Patriotism

For the Japanese movie, see Patriotism (film).
Allegory of Patriotism at the Monument to the Fallen for Spain in Madrid (1840), by sculptor Francisco Pérez del Valle.

Patriotism is an emotional attachment to a nation which an individual recognizes as their homeland. This attachment, also known as national feeling or national pride, can be viewed in terms of different features relating to one's own nation, including ethnic, cultural, political or historical aspects. It encompasses a set of concepts closely related to those of nationalism.[1][2][3] An excess of patriotism in the defense of a nation is called chauvinism; another related term is jingoism.

The English term patriot is first attested in the Elizabethan era, via Middle French from Late Latin (6th century) patriota, meaning "countryman", ultimately from Greek πατριώτης (patriōtēs), meaning "from the same country", from πατρίς (patris), meaning "fatherland".[4] The abstract noun patriotism appears in the early 18th century.[5]

History

An American poster with a patriotic theme (1917), issued by the U.S. Food Administration during World War I

The general notion of civic virtue and group dedication has been attested in culture globally throughout the historical period. For the Enlightenment thinkers of 18th-century Europe, loyalty to the state was chiefly considered in contrast to loyalty to the Church. It was argued that clerics should not be allowed to teach in public schools since their patrie was heaven, so that they could not inspire love of the homeland in their students. One of the most influential proponents of this classical notion of patriotism was Jean-Jacques Rousseau.[1]

Enlightenment thinkers also criticized what they saw as the excess of patriotism. In 1774, Samuel Johnson published The Patriot, a critique of what he viewed as false patriotism. On the evening of 7 April 1775, he made the famous statement, "Patriotism is the last refuge of the scoundrel."[6] James Boswell, who reported this comment in his Life of Johnson, does not provide context for the quote, and it has therefore been argued that Johnson was in fact attacking the false use of the term "patriotism" by contemporaries such as John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute (the patriot-minister) and his supporters; Johnson spoke elsewhere in favor of what he considered "true" patriotism.[7] However, there is no direct evidence to contradict the widely held belief that Johnson's famous remark was a criticism of patriotism itself. Patriotism is the will of the members of a country to support the country and help it continue.

Philosophical issues

Patriotism may be strengthened by adherence to a national religion (a civil religion or even a theocracy). This is the opposite of the separation of church and state demanded by the Enlightenment thinkers who saw patriotism and faith as similar and opposed forces. Michael Billig and Jean Bethke Elshtain have both argued that the difference between patriotism and faith is difficult to discern and relies largely on the attitude of the one doing the labelling.[8]

Christopher Heath Wellman,[9] professor of Philosophy at Washington University in St. Louis, describes that a popular view of the "patriotist" position is robust obligations to compatriots and only minimal samaritan responsibilities to foreigners.[10] Wellman calls this position "patriotist" rather than "nationalist" to single out the members of territorial, political units rather than cultural groups.[10]

Marxism

Marxists have taken various stances regarding patriotism. On one hand, Karl Marx famously stated that "The working men have no country"[11] and that "the supremacy of the proletariat will cause them [national differences] to vanish still faster." The same view is promoted by present-day Trotskyists such as Alan Woods, who is "in favour of tearing down all frontiers and creating a socialist world commonwealth."[12]

On the other hand, Stalinists and Maoists are usually in favour of socialist patriotism based on the theory of socialism in one country.[13]

Region-specific issues

In the European Union, thinkers such as Jürgen Habermas have advocated a Euro-patriotism, but patriotism in Europe is usually directed at the nation-state and often coincides with Euroscepticism.

Surveys

Several surveys have tried to measure patriotism for various reasons, such as the Correlates of War project which found some correlation between war propensity and patriotism. The results from different studies are time dependent. For example, patriotism in Germany before World War I ranked at or near the top, whereas today it ranks at or near the bottom of patriotism surveys.

Since 1981, the World Values Survey explores people's national values and beliefs and refer to the average answer "for high income residents" of a country to the question "Are you proud to be [insert nationality]?". It ranges from 1 (not proud) to 4 (very proud).[14]

See also

Further reading

Look up patriotism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Patriotism
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Patriotism.
Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier's Encyclopedia article Patriotic Societies.

References

  1. 1 2 Historical Dictionary of the Enlightenment - Harvey Chisick - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-11-03.
  2. ↑ "Nationalism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)". Plato.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2013-11-03.
  3. ↑ "Patriotism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)". Plato.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2013-11-03.
  4. ↑ "Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, πατρι-ώτης". Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2013-11-03.
  5. ↑ OED
  6. ↑ Boswell, James (1986), Hibbert, Christopher, ed., The Life of Samuel Johnson, New York: Penguin Classics, ISBN 0-14-043116-0
  7. ↑ Griffin, Dustin (2005), Patriotism and Poetry in Eighteenth-Century Britain, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-00959-6
  8. ↑ Billig, Michael. Banal Nationalism. London: Sage Publishers, 1995, p. 56-58.
  9. ↑ Christopher Wellman, Professor of Philosophy at Washington University in St. Louis, and Professorial Research Fellow at Charles Sturt University in the Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics.
  10. 1 2 Wellman, Christopher Heath (2014). Liberal Rights and Responsibilities: Essays on Citizenship and Sovereignty. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 32, 50. ISBN 9780199982189.
  11. ↑ "Communist Manifesto (Chapter 2)". Marxists.org. Retrieved 2013-11-03.
  12. ↑ Archived December 10, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
  13. ↑ Motyl, Alexander J. (2001). Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Volume II. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-227230-7.
  14. ↑ Morse, Adair. "Patriotism in Your Portfolio" (PDF). Journal of Financial Markets (U of C 2008) 14 (2): 411–440. doi:10.1016/j.finmar.2010.10.006. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 25, 2011.
  15. ↑ "11 - Is it time to be postnational? - University Publishing Online". Ebooks.cambridge.org. Retrieved 2013-11-03.
  16. ↑ "George Orwell: Notes on Nationalism" (in Russian). Orwell.ru. Retrieved 2013-11-03.
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