Neal Cassady

Neal Cassady

Neal Cassady, left, with Jack Kerouac in 1952. Photograph by Carolyn Cassady.
Born Neal Leon Cassady
(1926-02-08)February 8, 1926
Salt Lake City, Utah
Died February 4, 1968(1968-02-04) (aged 41)
San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato, Mexico
Occupation Author, poet
Nationality American
Genre Beat poetry
Literary movement Beat
Notable works The First Third

Neal Leon Cassady (February 8, 1926 – February 4, 1968) was a major figure of the Beat Generation of the 1950s and the psychedelic and counterculture movements of the 1960s. He was prominently featured as himself in the original "scroll" (first draft) version of Jack Kerouac's novel On the Road. He also served as the model for the character Dean Moriarty in the 1957 version of that book. In many of Kerouac's later books, Cassady is represented by the character Cody Pomeray.

Biography

Early years

Cassady was born to Maude Jean (Scheuer) and Neal Marshall Cassady in Salt Lake City, Utah.[1] His mother died when he was 10, and he was raised by his alcoholic father in Denver, Colorado. Cassady spent much of his youth either living on the streets of skid row with his father or in reform school.

As a youth, Cassady was repeatedly involved in petty crime. He was arrested for car theft when he was 14, for shoplifting and car theft when he was 15, and for car theft and fencing when he was 16.

In 1941, the 15-year-old Cassady met Justin W. Brierly, a prominent Denver educator.[2] Brierly was well known as a mentor of promising young men and was impressed by Cassady's intelligence. Over the next few years, Brierly took an active role in Cassady's life. Brierly helped admit Cassady to East High School where he taught Cassady as a student, encouraged and supervised his reading, and found employment for him. Cassady continued his criminal activities, however, and was repeatedly arrested from 1942 to 1944; on at least one of these occasions, he was released by law enforcement into Brierly's safekeeping. In June 1944, Cassady was arrested for possession of stolen goods and served eleven months of a one-year prison sentence. He and Brierly actively exchanged letters during this period, even through Cassady's intermittent incarcerations; this correspondence represents Cassady's earliest surviving letters.[3] Brierly, a closeted homosexual, is also believed to have been responsible for Cassady's first homosexual experience.[4]

Personal life

In October 1945, after being released from prison, Cassady married the 16-year-old LuAnne Henderson.[5] In 1946, the couple traveled to New York City to visit their friend, Hal Chase, another protege of Brierly's. It was while visiting Chase at Columbia University that Cassady met Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg.[6] Although Cassady did not attend Columbia, he soon became friends with them and their acquaintances, some of whom later became members of the Beat Generation. While in New York, Cassady persuaded Kerouac to teach him to write fiction. Cassady's second wife, Carolyn, has stated that, "Neal, having been raised in the slums of Denver amongst the world's lost men, [was] determined to make more of himself, to become somebody, to be worthy and respected. His genius mind absorbed every book he could find, whether literature, philosophy or science. Jack had had a formal education, which Neal envied, but intellectually he was more than a match for Jack, and they enjoyed long discussions on every subject." [7]

Carolyn Robinson met Cassady in 1946, while she worked in Denver, Colorado as a teaching assistant. Carolyn would leave the Beat group shortly after walking in on Neal, his wife LuAnne, and Allen Ginsberg in bed together. Five weeks after Carolyn's departure, Neal got an annulment from LuAnne and married Carolyn, on April 1, 1948. Carolyn's book, Off the Road: Twenty Years with Cassady, Kerouac and Ginsberg (1990), details her marriage to Cassady and recalls him as, "the archetype of the American Man."[8] Cassady's sexual relationship with Ginsberg lasted off and on for the next 20 years.[9]

During this period, Cassady worked for the Southern Pacific Railroad and kept in touch with his "Beat" acquaintances, even as they became increasingly different philosophically.

The couple eventually had three children and settled down in a ranch house in Monte Sereno, California, 50 miles south of San Francisco, where Kerouac and Ginsberg sometimes visited.[10] This home, built in 1954 with money from a settlement from Southern Pacific Railroad for a train-related accident, was demolished in August 1997.[11] In 1950, Cassady entered into a bigamous marriage with Diane Hansen, a young model who was pregnant with his child, Curtis Hansen.

Cassady traveled cross-country with both Kerouac and Ginsberg on multiple occasions, including the trip documented in Kerouac's On the Road.

Role of drugs

Following an arrest in 1958 for offering to share a small amount of marijuana with an undercover agent at a San Francisco nightclub, Cassady served a two-year sentence at California's San Quentin State Prison in Marin County. After his release in June 1960, he struggled to meet family obligations, and Carolyn divorced him when his parole period expired in 1963. Carolyn stated that she was looking to relieve Cassady of the burden of supporting a family, but "this was a mistake and removed the last pillar of his self-esteem."[12]

After the divorce, in 1963, Cassady shared an apartment with Allen Ginsberg and Beat poet Charles Plymell, at 1403 Gough Street, San Francisco.

