Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
నీలం సంజీవరెడ్డి
6th President of India
In office 25 July 1977 – 25 July 1982
Prime Minister	Morarji Desai Charan Singh Indira Gandhi
Vice President	B. D. Jatti Mohammad Hidayatullah
Preceded by	B. D. Jatti (Acting)
Succeeded by	Zail Singh
4th Speaker of the Lok Sabha
In office 17 March 1967 – 19 July 1969
Deputy	R.K. Khadilkar
Preceded by	Sardar Hukam Singh
Succeeded by	Gurdial Singh Dhillon
In office 26 March 1977 – 13 July 1977
Deputy	Godey Murahari
Preceded by	Bali Ram Bhagat
Succeeded by	K. S. Hegde
1st Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh
In office 12 March 1962 – 20 February 1964
Governor	Bhim Sen Sachar Satyawant Mallannah Shrinagesh
Preceded by	Damodaram Sanjivayya
Succeeded by	Kasu Brahmananda Reddy
In office 1 November 1956 – 11 January 1960
Governor	Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi Bhim Sen Sachar
Succeeded by	Damodaram Sanjivayya
Personal details
Born	19 May 1913 Illur, Madras Presidency, British India (now in Andhra Pradesh, India)
Died	1 June 1996 (aged 83) Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Political party	Janata Party (since 1977)
Other political affiliations	Indian National Congress (before 1977)
Spouse(s)	Neelam Nagaratnamma
Alma mater	Government Arts College, Anantapuram, University of Madras
Religion	Hinduism[1]

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy  pronunciation  (19 May 1913 – 1 June 1996) was the sixth President of India, serving from 1977 to 1982. Beginning a long political career with the Indian National Congress party in the Indian independence movement, he went on to hold several key offices in independent India—as the first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, a two-time Speaker of the Lok Sabha and a Union Minister—before becoming the youngest-ever Indian president.^[2]

Born in present-day Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh, Reddy completed his schooling at Adayar and joined the Government Arts College at Anantapur. He quit to become an Indian independence activist and was jailed for participating in the Quit India Movement. He was elected to the Madras Legislative Assembly in 1946 as a Congress party representative. Reddy became deputy chief minister of Andhra State in 1953 and the first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh in 1956. He was a union cabinet minister under Prime Ministers Lal Bahadur Shastri and Indira Gandhi from 1964 to 1967 and Lok Sabha Speaker from 1967 to 1969. He later retired from active politics but returned in 1975, responding to Jayaprakash Narayan's call for "Total Revolution" against the Indira Gandhi government.

Elected to Parliament in 1977 as a candidate of the Janata Party, Reddy was unanimously elected Speaker of the Sixth Lok Sabha and three months later was elected unopposed as President of India. As President, Reddy worked with Prime Ministers Morarji Desai, Charan Singh and Indira Gandhi. Reddy was succeeded by Giani Zail Singh in 1982 and he retired to his farm in Anantapur. He died in 1996 and his samadhi is at Kalahalli near Bangalore. In 2013, the Government of Andhra Pradesh commemorated Reddy's birth centenary.

Education and family

Reddy was born into a Telugu-speaking Hindu peasant family in Illur village, Madras Presidency (present-day Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh) on 19 May 1913.^[3][4][5] He studied at the Theosophical High School at Adayar in Madras and later enrolled at the Government Arts College at Anantapur, an affiliate of the University of Madras, as an undergraduate.^[6] In 1958, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati bestowed the degree of Honorary Doctor of Laws on him because of his role in its founding.^[7][8]

Reddy was married to Neelam Nagaratnamma. The couple had one son and three daughters.^[9]

Role in the Indian independence movement

Reddy joined the Indian struggle for independence from the British Raj following Mahatma Gandhi's visit to Anantapur in July 1929 and dropped out of college in 1931. He was closely associated with the Youth League and participated in a student satyagraha. In 1938, Reddy was elected Secretary of the Andhra Pradesh Provincial Congress Committee, an office he held for ten years. During the Quit India Movement, he was imprisoned and was mostly in jail between 1940 to 1945. Released in March 1942, he was arrested again in August and sent to the Amraoti jail where he served time with activists T Prakasam, S. Satyamurti, K Kamaraj and V V Giri till 1945.^[10][11]

