Neman, Russia
| Neman (English) Ðеман (Russian) | |
|---|---|
| - Town[1] - | |
 Castle ruins | |
.svg.png) Location of Kaliningrad Oblast in Russia | |
  Neman | |
|
| |
| Administrative status (as of November 2011) | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Kaliningrad Oblast[1] |
| Administrative district | Nemansky District[1] |
| Town of district significance | Neman[1] |
| Administrative center of | Nemansky District,[1] town of district significance of Neman[1] |
| Municipal status (as of February 2013) | |
| Municipal district | Nemansky Municipal District[2] |
| Urban settlement | Nemanskoye Urban Settlement[2] |
| Administrative center of | Nemansky Municipal District,[2] Nemanskoye Urban Settlement[2] |
| Statistics | |
| Population (2010 Census) | 11,798 inhabitants[3] |
| Time zone | USZ1 (UTC+02:00)[4] |
| Founded | 1288[5] |
| Previous names | Ragnit (until 1946)[5] |
| Postal code(s)[6] | 238710, 238711 |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 40162 |
| Neman on Wikimedia Commons | |
Neman (Russian: Ðеман), prior to 1946 known by its German name Ragnit (Lithuanian: RagainÄ—; Polish: Ragneta) is a town and the administrative center of Nemansky District in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, located in the historic East Prussia, on the steep southern bank of the Neman River, where it forms the Russian border with the KlaipÄ—da Region in Lithuania, and 130 kilometers (81 mi) northeast of Kaliningrad, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 11,798 (2010 Census);[3] 12,714 (2002 Census);[7] 13,821 (1989 Census).[8]
History
Teutonic Order 1288–1466
Teutonic Order 1466–1525 (fief of Poland)
Duchy of Prussia 1525–1657 (fief of Poland)
Duchy of Prussia 1657–1701
.svg.png){kind=small}
Kingdom of Prussia 1701–1871
German Empire 1871–1918
.svg.png){kind=small}
Weimar Republic 1918–1933
.svg.png){kind=small}
Nazi Germany 1933–1945
Soviet Union 1945–1991
Russian Federation 1991–present
Ragnita (from Old Prussian: ragas, "spur"), founded in 1288,[5] was a settlement of the Baltic (Old Prussian) tribe of Skalvians. It was contested by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since its creation in the 13th century, and on April 23, 1289 it was conquered by the Teutonic Knights, who built a Gothic castle there, which later became the seat of a Komtur. The stronghold was called Landeshut, but the name did not become popular and the name Ragnit, after a local river, a tributary of the Memel (outside of Prussia called Neman), continued to be used.
Although the settlement had an important castle not only guarding the Prussian lands of the State of the Teutonic Order from the north but also serving as a military base for the Knights' campaigns into adjacent Samogitia, it was living in the shadow of the nearby city of Tilsit (present-day Sovetsk). After the dissolution of the Order's State under its last Grand Master Albrecht von Hohenzollern, Ragnit on April 10, 1525 became a part of the Duchy of Prussia, which was ruled by the House of Hohenzollern as a fief of the Polish Crown until 1657. The duchy was inherited by the Hohenzollern margraves of Brandenburg in 1618, becoming an integral part of Brandenburg-Prussia, whereby remote Ragnit retained its status as a regional capital.
Ragnit was devastated by Tatars during the Second Northern War in 1656 and again by Swedish forces during the Scanian War in 1678, while the "Great Elector" Frederick William of Brandenburg had achieved full sovereignty over his Prussian lands by the 1657 Treaty of Wehlau. His son and successor Elector Frederick III elevated himself to a King in Prussia in 1701. He granted Ragnit town privileges on April 6, 1722. It was again destroyed during the Seven Years' War, this time by Russian forces in 1757.
Incorporated into the Province of East Prussia from 1815, Ragnit became a part of the German Empire upon the Prussian-led unification of Germany in 1871. On November 1, 1892, a railroad line linking the town with Tilsit (now Sovetsk) was opened. It was built to develop the wood industry in the area, but the development did not actually start and the area's economy remained dominated by food production. When Germany had to cede the KlaipÄ—da Region north of the Neman River to the Conference of Ambassadors according to the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, Ragnit became a border town. In 1922, it lost its status as an administrative capital in favor of Tilsit.