Cassady first met author Ken Kesey during the summer of 1962; he eventually became one of the Merry Pranksters, a group who formed around Kesey in 1964 who were vocal proponents of the use of psychedelic drugs.

Travels and death

During 1964, Cassady served as the main driver of the bus named Furthur on the iconic first half of the journey from San Francisco to New York, which was immortalized by Tom Wolfe's book, The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test (1968). Cassady appears at length in a documentary film about the Merry Pranksters and their cross-country trip, Magic Trip (August 4, 2011), directed by Alex Gibney.

In January 1967, Cassady traveled to Mexico with fellow prankster George "Barely Visible" Walker and Cassady's longtime girlfriend Anne Murphy. In a beachside house just south of Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, they were joined by Barbara Wilson and Walter Cox. All-night storytelling, speed drives in Walker's Lotus Elan, and the use of LSD made for a classic Cassady performance — "like a trained bear", Carolyn Cassady once said. Cassady was beloved for his ability to inspire others to love life.

During the next year, Cassady's life became less stable, and the pace of his travels more frenetic. He left Mexico in May, traveling to San Francisco, Denver, New York City, and points in between. Cassady then returned to Mexico in September and October (stopping in San Antonio, on the way to visit his oldest daughter who had just given birth to his first grandchild), visited Ken Kesey's Oregon farm in December, and spent the New Year with Carolyn at a friend's house near San Francisco. Finally, in late January 1968, Cassady returned to Mexico once again.

On February 3, 1968, Cassady attended a wedding party in San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato, Mexico. After the party, he went walking along a railroad track to reach the next town, but passed out in the cold and rainy night wearing nothing but a T-shirt and jeans. In the morning, he was found in a coma by the tracks, reportedly by Dr. Anton Black, later a professor at El Paso Community College, who carried Cassady over his shoulders to the local post office building. Cassady was then transported to the closest hospital where he died a few hours later on February 4, four days short of his 42nd birthday.

The exact cause of Cassady's death remains uncertain. Those who attended the wedding party confirm that he took an unknown quantity of secobarbital, a powerful barbiturate sold under the brand name Seconal. The physician who performed the autopsy wrote simply, "general congestion in all systems." When interviewed later, the physician stated that he was unable to give an accurate report because Cassady was a foreigner and there were drugs involved. "Exposure" is commonly cited as his cause of death, although his widow believes he may have died of renal failure.[13]

Children

Cassady has four known children: Cathleen Joanne Cassady (1948), Jami Cassady Ratto (1949), Curtis W. Hansen (1950), and John Cassady (1951). Cathleen, known as Cathy, is the mother of the only grandchild Neal met. Cathy, Jami, and John keep a website in memory of their parents and parents' Beat friends.[14][15]

Curt, born from a bigamous marriage with Diana Hansen, died April 30, 2014, aged 63. He was one of the co-founders of radio station WEBE 108, in Bridgeport, CT.[16]

Writing style and influence

Cassady is credited with helping Kerouac break with his Thomas Wolfe-influenced sentimental style, as seen in The Town and the City (1950). After reading Cassady's letters, Kerouac was inspired to write his story in Cassady's communication style: "in a rush of mad ecstasy, without self-consciousness or mental hesitation."[17]

This fluid writing style, reading more like a stream of consciousness or hypermanic rapid-fire conversation than written prose, is best demonstrated within Cassady's letters to family and friends. In a letter to Kerouac from 1953, Cassady begins with the following fervent sentence;

"Well it’s about time you wrote, I was fearing you farted out on top that mean mountain or slid under while pissing in Pismo, beach of flowers, food and foolishness, but I knew the fear was ill-founded for balancing it in my thoughts of you, much stronger and valid if you weren’t dead, was a realization of the experiences you would be having down there, rail, home, and the most important, climate, by a remembrance of my own feelings and thoughts (former low, or more exactly, nostalgic and unreal; latter hi) as, for example, I too seemed to spend time looking out upper floor windows at sparse, especially night times, traffic in females—old or young."[18]

"On the Road" became a sensation by capturing Cassady's voice and Kerouac discovered a unique style of his own that he called "spontaneous prose", a stream of consciousness prose form.[19]

Cassady’s own written work was never formally published in his lifetime, and he left behind only a half written manuscript and a number of personal letters. Cassady admitted to Kerouac in a letter from 1948, “My prose has no individual style as such, but is rather an unspoken and still unexpressed groping toward the personal. There is something there that wants to come out; something of my own that must be said. Yet, perhaps, words are not the way for me.” [18]

