Narcosynthesis
| Narcosynthesis | |
|---|---|
| Intervention | |
| ICD-10-PCS | |
| ICD-9-CM | 94.21 |
In clinical psychology and psychiatry, narcosynthesis — also called narcoanalysis, amobarbital interview, and amytal interview — is a group of techniques which has its origins in the practice of "narco-hypnosis". Narco-hypnosis, as its name implies, is the use of various narcotics to induce various types of hypnotic states.
History
The mind-altering effects of alcohol, marijuana, and narcotics have been known to man for centuries. In recent years, injections of sodium amytal and pentothal have put this knowledge to practical psychological use, not only to elicit information from suspects under interrogation, but as a means of treatment for shell-shocked soldiers in World War II. There has also been some use of barbiturate hypnosis therapy in interviewing both the defendant and plaintiffs in some court cases.[1]
Misunderstandings
If hypnosis remains a mysterious science, then narcosynthesis and narcohypnosis are all the more mysterious simply because of misunderstanding and ideas popularized by films such as Conspiracy Theory where the main character is pursued by the "mad scientist" type who, in the instance of this film, is associated with the CIA (although it is common in cinema to find these characters associated with any number of governmental intelligence agencies).
Accuracy
Clearly, there has been varied use of narcosynthesis; however, the accuracy of the therapy is debated. As in frank hypnosis, repressed unconscious thought may be more likely to come forth rather than consciously suppressed evidence. Yet there is a deficiency of the ego mechanism; therefore, the true manner for determining truth would most likely be carried out by uncovering conflicting responses through multiple questionings.
In one prominent court case, a man was charged with housebreaking and sodomizing a handicapped woman. Under hypnosis and the administration of sodium amytal, the man denied the charges, and said that he and the woman had engaged in a consensual encounter. The woman after undergoing narcosynthesis herself, gave many conflicting versions of her initial claim of sexual assault. Eventually, she admitted to fabricating the story due to anger over past relationships. The judge in this case permitted for the first time the results of sodium amytal to be admitted as evidence in a federal case. He stated that although any testimony under the influence of barbiturates could not be foolproof, he found the exculpatory evidence was in this case very helpful in uncovering discrepancies that lead to a not guilty verdict.
Criticisms
The opponents of narcosynthesis argue that there is little scientific evidence to warrant its use as a reliable source of interrogation, citing misuses by the CIA and several Indian police agencies. The CIA is said to be responsible for at least one death due to the administration of LSD as a truth serum. India is referred to as the narcoanalysis capital of the world with so-called biscuit teams (behavioral science consultation teams) using pseudoscience to back illegal interrogations. Though security agencies worldwide have shown interest, inconsistent results have proven objective truth elusive, despite increased suggestibility.
Advantages
In 1930, Dr. William Bleckwenn introduced narcoanalysis as a therapy for severely schizophrenic patients or those who suffered from catatonic mutism. These people after being administered the drug would be released from their somatic state for short periods. They could carry on conversations, partake in meals, and behave as if completely healthy; however, the effect was temporary. After some hours, they returned to their prior condition. Despite these short-lived effects, the treatment was common practice in English asylums through the '40s and '50s.[2]
It was from this treatment that cathartic abreaction came into use as a treatment for soldiers following the Second World War. The administration of short-term barbiturates caused disinhibition which facilitated the soldiers' participation in psychotherapy. [3] Therapists worked with the soldiers to recall battle traumas, and subsequently attempt to treat or reduce the effects of "shell shock" and other manifestations of psychological trauma associated with battle. By augmenting standard hypnosis with narcotics and "synthesizing" mental states through the power of hypnotic suggestion, a negative mental state could be replaced by a positive one.
The efficacy of such techniques remains a source of debate among medical professionals; however, it is the ethical aspects of this area of psychology which provide the greatest challenge to society,[4] as the malleability of the human psyche is well documented throughout history.
See also
References
- ↑ McCall, W. Vaughn M.D. “The Addition of Intravenous Caffeine During an Amobarbital Interview”. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience. 1992 November; 17(5): 195–197.
- ↑ Miller, Michael M. “Certain Factors Pertaining to the Value of Narcoanalysis”. Journal of the National Medical Association. 1954 July; 46(4): 238–241.
- ↑ Lopez-Munoz, Francisco, R. Ucha-Udabe, C. Alamo. “The History of Barbiturates a Century after Their Clinical Introduction”. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 2005 December; 1(4): 329–343.
- ↑ Kala, A.K. “Of ethically compromising positions and blatant lies about ‘truth serum’”. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 2007 Jan-Mar; 49(1): 6–9.