Political career

Elected to the Madras Legislative Assembly in 1946 as a Congress representative, Reddy became secretary of the Congress' legislature party.^[12] He was also a Member of the Indian Constituent Assembly from Madras.^[13][14] From April 1949 to April 1951, he was the Minister for Prohibition, Housing and Forests of the Madras State.^[15] Reddy lost the 1951 election to the Madras Legislative Assembly to the Communist leader Tarimela Nagi Reddy.^[16]

Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh (1956–60, 1962–64)

In 1951, in a closely contested election, he was elected President of the Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee defeating N G Ranga.^[17][18] When the Andhra State was formed in 1953, T. Prakasam became its Chief Minister and Reddy became the deputy.^[19] After the later formation of the Andhra Pradesh state by incorporating Telangana with the Andhra State, Reddy became its first Chief Minister^[20] from 1 November 1956 to 11 January 1960.^[21] He was Chief Minister for a second time from 12 March 1962 to 20 February 1964, thus holding that office for over five years.^[22] Reddy was MLA from Sri Kalahasti and Dhone respectively during his stints as Chief Minister.^[23][24][25] The Nagarjuna Sagar and Srisailam multipurpose river valley projects were initiated during his tenure.^[26] In 2005, the Chandrababu Naidu-led government of the Telugu Desam Party renamed the Srisailam project to Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Sagar in his honour.^[27]

The Congress governments under Reddy placed emphasis on rural development, agriculture and allied sectors.^[28] The shift towards industrialisation remained limited and was largely driven by the central government's investments in large public sector enterprises in the state.^[29] Reddy's first term as Chief Minister ended in 1960 after he resigned on being elected President of the Indian National Congress. In 1964, he resigned voluntarily following unfavourable observations made against the Government of Andhra Pradesh by the Supreme Court in the Bus Routes Nationalisation case.^{[lower-alpha 1][4][31]}

Congress President (1960–62) and Union Minister (1964–67)

Reddy served thrice as President of the Indian National Congress at its Bangalore, Bhavnagar and Patna sessions during 1960 to 1962.^[12] At the Congress session at Goa in 1962, Reddy's speech stating India's determination to end the Chinese occupation of Indian territory and the irrevocable nature of the liberation of Goa was enthusiastically received by attendees.^[32][33] He was thrice member of the Rajya Sabha.^[18] From June 1964, Reddy was Union Minister of Steel and Mines in the Lal Bahadur Shastri government. He also served as Union Minister of Transport, Civil Aviation, Shipping and Tourism from January 1966 to March 1967 in Indira Gandhi's Cabinet.^[15][34]

Speaker of the Lok Sabha (1967–69)

In the general elections of 1967, Reddy was elected to the Lok Sabha from Hindupur in Andhra Pradesh.^[35] On 17 March 1967, Reddy was elected Speaker of the Fourth Lok Sabha becoming only the third person to be elected Speaker of the house during their inaugural term.^[36] To emphasize the independence of the Speaker's office, Reddy resigned from the Congress Party.^[37][38] His term as Speaker was marked by several firsts including the admission of a No-Confidence Motion on the same day as the President's address to a joint session of Parliament,^[15] the handing down of a sentence of imprisonment for Contempt of the house^[39] and the setting up of the Committee on the Welfare of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.^[15] During his term as Speaker a defamation suit filed against him by an MP resulted in the Supreme Court's ruling that parliamentarians had complete freedom of speech in the House and that the courts had no say in such matters.^{[lower-alpha 2][41][42]} Reddy described his role as being the 'watchman of the Parliament'.^[43] He however had several hostile encounters with Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in the House that proved costly when he became, two years later, the Congress Party's nominee to succeed Zakir Hussain as President.^[44]

