Myrkviðr

In Germanic mythology, Myrkviðr (Old Norse "mirky wood, dark wood"[1] or "black forest"[2]) or, as anglicised by William Morris and later adopted by JRR Tolkien, Mirkwood, is the name of several European forests.

The direct derivatives of the name occur as a place name both in Sweden and Norway, and related forms of the name occur elsewhere in Europe, most famously the Black Forest (Schwarzwald), and may thus be a general term for dark and dense forests of ancient Europe.[3][4]

Etymology

The word myrkviðr is a compound of two words. The first element is myrk "dark", which is cognate to, among others, the English adjectives mirky and murky.[5][6] The second element is viðr "wood, forest".[7]

Attestations

The name is attested as a mythical local name of a forest in the Poetic Edda poem Lokasenna, and the heroic poems Atlakviða, Helgakviða Hundingsbana I and Hlöðskviða, and in prose in Fornmanna sögur, Flateyjarbók, Hervarar Saga.[1][5]

The localization of Myrkviðr varies by source:

  1. The Maeotian marshes, which separated the Goths from the Huns in the Norse Hervarar saga
  2. The forest that separates the Huns from the Burgundians
  3. Kolmården ("the dark forest"), in Sweden, in Sögubrot and in legends such as that of Helge Hundingsbane
  4. The forest south of Uppsala in Styrbjarnar þáttr Svíakappa (the present remnant of this forest is called Lunsen)
  5. Uncertain locations, such as in the Völundarkviða, where it is probably located somewhere else in Scandinavia (Weyland is here described as a Finnish prince, which would make him a Saami prince). Stanza 1 (on the swan maidens):
Meyjar flugu sunnan
myrkvið í gögnum,
Alvitr unga,
örlög drýgja;
þær á sævarströnd
settusk at hvílask
drósir suðrænar,
dýrt lín spunnu.[8]
Maids from the south
through Myrkwood flew,
Fair and young,
their fate to follow;
On the shore of the sea
to rest them they sat,
The maids of the south,
and flax they spun.[9]
  1. Mythological. In other sources, such as the Poetic Edda, e.g. Lokasenna, the location seems to be between Asgard and Muspelheim, as Muspell's sons ride through it at Ragnarök. Stanza 42:
Loci qvaþ:
«Gvlli keypta
leztv Gymis dottvr
oc seldir þitt sva sverþ;
enn er Mvspellz synir
ríða Myrcviþ yfir,
veizta þv þa, vesall! hve þv vegr.»[10]
Loki spake:
"The daughter of Gymir
with gold didst thou buy,
And sold thy sword to boot;
But when Muspell's sons
through Myrkwood ride,
Thou shalt weaponless wait, poor wretch."[11]

Theories

J. R. R. Tolkien comments on Myrkviðr in a letter to his eldest grandson:

“ Mirkwood is not an invention of mine, but a very ancient name, weighted with legendary associations. It was probably the Primitive Germanic name for the great mountainous forest regions that anciently formed a barrier to the south of the lands of Germanic expansion. In some traditions it became used especially of the boundary between Goths and Huns. I speak now from memory: its ancientness seems indicated by its appearance in very early German (11th c.?) as mirkiwidu although the *merkw- stem 'dark' is not otherwise found in German at all (only in O[ld] E[nglish], O[ld] S[axon], and O[ld] N[orse]), and the stem *widu- > witu was in German (I think) limited to the sense of 'timber,' not very common, and did not survive into mod[ern] G[erman]. In O[ld] E[nglish] mirce only survives in poetry, and in the sense 'dark', or rather 'gloomy', only in Beowulf [line] 1405 ofer myrcan mor: elsewhere only with the sense 'murky' > wicked, hellish. It was never, I think, a mere 'colour' word: 'black', and was from the beginning weighted with the sense of 'gloom'...[12] ”

Regarding the forests, Francis Gentry comments that "in the Norse tradition 'crossing the Black Forest' came to signify penetrating the barriers between one world and another, especially the world of the gods and the world of fire, where Surt lives [...]."[2]

Modern influence

It was first anglicized as Mirkwood by William Morris in A Tale of the House of the Wolfings from 1888, and later by J. R. R. Tolkien in his fiction.[13]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 Simek (2007:224)
  2. 1 2 Gentry (2002:101—102)
  3. ↑ Bugge (1896:65).
  4. ↑ Chadwick (1922:201)
  5. 1 2 Cleasby and Vigfusson (1874:549)
  6. ↑ Bjorvand and Lindeman (2007:770)
  7. ↑ Cleasby and Vigfusson (1874:703)
  8. ↑ Völundarkviða from heimskringla.no
  9. ↑ Bellows' translation of Völundarkviða.
  10. ↑ Lokasenna.
  11. ↑ Bellows' translation of Lokasenna.
  12. ↑ Carpenter (1981:369) quoted in "Mirkwood". Henneth Annûn Story Archive. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
  13. ↑ "Mirkwood". Henneth Annûn Story Archive. Retrieved 15 November 2008.

References

  • Bugge, Sophus (1896). Helge-digtene i den Ældre Edda. G. E. C. Gad
  • Bjordvand, Harald; Lindeman, Fredrik Otto (2007). Våre arveord. Novus. ISBN 978-82-7099-467-0
  • Gentry, Francis G. (2002). The Nibelungen Tradition: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 0-8153-1785-9
  • Carpenter, Humphrey (1981). The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien. London: Allen & Unwin
  • Chadwick, Nora K. (1922). Anglo-Saxon and Norse poems. Cambridge: The University press
  • Cleasby, Richard; Vigfusson, Gudbrand (1874). ] Icelandic–English Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • Simek, Rudolf (2007) translated by Angela Hall. Dictionary of Northern Mythology. D.S. Brewer. ISBN 0-85991-513-1
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