I always get that bigger picture of my records at my piano before I record them. I go in there prepared.

—Brian Wilson, 1990 liner notes for Stack-O-Tracks (1968)[126]

Wilson works out "about a third" of the finished arrangement of a song as he's writing it, leaving the rest to studio experimentation.[32] From the very beginning, Wilson handled most stages of the group's recording process, despite Nik Venet being credited for producing their early recordings.[145][146] He preferred mixing live as performances were recorded, as opposed to mixing after the fact.[19] He was open to changes suggested by others while recording, often taking advice and even incorporating apparent mistakes if they provided a useful or interesting alternative.[147][148] On Surfin' U.S.A. (1963), Brian began doubletracking.[149] As was practiced by other record producers from the 1960s, most of his mixes ended up in single-channel monaural,[150] believing that varied stereo speaker placement took his control over the sound image away to the listener.[151]

Using major Hollywood recording studios, Wilson arranged many of his compositions for a conglomerate of session musicians informally known as the Wrecking Crew. Their assistance was needed because of the increasingly complicated nature of the material.[19][nb 7] Wilson said that he "was sort of a square" with the Wrecking Crew, starting his creative process with how each instrument sounded one-by-one, moving from keyboards, drums, then violins if they were not overdubbed. Although he had arrangements worked out in his head, they were usually written in a shorthand form for the other players by one of his session musicians.[33] On notation and arranging, Wilson clarified: "Sometimes I'd just write out a chord sheet and that would be for piano, organ, or harpsichord or anything. ... I wrote out all the horn charts separate from the keyboards. I wrote one basic keyboard chart, violins, horns, and basses, and percussion."[33]

Brian avoided standard rock percussion because he wanted his productions to sound more "delicate" and less "boomy".[37] Van Dyke Parks said: "The first thing I can remember in the studio was how Brian used tuneful percussion, like a piano or a Chinese gong. Even a triangle has pitch. Brian was very fond of pitched instruments. They reminded me of the orchestrations of the early 20th century done by people like Percy Grainger, the man who wrote 'Country Gardens', [sic] who was infatuated with tuneful percussion. He stood out in my youth as a great composer because of what he did with sound, and Brian was doing that."[152]

Once an instrumental track was completed, vocals would then be overdubbed by the group.[153] Carl said about the Beach Boys' vocal arrangements: "Our vocals were voiced like horn parts, the way those R&B records make background vocals sound like a sax section. It sounded big, because the four parts were all within the same octave; that was really the secret. He used a lot of counterpoint, a lot of layered sound; it had a real depth to it. We didn’t just duplicate parts; we didn’t just sing at octaves; that would sound really lame, very square."[37]

Wall of Sound

Main article: Wall of Sound

He used a similar recording technique as Spector's, especially during the Pet Sounds and Smile eras of the Beach Boys.[8][nb 8] Author Domenic Priore observed, "The Ronettes had sung a dynamic version of The Students' 1961 hit 'I'm So Young', and Wilson went right for it, but took the Wall of Sound in a different direction. Where Phil would go for total effect by bringing the music to the edge of cacophony – and therefore rocking to the tenth power – Brian seemed to prefer audio clarity. His production method was to spread out the sound and arrangement, giving the music a more lush, comfortable feel.[11][nb 9]

Extended techniques

Further information: Extended technique

He experimented with processed effects including varispeed, reverberation, slapback echo, and filtering signals through a Leslie speaker.[158] Lyric collaborator Tony Asher remembers that in the 1960s: "People would try whatever they could think of that was unexpected, just for its own sake...spend three days and call in a bunch of oboe players. Try an instrument just because nobody had ever used it, and in the end, it wasn't in the final mix. That never happened with Brian. He did the same kind of experimenting, not to see if he could accidentally stumble onto something unique, but he did these unique things because that's what he wanted to hear. And most of the time, it ended up on the record."[58]

Wilson sometimes altered the conventions in which the instruments are played in an effort to expand their sonic possibilities. Examples of such would be playing an upright bass with a plectrum alongside a tic-tac bass, or muting a piano by taping its strings.[159] Parks commented, "He was doing stuff that nobody would dream of doing," citing an instance when Wilson instructed a banjo player to play only one string, a "gauche" style of playing that "just wasn't done."[160]