Presidential election of 1969

In 1969, following President Zakir Hussain's death, the Congress party nominated Reddy, a member of its Syndicate faction, as candidate for President although Prime Minister Indira Gandhi opposed him.^[45] She was forced to accept Reddy as the Congress party's official candidate and feared his election would allow the Syndicate to expel her from office.^[46] She asked Congress legislators to "vote according to their conscience" rather than blindly toe the Party line, in effect giving a call to support the independent candidate V V Giri.^[47] In a closely fought election held on 16 August 1969, V V Giri emerged victorious, winning 48.01 per cent of the first preference votes and subsequently getting a majority on counting the second preference votes. In the final tally, Giri had 420,077 votes against the quota of 418,169 votes required to be elected President and Reddy had 405,427 votes.^[48][49] The election led to much discord within the Congress Party and culminated in the historic split of 1969 and the subsequent rise of Indira Gandhi in Indian politics.^[50][51]

Subsequently, Reddy, who had resigned as Speaker of the Lok Sabha to contest the election, retired from active politics and moved back to Anantapur where he took to farming.^[52]

Return to active politics (1975–82)

In response to Jayaprakash Narayan's call for a Total Revolution, Reddy emerged from his political exile in 1975. In January 1977, he was made a member of the Committee of the Janata Party and in March, he fought the General Election from the Nandyal constituency in Andhra Pradesh as a Janata Party candidate. He was the only non-Congress candidate to be elected from Andhra Pradesh.^[53][54] The Congress Party led by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was defeated, ending 30 years of Congress rule in India and a five party coalition with Morarji Desai as its leader came to power.^[55] Reddy was unanimously elected Speaker of the Sixth Lok Sabha on 26 March 1977. However he resigned a few months later to contest in the presidential elections of July 1977.^[15] Reddy's second term as Speaker lasted three months and 17 days and remains till date the shortest tenure for anyone to have held that post.^[56][57]

Presidential election of 1977

The presidential election of 1977 was necessitated by the death in office of the incumbent Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed. Although Prime Minister Morarji Desai wanted to nominate danseuse Rukmini Devi Arundale for the post, she turned down the offer.^[58] Reddy was elected unopposed, the only President to be elected thus, after being unanimously supported by all political parties including the opposition Congress party. At 65, he became the youngest ever person to be elected President of India. He was also the only serious presidential candidate to have contested twice – in 1969 against V V Giri and in 1977.^[59][60] 37 candidates had filed their nominations for the presidency of whom 36 were rejected by the returning officer. Following these disqualifications, Reddy remained the only validly nominated candidate in the fray which made elections unnecessary. Reddy thus became the first person to be elected President of India without a contest and remains the only President to have been elected unopposed.^[61][62]

President of India

President Neelam Sanjiva Reddy led seven state visits between 1980 and 1982. He visited USSR, Bulgaria, Kenya, Zambia, UK, Ireland, Indonesia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Ireland and Yugoslavia.

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy was elected on 21 July 1977^[54] and was sworn in as the sixth President of India on 25 July 1977. Reddy worked with three governments, with Prime Ministers Morarji Desai, Charan Singh and Indira Gandhi.^[63] Reddy announced, on the eve of India's thirtieth anniversary of Independence, that he would be moving out of the Rashtrapati Bhawan to a smaller accommodation and that he would be taking a 70 percent pay cut in solidarity with India's impoverished masses.^[64][65]

Morarji Desai government (1977–79)

Relations between Reddy and Desai soon soured over the latter's promotion of his son, Kanti Desai, in politics and over Desai's communication with Chief Ministers Vengala Rao and Channa Reddy on the issue of land ceilings in Andhra Pradesh.^[66] Following mass defections from the Janata Party and from the cabinet, Morarji Desai's 30-month-old government ended in July 1979 after he handed in his resignation to Reddy before a no-confidence motion could be tabled against his government in Parliament.^[67] Reddy's actions following Desai's resignation have been much debated. His decision to accept Desai's resignation before an alternative government created a ministerial vacuum in the executive according to H. M. Seervai.^[68] The faction of the Janata Party supporting Desai continued to have the support of 205 MPs as opposed to Charan Singh's 80 MPs.^[68] Reddy used presidential discretion in choosing Charan Singh as the next Prime Minister over a contending claim from Jagjivan Ram, the leader of the Janata Party.^[69][70]

