Mutual aid (organization theory)

A Freebox in Berlin, Germany 2005, serving as a distribution center for free donated materials

Mutual aid is a term in organization theory used to signify a voluntary reciprocal exchange of resources and services for mutual benefit.

Origins

Mutual aid is arguably as ancient as human culture; an intrinsic part of the small, communal societies universal to humanity's ancient past. From the dawn of humanity, until far beyond the invention of agriculture, humans were foragers, exchanging labor and resources for the benefit of groups and individuals alike.

As an intellectual abstraction, mutual aid was developed and advanced by mutualism or labor insurance systems and thus trade unions, and has been also used in cooperatives and other civil society movements.

Practice

Typically, mutual-aid groups will be free to join and participate in, and all activities will be voluntary. They are often structured as non-hierarchical, non-bureaucratic, non-profit organizations, with members controlling all resources and no external financial or professional support. They are member-led and member-organized. They are egalitarian in nature, and designed to support participatory democracy, equality of member status and power shared leadership and cooperative decision-making. Members' external societal status is considered irrelevant inside the group: status in the group is conferred by participation.^[1]

Mutual aid as a criticism on individualism

Based on Peter Kropotkin's theories on mutual aid, those small groups are also discussed as a counter model to the historic concept of an autonomous individual. Those discussions emphasize an open model of voluntary cooperation in mutual-aid groups as opposed to induced cooperation.^[2] Therefore, they raise questions regarding the tension of the individual's adaption and self-determination. In order to overcome this tension an insight in the life perspective of others, a radical openness to all situations possible and a high awareness of and confidence in the self is necessary.

Examples

Examples of mutual-aid organizations include unions, the Friendly Societies that were common throughout Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,^[3] medieval craft guilds,^[4] the American "fraternity societies" that existed during the Great Depression providing their members with health and life insurance and funeral benefits,^[5] and the English "workers clubs" of the 1930s that also provided health insurance,^[6]

Mutual aid is also a cornerstone of the self-help movement, in which the helper/helpee principle is important: the idea is that the more a person helps, the more he or she is helped, and that those who help most are helped most.^[7] Mutual aid practices and principles are used in alcoholism and drug rehabilitation, HIV/AIDS support,^[8] among adult survivors of sexual abuse, parents of developmentally disabled children, and mentally ill older adults.^[9]

Power line crews are known to cross state and even international borders to give aid to neighboring communities after storm damage to power transmission systems. This is particularly true in the North Eastern United States and Eastern Canada.

Mutual battery jump starting or "boosting" in winter is not uncommon in Canada. Sometimes referred to as get a boost give a boost.

See also

• Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, by Peter Kropotkin
• Mutual organization
• Mutual credit
• Mutualism
• Benefit society
• Gift economy
• Solidarity

References

1. Turner, Francis J. (2005). Canadian encyclopedia of social work. Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 337–8. ISBN 0889204365.
2. Engelbert, Arthur (2012). Help! Gegenseitig behindern oder helfen. Eine politische Skizze zur Wahrnehmung heute. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann. p. 318. ISBN 978-3-8260-5017-6.
3. Sonnenstuhl, Samuel B. Bacharach, Peter A. Bamberger, William J. (2001). Mutual aid and union renewal: cycles of logics of action. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University. p. 173. ISBN 080148734X.
4. Kropotkin, Peter (2008). Mutual aid: a factor of evolution. [Charleston, SC]: Forgotten Books. p. 117. ISBN 160680071X.
5. Beito, David T. (2000). From mutual aid to the welfare state: fraternal societies and social services, 1890 - 1967. Chapel Hill [u.a.]: Univ. of North Carolina Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 0807848417.
6. Borsay, edited by Anne; Shapely, Peter (2007). Medicine, charity and mutual aid: the consumption of health and welfare in Britain, c. 1550-1950 ; [5th international conference of the European Association of Urban Historians, which was held in Berlin in summer 2000] ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Aldershot [u.a.]: Ashgate. pp. 7–8. ISBN 0754651487.
7. Turner, Francis J. (2005). Canadian encyclopedia of social work. Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 337. ISBN 0889204365.
8. Gabriel, Martha A. (2007). AIDS Trauma and Support Group Therapy: Mutual Aid, Empowerment, Connection. Free Press. ISBN 1416573224.
9. Mutual aid groups, vulnerable and resilient populations, and the life cycle (3. ed.). New York: Columbia Univ. Press. 2005. pp. xii. ISBN 0231128843. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)

External links

• Mutual Aid Societies (lecture by Sheldon Richman)

Further reading

• For All The People: Uncovering the Hidden History of Cooperation, Cooperative Movements, and Communalism in America, PM Press, by John Curl, 2009
• "Help! Gegenseitig behindern oder helfen. Eine politische Skizze zur Wahrnehmung heute", Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2012