Parks added that during the Smile era, he and Brian was conscious of musique concrète, and that they "were trying to make something of it", naming Brian as a pioneer for its application in pop music.[161] Marshall Heiser interpreted the album's style of jumpcuts a "striking characteristic", and that they "must be acknowledged as compositional statements in themselves, giving the music a sonic signature every bit as noticeable as the performances themselves. There was no way this music could be 'real.' Wilson was therefore echoing the techniques of musique concrète and seemed to be breaking the audio 'fourth wall' – if there can said to be such a thing."[162] For his use of recorded noise and tape manipulation on Smile, Brian is considered by American music journalist Paul Williams to be one of the earliest pioneers of sampling.[163] Domenic Priore argued that Brian "manipulated sound effects in a way that would later be extremely successful when Pink Floyd released The Dark Side of the Moon in 1973, the best-selling album of the entire progressive rock period."[152]

Studios and engineers

Eschewing Capitol Studios, which Brian considered inadequate,[164][165][166] engineer Chuck Britz often collaborated with him at Western 3 of United Western Recorders,[167] also serving as a buffer between Brian and the oft-berating Murry whenever he was present.[168] Once Britz assembled a preliminary recording setup, Brian would take over the console, directing the instrumentalists from the booth using an intercom or verbal gestures after supplying them with chord charts that were sometimes written incorrectly.[34] According to some reports, even though Britz was responsible for setting up recording, Brian would then adjust his configuration to a large extent.[169] Asher adds: "As unorganized or even unproductive as he [Brian] could be in other situations, when he got into a recording session, you had the sense he had ideas that were gonna get away from him if he didn't get 'em done right away. He was willing to have people be relaxed and joke a little bit, but he wanted to get work done. And he sometimes lost his temper just a little bit if Chuck couldn't find a take."[58] At Gold Star Studios, Brian worked mainly with engineers Stan Ross and, with lesser frequency, Larry Levine.[93] Ross said of Brian, "[he] liked the sound Gold Star got on the instrumentation, but he did the voices elsewhere because we were limited to two or three tracks and that wasn't enough for voice overdubbing. ... The tracks were really rhythm pads that would be sweetened after the voices were put on."[170]

Instruments

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Keyboards

Guitars

Legacy and influence

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Brian Wilson

Notes

  1. ↑ In his youth, Brian received a six-week lesson on how to play the accordion.[29] According to the Wilsons' mother, "The teacher said, 'I don't think he's reading. He hears it just once and plays the whole thing perfectly.'"[30] While majoring in psychology at the El Camino Community College in Los Angeles, he took additional music classes.[31] It is unclear to what extent Wilson is knowledgeable in musical notation. In 2004, Wilson stated that he was unable to read music,[32] while other reports suggest that written notation is a method by which he composes and arranges.[33][34]
  2. ↑ The tonal formula of the Four Freshmen was that a bass instrument would sing the tonic note of a chord which freed the vocalists to perform five-part harmony, according to Ross Barbour: "And one of those four voices would sing a 'color note' – an unexpected note, a note that wasn't logical, a note that would surprise the listener and make the song sound more interesting. We were interested in doing music, not just having hits."[83]
  3. ↑ Barney Hoskyns has speculated, "It was almost certainly [Bob] Norberg who turned Brian on to the productions of Phil Spector."[87]
  4. ↑ According to engineer Larry Levine, "Brian was one of the few people in the music business Phil respected. There was a mutual respect. Brian might say that he learned how to produce from watching Phil, but the truth is, he was already producing records before he observed Phil. He just wasn't getting credit for it, something that in the early days, I remember really used to make Phil angry. Phil would tell anybody who listened that Brian was one of the great producers."[93]
  5. ↑ In 1966, John Lennon named Wilson the musical person he most admired.[54] For The Beatles Anthology, George Harrison said that, in the mid-1960s, the Beatles felt they were trying to compete with Pet Sounds.[104]
  6. ↑ "Please Let Me Wonder" was claimed to be the first song Wilson had written under the influence of marijuana.[115]
  7. ↑ Many of the musicians and studios Brian used happened to overlap with those used by Phil Spector.[66]
  8. ↑ Wilson considers Pet Sounds to be a concept album centered around interpretations of Spector's recording methods.[154]
  9. ↑ The Beach Boys recorded cover versions of several songs penned by Spector, including "Then I Kissed Her", "There's No Other (Like My Baby)", "Chapel of Love", "Just Once in My Life", "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'",[155] and "I Can Hear Music".[156] The Beach Boys' Christmas Album (1964) was released as a response to Phil Spector's Christmas Album (1963).[157]

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Bibliography

Further reading

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