Charan Singh government (1979)

Following Desai's resignation and the fall of the Janata government headed by him, Reddy appointed Charan Singh as Prime Minister. This was on the condition that he should prove his majority on the floor of the House before the end of August.^[71] Singh was sworn in on 28 July 1979 but never faced Parliament to prove his majority when Reddy convened it on 20 August. Reddy had appointed him Prime Minister since he had produced a letter claiming to have a parliamentary majority with the support of the opposition Congress Party led by his rival, the former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.^[72][73] In return for her support, Gandhi demanded that a law establishing special courts to try her and her son Sanjay Gandhi be repealed – a proposition that was unacceptable to Charan Singh.^[73] Gandhi therefore withdrew her support, forcing Singh to resign.^[74] His government lasted 24 days and he never faced Parliament.^[75][76] The convention of appointing a Prime Minister in a hung House but with conditions on time to prove majority was later adopted by President R Venkataraman.^[60][77]

Following Charan Singh's resignation, Reddy summoned Chandrashekhar and Jagjivan Ram to Rashtrapati Bhavan to look into the possibility of forming an alternate government. Reddy, convinced that they would not be able to form one, accepted Singh's advice and dissolved Lok Sabha, calling for a mid term election.^{[lower-alpha 3][75][84][85]} Singh was asked to continue as the caretaker prime minister till a new government was sworn in after the election. Reddy's decision was met with angry denunciations and protests by members of the Janata Party who even threatened to have him impeached.^[86][87] Although heading a caretaker government, Singh proposed as many as seven ordinances on a broad range of matters from effecting changes in company law, providing state funding of elections and reservation of jobs for the backward classes.^[88][89] Reddy however refused to promulgate the ordinances arguing that such momentous changes could not be made by a caretaker government.^[90]

Indira Gandhi's return to power (1980–82)

In the elections of 1980, Indira Gandhi's party the Indian National Congress (I) returned to power by winning 351 seats in the Lok Sabha. Neither the Janata Party nor Charan Singh's Lok Dal won the 54 seats needed for recognition as the official opposition in Parliament.^[91] Indira was sworn in as Prime Minister by Reddy for what would become her last term in office in January 1980.^[92][93] Between 1980 and 1982 President Reddy led seven state visits abroad, visiting the USSR, Bulgaria, Kenya, Zambia, the UK, Ireland, Indonesia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Ireland and Yugoslavia.^[94][95] At home, as President, he signed an ordinance that gave the new government wide powers to imprison people for up to a year without trial under preventive detention^[96][97] and ordered the imposition of President's rule in nine opposition-ruled states on the advice of the government.^[98]

Retirement and death

Reddy was succeeded as President by Giani Zail Singh who was sworn in on 25 July 1982.^[99][100] In his farewell address to the nation, Reddy criticised the failure of successive governments in improving the lives of the Indian masses and called for the emergence of a strong political opposition to prevent governmental misrule.^[101][102] Following his presidential term, the then Chief Minister of Karnataka Ramakrishna Hegde invited Reddy to settle down in Bangalore but he chose to retire to his farm in Anantapur.^[103][104] He died of pneumonia in Bangalore in 1996 at the age of 83.^[105] His samadhi is at Kallahalli near Bangalore.^[106] The Parliament mourned Reddy's death on 11 June 1996 and members cutting across party lines paid him tribute and recalled his contributions to the nation and the House.^[107]