During World War II, on January 19, 1945, Ragnit was captured without a fight by the 3rd Belorussian Front of the Red Army in the course of the East Prussian Offensive. According to the 1945 Potsdam Agreement, the town became a part of Kaliningrad Oblast of the Russian SFSR. It was renamed Neman in 1946.[5] Most of the local inhabitants who had not fled during the Soviet conquest of East Prussia were subsequently expelled to the western parts of Germany.
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Neman serves as the administrative center of Nemansky District.[1] As an administrative division, it is, together with nineteen rural localities, incorporated within Nemansky District as the town of district significance of Neman.[1] As a municipal division, the town of district significance of Neman is incorporated within Nemansky Municipal District as Nemanskoye Urban Settlement.[2]
Lithuanian minority
Despite being a part of German-speaking states, for centuries Ragnit was an important center of Lithuanian culture. From 1549 to 1563, famous Lithuanian writer and translator (who wrote the first book in the Lithuanian language, "Catechismusa Prasty Szadei" ("The Simple Words of Catechism")) Martynas Mažvydas was priest and Archdiacon of RagainÄ—. While living in RagainÄ— he wrote "The Song of St. Ambrosy" (with a dedication in Lithuanian), translated "The Form of Baptism" from German into Lithuanian, published "The Prussian Agenda" into the prayer "Paraphrasis". One of his major works was "The Christian Songs" (GiesmÄ—s KrikÅ¡ÄioniÅ¡kos). In the 19th century, after the January Uprising when the Lithuanian language was banned from the office in all of Russian-ruled Lithuania, books in that language were printed in Ragnit and then smuggled to Russia by the Lithuanian book smugglers (knygneÅ¡iai). According to German data 17,500 Lithuanians lived in the Ragnit district in 1890 (32% of the population).[9] In 2010 Lithuanians composed 2,8% of the town population, being the third largest ethnic group after Russians and Belarusians.
Notable people
- Julius Bacher (1810–1889), German novelist
- Walter Bruno Henning (1908–1967), German scholar
- Martynas Jankus (1858-1946), Lithuanian printer, publicist
- Erich Klossowski (1875-1949), German-Polish art historian, painter
- Martynas Mažvydas (1510–1563), Lithuanian priest, writer, translator
- Johann Friedrich Reiffenstein (1719–1793), German painter, antiquarian
International relations
Twin towns and sister cities
Neman is twinned with:
See also
References
Notes
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Resolution #640
- 1 2 3 4 5 Law #257
- 1 2 Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Ð’ÑероÑÑийÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑ€ÐµÐ¿Ð¸ÑÑŒ наÑÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Ð’ÑероÑÑийÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑ€ÐµÐ¿Ð¸ÑÑŒ наÑÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
- ↑ ПравительÑтво РоÑÑийÑкой Федерации. Федеральный закон â„–107-ФЗ от 3 Ð¸ÑŽÐ½Ñ 2011 г. «Об иÑчиÑлении времени», в ред. Федерального закона â„–248-ФЗ от 21 Ð¸ÑŽÐ»Ñ 2014 г. «О внеÑении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об иÑчиÑлении времени"». Ð’Ñтупил в Ñилу по иÑтечении шеÑтидеÑÑти дней поÑле Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ñ„Ð¸Ñ†Ð¸Ð°Ð»ÑŒÐ½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¾Ð¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ (6 авгуÑта 2011 г.). Опубликован: "РоÑÑийÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð³Ð°Ð·ÐµÑ‚Ð°", â„–120, 6 Ð¸ÑŽÐ½Ñ 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #107-FZ of June 31, 2011 On Calculating Time, as amended by the Federal Law #248-FZ of July 21, 2014 On Amending Federal Law "On Calculating Time". Effective as of after sixty days following the day of the official publication.).
- 1 2 3 4 ÐÐ½Ñ†Ð¸ÐºÐ»Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ñ Ð“Ð¾Ñ€Ð¾Ð´Ð° РоÑÑии. Moscow: Ð‘Ð¾Ð»ÑŒÑˆÐ°Ñ Ð Ð¾ÑÑийÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐнциклопедиÑ. 2003. p. 294. ISBN 5-7107-7399-9.
