Nathan Birnbaum

Nathan Birnbaum is also the birth name of comedian George Burns.
Nathan Birnbaum
Born Nathan Birnbaum
(1864-05-16)May 16, 1864
Vienna, Austrian Empire
Died April 2, 1937(1937-04-02) (aged 72)
Scheveningen, Netherlands
Pen name Mathias Acher
Dr. N. Birner
Mathias Palme
Anton Skart
Theodor Schwarz
Pantarhei
Occupation Writer and journalist

Nathan Birnbaum (Hebrew: נתן בירנבוים‎; pseudonyms: "Mathias Acher", "Dr. N. Birner", "Mathias Palme", "Anton Skart", "Theodor Schwarz", and "Pantarhei") (16 May 1864 – 2 April 1937) was an Austrian writer and journalist, Jewish thinker and nationalist.[1][2] His life had three main phases, representing a progression in his thinking: a Zionist phase (ca. 1883 – ca. 1900); a Jewish cultural autonomy phase (ca. 1900 – ca. 1914) which included the promotion of the Yiddish language; and religious phase (ca. 1914–1937) when he turned to Orthodox Judaism and became staunchly anti-Zionist.

He married Rosa Korngut (1869–1934) and they had three sons: Solomon (Salomo) Birnbaum (1891–1989), Menachem Birnbaum (1893–1944), and Uriel Birnbaum (1894–1956).

Life

Nathan Birnbaum was born in Vienna into an Eastern European Jewish family with roots in Austrian Galicia and Hungary.[3] His father, Menachem Mendel Birnbaum, a merchant, hailed from Ropshitz, Galicia, and his mother, Miriam Birnbaum (née Seelenfreund), who was born in northern Hungary (in a region sometimes called the Carpathian Rus), of a family with illustrious rabbinic lineage, had moved as a child to Tarnow, Galicia, where the two met and married.[4]

From 1882 to 1886 Nathan Birnbaum studied law, philosophy and Near Eastern studies at the University of Vienna. In 1883, at the age of 19, he founded Kadimah, the first Jewish (Zionist) student association in Vienna, many years before Theodor Herzl became the leading spokesman of the Zionist movement. While still a student, he founded and published the periodical Selbstemanzipation!,[5] often written in large part by Birnbaum himself. In it he coined the terms "Zionistic", "Zionist", "Zionism" (1890), and "political Zionism" (1892).[6]

Birnbaum played a prominent part in the First Zionist Congress (1897) where he was elected Secretary-General of the Zionist Organization. He was associated with and was one of the most important representatives of the cultural, rather than political, side of Zionism. However, he left the Zionist Organization not long after the Congress. He was unhappy with its negative view of Diaspora Jewry and the transformation of the Zionist ideals into a party machine.

His next phase was to advocate Jewish cultural autonomy, concentrating in particular on the Jews of eastern Europe. He advocated that the Jews be recognized as a people among the other peoples of the Austrian Empire, with Yiddish as their official language. To this end he ran (in Buczacz, eastern Galicia) on behalf of the Jews (and with the support of the local Ukrainians) as candidate for the Austrian parliament. Although gaining a majority of the votes, his election was thwarted by corruption of the electoral process by the local Polish faction.[7]

He was chief convener of the Conference for the Yiddish Language held in Czernowitz, August 30 –September 3, 1908. This was the first Yiddish language conference ever to take place. At the conference he took the place of his colleague and fellow Yiddish activist Sholem Aleichem who was critically ill.[8]

From about 1912 onwards, Birnbaum became increasingly interested in Orthodox Judaism, and became a fully observant Orthodox Jew in about 1916. He continued particularly to act as advocate for the Jews of eastern Europe and the Yiddish language. From 1919 to 1922 he was General Secretary of the Agudas Yisroel, a widely spread and influential Orthodox Jewish organization. He founded the society of the "Olim" (Hebrew for the "Ascenders"), a society with a specific program of action dedicated to the spiritual ascent of the Jewish people.

Nathan Birnbaum, decrying political Zionism, 1919:

And is it at all possible that we, who regard Judaism as our one and only treasure, should ever be able to compete with such expert demagogues and loud self-advertisers as they [the Zionists]? It is surely not necessary that we should. We are, after all, still the mountains and they the grain, and all we need to do is to gather all our forces in a world organization of religious Jews, and it will follow of itself, and without the application of any great political cunning on our part, that we shall have it in our power to prevent what must needs be prevented and to carry out what we have to carry out. But there is no need first to create this world organization of religious Jews. It is already in existence. The world knows its name, it is Agudas Yisroel [The Union of Israel].

He continued to write and lecture. His most well-known publication of this period of his life was "Gottes Volk", 1918 (German) – "God's Folk", 1921 (Yiddish)—translated into Hebrew as "Am Hashem" (1948[9]

Last years and legacy

In 1933, at the time of the Nazi rise to power, Birnbaum and his wife, together with their son Menachem (an artist) and family, who at that time were all living in Berlin, fled to Scheveningen, the Netherlands, with the help of businessman and diplomat Henri B. van Leeuwen (1888-1973). There Birnbaum, van Leeuwen, and banker Daniel Wolfe published the anti-Zionist newspaper Der Ruf ("The Call"). (Menachem and his family were murdered by the Nazis in 1944.) At the same time, their son Solomon (Professor of Yiddish and Hebrew paleography) and his family fled from Hamburg to England. Their other son Uriel (artist and poet) and his family fled from Vienna to the Netherlands in 1939. Van Leeuwen, also an Orthodox Jew, became a Dutch anti-Zionist leader and Bergen-Belsen survivor.[10]

Nathan Birnbaum died in Scheveningen in 1937 after a period of severe illness.

Works

See also

Notes

This article draws heavily on the corresponding article in the German Wikipedia (Retrieved 05:22, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)). That, in turn, gives the following references:

Additions:

An essay on Nathan Birnbaum's activities within Orthodox Judaism - including information on the Olim ("Ascenders") - may be found at: "Der Aufstieg": Dr. Nathan Birnbaum ZT"L, Ascent and Agudah By Rabbi Yosef Gavriel Bechhofer.

References

  1. ↑ Bridger, David (1962). The New Jewish Encyclopedia. New York, Behrman House. ISBN 978-0-87441-120-1.
  2. ↑ The New Jewish Encyclopedia. "The Religion Book:Zionism". answers.com.
  3. ↑ "Birnbaum, Nathan" (2007). Encyclopaedia Judaica. 2nd ed. Vol. 3. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 714-716.
  4. ↑ Olson, Jess (2013). Nathan Birnbaum and Jewish Modernity: Architect of Zionism, Yiddishism, and Orthodoxy. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. pp. 17–21.
  5. ↑ "Self-Emancipation!" 1885–1894, with some interruptions, renamed 1894 "Juedische Volkszeitung"
  6. ↑ Alex Bein, Herzl Year Book vol. II, p. 6, New York, 1959
  7. ↑ Fishman, Joshua A. (1987). Ideology, Society & Language: The Odyssey of Nathan Birnbaum. Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma Publishers Inc. pp. 30–31.
  8. ↑ First Yiddish Language Conference. Louis Fridhandler, Two roads to Yiddishism (Nathan Birnbaum and Sholem Aleichem)
  9. ↑ and translated into English under the title "Confession" (1946), slightly abridged
  10. ↑ Jews backing academic boycott against Israel

External links

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