Reddy authored a book, Without Fear or Favour: Reminiscences and Reflections of a President, published in 1989.^[108] The character Mahendranath, Chief Minister of the fictional state of Afrozabad in former Prime Minister P V Narasimha Rao's novel, The Insider, is based on Reddy, portraying his career in Andhra Pradesh and his political rivalry with Kasu Brahmananda Reddy.^[109][110] In 2010, Ramnika Gupta, a CPI(M) trade unionist and politician, accused Reddy of having raped her when she met him at an AICC session to discuss the nationalisation of mines in Dhanbad.^[111]

Commemoration

Sanjiva Reddy's birth centenary was celebrated in 2013 by the Government of Andhra Pradesh with the concluding ceremony in Anantapur being addressed by President Pranab Mukherjee and with the Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka in attendance.^{[112][113][114]} The Postal Department of India released a commemorative stamp and special cover in honour of Reddy on the occasion of his birth centenary.^[115] In Hyderabad, there is the Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy College of Education. As part of the centenary celebrations of his birth, the Government of Andhra Pradesh has announced that it will rename the Andhra Pradesh State Revenue Academy, Reddy's alma mater the Government Arts College and the Government Medical College, Anantapur after the former president.^[115][116] In the 1960s, when he was Union Minister for Mines, a statue of him had been unveiled at Vijayawada by K Kamaraj, the then president of the Congress Party, prompting Reddy to ask for its removal as he deemed the practice of erecting statues of people holding public office undesirable.^[117] A statue of Sanjiva Reddy, unveiled in 2005, stands at the Andhra Pradesh Secretariat in Hyderabad.^[118]

Explanatory notes

1. In C. S. Rowjee And Others vs Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC), the petitioners accused the APSRTC of having acted mala fide under the orders of the Chief Minister, Sanjiva Reddy, in ordering the nationalisation of bus routes in the Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh. In its verdict, the Supreme Court observed "that [it was] to give effect to the wishes of the Chief Minister expressed [...] that the impugned schemes were formulated by the Corporation and therefore, it would be vitiated by malafides notwithstanding the interposition of the semi-autonomous corporation."^[30] The Supreme Court also observed that the allegations [of "bias and personal ill-will against the appellants"] were neither denied by the Chief Minister nor were affidavits stating the Government's position filed in the High Court. Further the Supreme Court observed that the counter-affidavits, while denying that the APSRTC was acting at the behest of the Chief Minister, failed to explain the choice of Kurnool district for nationalisation of the routes.^[30] In effect this was a condemnation of Reddy's role.
2. In Tej Kiran Jain And Others vs N. Sanjiva Reddy, the Supreme Court ruled that what MPs say in Parliament "is only subject to the discipline of the rules of Parliament, the good sense of the members and the control of proceedings by the Speaker. The courts have no say in the matter and should really have none."^[40] The case dealt with certain references made against the Shankaracharya of Puri during a Calling Attention Motion introduced in the House.
3. Reddy's choice was between accepting the outgoing Prime Minister Charan Singh's advice of dissolving the Lok Sabha or giving Jagjivan Ram, leader of the Janata Party, the largest single bloc there, a chance of forming the government.^[78][79] Reddy was advised on the possibility of horse trading and accepted Singh's advice.^[80] Jagjivan Ram's claim to having a majority were overlooked^[81] and elections called prompting accusations of racial prejudice and political one upmanship against Reddy.^[82][83]

External Links

• President Neelam Sanjiva Reddy's broadcast to India on Republic Day, 1979 (Audio)