- ↑ Почта РоÑÑии. Информационно-вычиÑлительный центр ОÐСУ РПО. (Russian Post). ПоиÑк объектов почтовой ÑвÑзи (Postal Objects Search) (Russian)
- ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "ЧиÑленноÑÑ‚ÑŒ наÑÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð Ð¾ÑÑии, Ñубъектов РоÑÑийÑкой Федерации в ÑоÑтаве федеральных округов, районов, городÑких поÑелений, ÑельÑких наÑелённых пунктов – районных центров и ÑельÑких наÑелённых пунктов Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñелением 3 Ñ‚Ñ‹ÑÑчи и более человек" [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Ð’ÑероÑÑийÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑ€ÐµÐ¿Ð¸ÑÑŒ наÑÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian). Retrieved August 9, 2014.
- ↑ Demoscope Weekly (1989). "Ð’ÑеÑÐ¾ÑŽÐ·Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑ€ÐµÐ¿Ð¸ÑÑŒ наÑÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ 1989 г. ЧиÑленноÑÑ‚ÑŒ наличного наÑÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñоюзных и автономных реÑпублик, автономных облаÑтей и округов, краёв, облаÑтей, районов, городÑких поÑелений и Ñёл-райцентров" [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Ð’ÑеÑÐ¾ÑŽÐ·Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑ€ÐµÐ¿Ð¸ÑÑŒ наÑÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). ИнÑтитут демографии Ðационального иÑÑледовательÑкого универÑитета: Ð’Ñ‹ÑÑˆÐ°Ñ ÑˆÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð° Ñкономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
- ↑ http://www.verwaltungsgeschichte.de/tilsit.html
Sources
- ПравительÑтво КалининградÑкой облаÑти. ПоÑтановление â„–640 от 30 авгуÑта 2011 г. «Об утверждении рееÑтра объектов админиÑтративно-территориального Ð´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐšÐ°Ð»Ð¸Ð½Ð¸Ð½Ð³Ñ€Ð°Ð´Ñкой облаÑти», в ред. ПоÑÑ‚Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ â„–877 от 21 ноÑÐ±Ñ€Ñ 2011 г «О внеÑении Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð² ПоÑтановление ПравительÑтва КалининградÑкой облаÑти от 30 авгуÑта 2011 г. â„–640». Ð’Ñтупил в Ñилу Ñо Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ñ„Ð¸Ñ†Ð¸Ð°Ð»ÑŒÐ½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ опубликованиÑ. Опубликован: "КалининградÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ñ€Ð°Ð²Ð´Ð°" (вкладыш "Официально"), â„–170, 15 ÑентÑÐ±Ñ€Ñ 2011 г. (Government of Kaliningrad Oblast. Resolution #640 of August 30, 2011 On the Adoption of the Registry of the Objects of the Administrative-Territorial Divisions of Kaliningrad Oblast, as amended by the Resolution #877 of November 21, 2011 On Amending the Resolution of the Government of Kaliningrad Oblast #640 of August 30, 2011. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
- КалининградÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð°ÑÑ‚Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð”ÑƒÐ¼Ð°. Закон â„–257 от 30 Ð¸ÑŽÐ½Ñ 2008 г. «Об организации меÑтного ÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¾ÑƒÐ¿Ñ€Ð°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° территории муниципального Ð¾Ð±Ñ€Ð°Ð·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ "ÐеманÑкий городÑкой округ"», в ред. Закона â„–89 от 15 Ñ„ÐµÐ²Ñ€Ð°Ð»Ñ 2012 г «О внеÑении изменений в Закон КалининградÑкой облаÑти "Об организации меÑтного ÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¾ÑƒÐ¿Ñ€Ð°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° территории муниципального Ð¾Ð±Ñ€Ð°Ð·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ "ÐеманÑкий городÑкой округ"». Ð’Ñтупил в Ñилу Ñо Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ñ„Ð¸Ñ†Ð¸Ð°Ð»ÑŒÐ½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ опубликованиÑ. Опубликован: "КалининградÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ñ€Ð°Ð²Ð´Ð°", â„–124, 11 Ð¸ÑŽÐ»Ñ 2008 г. (Kaliningrad Oblast Duma. Law #257 of June 30, 2008 On the Organization of the Local Self-Government on the Territory of the Municipal Formation of "Nemansky Urban Okrug", as amended by the Law #89 of February 15, 2012 On Amending the Law of Kaliningrad Oblast "On the Organization of the Local Self-Government on the Territory of the Municipal Formation of "Nemansky Urban Okrug". Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
External links
- Unofficial website of Neman (Russian)
| |||||||||||||||||||||