Appearances and influence in popular culture

In film

Archival footage

Dramatizations

In literature

In music

Published works

Published biographies

Literary studies

References

Notes

  1. Sandison, David; Vickers, Graham (2006-11-19). "‘Neal Cassady'". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
  2. Cassady & Moore 2004, p. 1.
  3. Cassady & Moore 2004, p. 1; Sandison & Vickers 2006, pp. 42–46.
  4. Turner 1996, p. 79 ("Brierly had been sexually attracted to Neal, and managed to entice him into his first homosexual experience."); Sandison & Vickers 2006, pp. 41–42 ("Brierly was most likely also a closet homosexual, and it was probably through him that Neal Cassady would first discover and explore gay sex and serve as a hustler in Denver's gay community.") According to some reports, however, Brierly's sexual orientation was an open secret. See Weir, John (2005-06-22), "Everybody knows, nobody cares, or: Neal Cassady's Penis", TriQuarterly, archived from the original on 2009-06-20.
  5. http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/OBITUARIES/2009-06/1245474484
  6. Asher, Levi. "Neal Cassady". beatmuseum.org. Literary Kicks. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  7. http://www.nealcassadyestate.com/faq-s.html
  8. Ferlinghetti, Lawrence (1990). Off the Road: My Years with Cassady, Kerouac and Ginsberg. Nation. pp. 652–653.
  9. Young, Allen (1973). Allen Ginsberg: the Gay Sunshine Interview. Bolinas, California: Grey Fox Press. p. 1.
  10. Cassady, Carolyn (1990). Off the Road: My Years with Cassady, Kerouac, and Ginsberg. London: Black Spring Press. ISBN 0-948238-05-4.
  11. http://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/08.28.97/slices-9735.html
  12. "Carolyn Cassady". Neal Cassady Estate.
  13. Neal Cassidy website (retrieved 26 January 2009)
  14. "The legacy of iconic literary figure Neal Cassady lives on in Santa Cruz with his son and daughter". Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  15. "Cassady Family's Website". Neal Cassady Estate. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  16. "Curtis Hansen Obituary". Milford Mirror. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  17. Asher, Levi. "Neal Cassady". LitKicks.come. Literary Kicks. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  18. 1 2 "Neal Cassady: American Muse, Holy Fool". New Yorker.
  19. Knight, Arthur and Kit (1988). Kerouac and the Beats. New York, NY: Paragon House. ISBN 1-55778-067-6.
  20. "'Love Always, Carolyn". Documentary film. IMDB. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
  21. IMDB title
  22. IMDB entry
  23. http://www.nealcassadyestate.com/carolyn.html, retrieved 28 August 2007
  24. Brooks, Barnes (December 2, 2009). "Sundance Tries to Hone Its Artsy Edge". newyorktimes.com.
  25. "Alessandro Nivola is hotter than Audrey Tautou". BlackBookMag.com. Retrieved 2009-09-22.
  26. Paul Maher Jr. Kerouac: The Definitive Biography (Lanham, MD: Taylor Trade Publishing, 2004) p. 233 ISBN 0-87833-305-3
  27. Kerouac, Jack (1976). On The Road. USA: Penguin Group. ISBN 1101127570.
  28. Bignell, Paul; Johnson, Andrew (2007-07-29). "On the Road (uncensored). Discovered: Kerouac 'cuts'". The Independent (London). Retrieved 2010-05-20.
  29. "Other One". Dead.net. Retrieved August 4, 2007.
  30. http://arts.ucsc.edu/GDead/AGDL/other1.html, retrieved 23 August 2007
  31. Cassidy's Tale
  32. "Kerouac letter discovery shows poet didn't toss it". Boston Herald. November 24, 2014.
  33. Neary, Lynne (November 24, 2014). "Long lost letter that inspired On the Road Style has been found". National Public Radio.

Bibliography

  • Cassady, Neal; Moore, Dave (2004), Neal Cassady: Collected Letters, 1944-1967, Penguin Books, ISBN 978-0-14-200217-9 
  • Collins, Ronald & Skover, David (March 2013). Mania: The Story of the Outraged & Outrageous Lives that Launched a Cultural Revolution. Top-Five Books. 
  • Sandison, David; Vickers, Graham (2006), Neal Cassady: The Fast Life of a Beat Hero, Chicago Review Press, ISBN 1-55652-615-6 .
  • Turner, Steve (1996), Angelheaded Hipster: A Life of Jack Kerouac, London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, ISBN 0-7475-2480-7 

Further reading

Archival resources

External links

Neal Cassady at Find a Grave

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