References

1. "Reddys to piggyback on Kapus". Deccan Chronicle. 17 May 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
2. "Speech by the President of India, Shri Pranab Mukherjee at the concluding function of the centenary celebrations of the former President of India, Dr. Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
3. Kalyani Shankar (1 January 2007). India & the United States: Politics of the Sixties. Macmillan India. pp. 150–. ISBN 978-0-230-63375-9.
4. "Former Speakers – N Sanjiva Reddy". The Office of the Speaker, Lok Sabha. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
5. "Illur gets set for Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy fete". Deccan Chronicle. 1 June 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
6. "Take a bow to the 'grand old lady'". The Hindu. 5 February 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
7. "SVU for Sanjeeva Reddy’s statue in Parliament". The Hindu. 20 May 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
8. "About SVU Alumni Association". Sri Venkateswara University Alumni Association. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
9. "Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy's wife passes away". The Hindu. 12 January 2010. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
10. Dubey, Scharada (2009). First among equals President of India. Westland. pp. 61–. ISBN 978-81-89975-53-1.
11. Prakash Chander (1 January 2003). India: Past and Present. APH Publishing. pp. 283–. ISBN 978-81-7648-455-8.
12. "Past Presidents – N. Sanjiva Reddy". Indian National Congress. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
13. "LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY (AS IN NOVEMBER, 1949)". Parliament of India. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
14. "Contribution of K. Subba Rao, Sanjeeva Reddy recalled". The Hindu. 27 January 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
15. "Former Speakers – N Sanjiva Reddy". Retrieved 11 December 2012.
16. "Tarimela Nagi Reddy remembered". The Hindu. 14 August 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
17. "The saga of Third Front". The Hindu. 19 August 2006. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
18. "REDDY, DR. NEELAM SANJIVA" (PDF). Rajya Sabha, Parliament of India. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
19. "… just as it hosted the first Assembly session in 1954". The Hindu. 10 June 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
20. "First linguistic State gets split". The Hindu. 2 June 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
21. "Seemandhra leaders set to dominate Andhra Pradesh now". Deccan Chronicle. 16 April 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
22. "Kiran beats PV, Rosaiah, Anjaiah in tenure". The Hindu. 25 November 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
23. "Chittoor district erupts with joy". The Hindu. 26 November 2010. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
24. "Kotla Jaya Surya Prakash Reddy". Retrieved 20 May 2013.
25. STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1962 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ANDHRA PRADESH (PDF). Election Commission of India. 1962. p. 200.
26. "Association of Sanjeeva Reddy with city recalled". The Hindu. 20 May 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
27. "Project's new appellation confined to files". The Hindu. 23 August 2005. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
28. Kunal Sen (7 May 2013). State-Business Relations and Economic Development in Africa and India. Routledge. pp. 200–. ISBN 978-1-135-12907-1.
29. Alivelu, G (2009). State Business Relations and Performance of Manufacturing Sector in Andhra Pradesh – A Case Study (PDF).
30. "C. S. Rowjee And Others vs Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation, 1964 AIR 962, 1964 SCR (6) 330". Indiankanoon. Supreme Court of India. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
31. "Sanjiva Reddi to resign". The Hindu. 30 January 1964. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
32. "Indians want Chinese out". Youngstown Vindicator. 4 January 1962. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
33. "Invaders warned by India". The Gazette (Montreal). 5 January 1962. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
34. Chander, Prakash (2003). India: Past and Present. New Delhi: A P H Publishing. p. 285. ISBN 9788176484558.
35. Statistical Report on General Elections 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha (PDF). Election Commission of India. 1968. p. 109. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
36. "Frequently Asked Questions on Lok Sabha (As on 21.12.2009)". Lok Sabha Secretariat. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
37. Taiabur Rahman (12 September 2007). Parliamentary Control and Government Accountability in South Asia: A Comparative Analysis of Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka. Routledge. pp. 139–. ISBN 978-1-134-13647-6.
38. "Meira vows to be neutral, but mum on quitting Cong". The Indian Express. 3 June 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2014.
39. "Sanjeeva Reddy was a role model, says President Pranab Mukherjee". India Today. 23 December 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
40. "Tej Kiran Jain And Others vs N. Sanjiva Reddy And Others, 1970 AIR 1573, 1971 SCR (1) 612". Supreme Court of India. Retrieved 27 November 2014.
41. "Courts always recognised Parliament's supremacy". The Hindu. 21 March 2005. Retrieved 27 November 2014.
42. PG Diploma in Media Laws – Chapter III Media and Other Estates (PDF). Hyderabad: NALSAR. p. 109. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
43. "Don't try to outsmart each other, Chandre Gowda tells Chief Minister, Speaker". The Hindu. 19 June 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
44. Jai, Janak Raj (2001). Commissions and Omissions by Indian Presidents and Their Conflicts with the Prime Ministers under the Constitution Volume 2. New Delhi: Regency Publications. p. 8. ISBN 9788187498483.
45. Malhotra, Inder (23 December 2013). "A populist move,a party chasm". Indian Express. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
46. "The untold story of Indira Gandhi- Extract from ndira Gandhi: A Biography by Pupul Jayakar". India Today. 15 December 1992. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
47. Ramachandra Guha (10 February 2011). India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy. Pan Macmillan. pp. 438–. ISBN 978-0-330-54020-9.
48. "Sanjiva Reddy only President elected unopposed". The Hindu. 15 June 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
49. M V Pylee (1 November 2009). An Introduction To The Constitution Of India, 5E. Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd. pp. 158–. ISBN 978-81-259-1832-5.
50. Jai, Janak Raj (2001). Commissions and Omissions by Indian Presidents and Their Conflicts with the Prime Ministers under the Constitution Volume 2. New Delhi: Regency Publications. pp. 3, 4. ISBN 9788187498483.
51. "It was one cracker of an election in '69". Deccan Herald. 1 July 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
52. Jai, Janak Raj (2001). Commissions and Omissions by Indian Presidents and Their Conflicts with the Prime Ministers under the Constitution Volume 2. New Delhi: Regency Publications. p. 9. ISBN 9788187498483.
53. Jai, Janak Raj (2003). Presidents of India: 1950–2003. New Delhi: Regency Publications. p. 137. ISBN 9788187498650.
54. Jai, Janak Raj (2004). Sonia's Foreign Origin: A Non-issue. New Delhi: Regency Publications. p. 41. ISBN 9788189233037.
55. Skard, Torild (30 July 2014). Women of power: Half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide. Policy Press. pp. 24–. ISBN 978-1-4473-1578-0.
56. Limca Book of Records. Bisleri Beverages Limited. 2001.
57. Malhotra, G C. "ELECTION OF SPEAKER IN UK AND INDIA". Parliament of India. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
58. "When Bharatnatyam exponent Rukmini Devi could have been President of India". The Times of India. 8 August 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
59. "Sanjiva Reddy created many records". The Hindu. 21 June 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
60. Srivastava, Vivek Kumar (21 July 2012). "History and Politics of Indian Presidents". Mainstream L (31).
61. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION FROM 1952 TO 1997 (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 28.
62. "Sanjiva Reddy only President elected unopposed". The Hindu. 15 June 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
63. Jai, Janak Raj (2003). Presidents of India: 1950–2003. New Delhi: Regency Publications. p. 141. ISBN 9788187498650.
64. "India's President Shuns Mansion, Returns Pay". Pittsburg Post Gazette. 13 August 1977. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
65. "India leader to cut his salary". St. Petersburg Times. 15 August 1977. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
66. Srivastava, Vivek Kumar (July 2012). "History and Politics of Indian Presidents". Mainstream L (31). Retrieved 5 June 2013.
67. "Desai's resignation leaves India's government in crisis". The Telegraph-Herald. 15 July 1979. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
68. "Giani Zail Singh: The making of a President". India Today. 18 October 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
69. "Past Presidents: Waning power". India Today. 18 October 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
70. Singh, Mahendra Prasad. "The Union Executive". SocialSciences.in. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
71. "Singh faces early test". Ottawa Citizen. 27 July 1979. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
72. Malhotra, Inder (2 February 2010). "Constricting coalitions". The Asian Age. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
73. Malhotra, Inder (15 September 2014). "The disintegration of Janata". The Indian Express. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
74. "India plunged into crisis as Charan Singh resigns". The Glasgow Herald. 21 August 1979. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
75. "LS dissolved for fourth time". Rediff.com. 4 December 1997. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
76. "8 trust votes since '79, only 3 PMs survived". Times of India. 22 July 2008. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
77. Noorani, A. G. (June 20 – July 3, 2009). "Appointing a PM". Frontline 26 (13). Retrieved 4 July 2014.
78. "Giani Zail Singh: The making of a President". India Today. 15 July 1982. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
79. "Another Indian Government Collapse". Observer – Reporter. 21 August 1979. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
80. "'The price of an MP is increasing day by day. For God's sake, take a decision immediately'". Rediff.com. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
81. "India's midsummer madness". The Spectator. 25 August 1979. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
82. "Jagjivan Ram, Champion of India's Untouchables, Dies at 78". The New York Times. 7 July 1986. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
83. Rajmohan Gandhi (14 October 2000). Revenge and Reconciliation: Understanding South Asian History. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 463–. ISBN 978-81-8475-318-9.
84. "One cannot avoid Machiavellianism altogether. Otherwise, it is not politics". Rediff.com. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
85. "Will the President call a mid-term poll?". Rediff.com. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
86. "Reddy calls for new elections in India". The Morning Record and Journal. 23 August 1979. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
87. "Meeting the coalition challenge head on". The Telegraph. 15 November 2005. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
88. Abbas; et al. Indian Government and Politics:. pp. 254–. ISBN 978-81-317-5374-3.
89. Shubhankar Dam (16 December 2013). Presidential Legislation in India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 216–. ISBN 978-1-107-03971-1.
90. "CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS – Powers of caretaker govt". The Tribune. 3 May 1999. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
91. "1980: Gandhi returned by landslide vote". BBC. 7 January 1980. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
92. "Indira Gandhi takes oath facing social, economic chaos in India". Rome News-Tribune. 14 January 1980. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
93. "Prime Minister Ghandi sworn in". The Palm Beach Post. 15 January 1980. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
94. "DETAILS OF MEDIA PERSONS ACCOMPANYING THE PRESIDENT IN HIS/HER VISITS ABROAD SINCE 1947 TO 2012" (PDF). The President's Secretariat. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
95. Annual Report 1982-83. Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
96. "India Begins 'Preventive Detention'". The Evening Independent. 23 September 1980. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
97. "Preventive detention law imposed in India". The Free Lance Star. Associated Press. 23 September 1980. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
98. "Gandhi tightening grip over 9 states". Observer-Reporter. 18 February 1980. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
99. "President sworn in". The Age. 26 July 1982. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
100. "Foreign Digest: New Delhi". The Glasgow Herald. 26 July 1982. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
101. "Farewell Speech". Herald Journal. 25 July 1982. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
102. "Indian president favours opposition". Gadsden Times. 25 July 1982. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
103. "Bonanzas go bust". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
104. "Neelam Sanjiva Reddy: Ready to retire". India Today. 15 July 1982. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
105. "Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy, Former President of India, 83". The New York Times. 3 June 1996. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
106. "I try to emulate Sanjiva Reddy, says HDK". Deccan Herald. 20 May 2006. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
107. "Parliament Proceedings – June 11, 1996". Parliament of India. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
108. "Without Fear or Favour : Reminiscences and Reflections of a President".
109. "POWER GAMES". Asia Week- CNN. 26 June 1998. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
110. "The tale of an outsider". Frontline 15 (9). April–May 1998. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
111. "Madam Pompadour's Chessboard". Outlook. 18 January 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
112. "Illur gets set for Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy fete". Deccan Chronicle. 1 June 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
113. "Pranab Mukherjee to take part in Neelam centenary, no visit to Sri Satya Saibaba Maha Samadhi". Deccan Chronicle. 19 December 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
114. "President for Neelam fete". Deccan Chronicle. 14 December 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
115. "CM to seek Neelam, PV statues". Deccan Chronicle. 20 May 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
116. "AP govt wants former Prez, Narasimha Rao's statues in Parliament". The Economic Times. 19 May 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
117. "Sanjiva Reddy wants his statue removed". The Asian Age. 12 November 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
118. "Manmohan unveils Neelam's statue". The Hindu. 22 August 2005. Retrieved 5 December 2014.