Snipe eel

Snipe eels
Avocet snipe-eel
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Anguilliformes
Family: Nemichthyidae
Genera
See table

Snipe eels are a family, Nemichthyidae, of eels that consists of nine species in three genera. They are pelagic fishes, found in every ocean, mostly at depths of 300–600 m but sometimes as deep as 4000 m. Depending on the species, adults may reach 1–2 m (30-60 inches) in length, yet they weigh only 80-400 g (a few ounces to a pound). They are distinguished by their very slender jaws that separate toward the tips as the upper jaw curves upward. The jaws appear similar to the beak of the bird called the snipe. Snipe eels are oviparous, and the juveniles, called Leptocephali (meaning small head), do not resemble the adults but have oval, leaf-shaped and transparent bodies. Different species of snipe eel have different shapes, sizes and colors. The similarly named bobtail snipe eel is actually in a different family and represented by two species, the black Cyema atrum and the bright red Neocyema erythrosoma.

Genera and species

There are nine species in three genera:[1]

Snipe eels (family Nemichthyidae)
genera image scientific name common name max
length
(cm)		 max
weight
(kg)		 max
age
(years)		 dorsal
rays		 anal
rays		 depth
(m)		 Fish
Base		 ITIS IUCN status
Avocettina Avocettina acuticeps
(Regan, 1916)		 Southern snipe eel 77 325–436 280–368 to 2000 [2] [3] Not assessed
Avocettina bowersii
(Garman, 1899)		 92–641 [4] [5] Not assessed
Avocettina infans
(Günther, 1878)		 Avocet snipe-eel 80 to 350 265–270 0–4580 [6] [7] Not assessed
Avocettina paucipora
Nielsen & Smith, 1978		 55 254–297 218–257 [8] [9] Not assessed
Labichthys Labichthys carinatus
Gill & Ryder, 1883		 80 0–2000 [10] [11] Not assessed
Labichthys yanoi
(Mead & Rubinoff, 1966)		 Yano's snipe eel [12] [13] Not assessed
Nemichthys Nemichthys curvirostris
(Strömman, 1896)		 Boxer snipe eel 143 0–2000 [14] [15] Not assessed
Nemichthys larseni
Nielsen & Smith, 1978		 161 173–222 164–208 170–1280 [16] [17] Not assessed
Nemichthys scolopaceus
Richardson, 1848		 Slender snipe eel 130 ~350 ~320 258–4337 [18] [19] Not assessed

Characteristics

Snipe eels have the long, slender body typical of eels. They are distinguished by their very slender jaws that separate toward the tips as the upper jaw curves upward and which appear similar to the beak of the bird called the snipe. The vent may be near the throat (as in N. scolopaceus) or further back on the body (as in A. gilli and A. infans). Depending on the species, adults may reach 30-60 inches long, and weigh only few ounces to a pound. The dorsal fins show wide variation, too. For example, A. gilli has fewer than 280 rays in its dorsal fin, while A. infans has more than 320.

The only food items actually found in the stomachs of snipe eels have been shrimp-like crustaceans, though ichthyologists believe they should be capable of catching and eating small fish and cephalopods also. Since predatory fish often feed on eel larvae, it is presumed by scientists and ichthyologists that they feed on snipe eel larvae as well. It is also thought that larger fish eat adult snipe eels though there is not much direct evidence for this. Scientists have reported a few stories of rockfish vomiting up a snipe eel after being caught and hauled to the surface in a trawl net.

Distribution

A scale diagram of the layers of the pelagic zone. Mature snipe eels generally occupy the Bathypelagic Zone.

Snipe eels are found in every ocean and generally occupy depths of 300–600 m, though specimens have been caught nearer the surface at night, and storms occasionally result in individuals being stranded on the shore.[20] Larval snipe eels occupy more shallow regions of 60–70 m before descending to metamorphose into adult form.

Reproduction

Based on studies of several species of snipe eel in the Sargasso Sea and off the coast of California, it seems that snipe eels spawn mainly in the spring, but also into early summer. The juvenile forms of eels are generally called leptocephali (meaning “small head”) and do not look like their adult forms. They are flat and transparent, taking forms that may be elongated or closer to the shape of a leaf. They remain in the larval form and near the surface (upper 200 m) for several months before descending to metamorphose. This is similar to other eel species but much longer than most other fish.[21]

Similar fish

The bobtail snipe eels are two species of deep-sea fishes in the family Cyematidae, one only in each of two genera. They are small elongate fishes, growing up to 16 centimeters (6 inches) long. They are bathypelagic (deep-water ocean-dwellers) and have been found down to 5,000 meters (16,400 feet). They are found in all oceans. Cyema atrum is black, while Neocyema erythrosoma is bright red.[22]

Sawtooth eels are a family, Serrivomeridae, of eels found in temperate and tropical seas worldwide. Sawtooth eels get their name from the saw-like arrangement of inward-slanting teeth attached to the vomer bone in the roof of the mouth.[22] They are deep water pelagic fish.[23] There are eleven species of sawtooth eels in two genera:[1]

References

  1. 1 2 Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2011). "Nemichthyidae" in FishBase. June 2011 version.
  2. ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2015). "Avocettina acuticeps" in FishBase. March 2015 version.
  3. ↑ "Avocettina acuticeps". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved March 2015.
  4. ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2015). "Avocettina bowersii" in FishBase. March 2015 version.
  5. ↑ "Avocettina bowersii". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved March 2015.
  6. ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2015). "Avocettina infans" in FishBase. March 2015 version.
  7. ↑ "Avocettina infans". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved March 2015.
  8. ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2015). "Avocettina paucipora" in FishBase. March 2015 version.
  9. ↑ "Avocettina paucipora". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved March 2015.
  10. ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2015). "Labichthys carinatus" in FishBase. March 2015 version.
  11. ↑ "Labichthys carinatus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved March 2015.
  12. ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2015). "Labichthys yanoi" in FishBase. March 2015 version.
  13. ↑ "Labichthys yanoi". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved March 2015.
  14. ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2015). "Nemichthys curvirostris" in FishBase. March 2015 version.
  15. ↑ "Nemichthys curvirostris". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved March 2015.
  16. ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2015). "Nemichthys larseni" in FishBase. March 2015 version.
  17. ↑ "Nemichthys larseni". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved March 2015.
  18. ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2015). "Nemichthys scolopaceus" in FishBase. March 2015 version.
  19. ↑ "Nemichthys scolopaceus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved March 2015.
  20. ↑ John C. Briggs (1960) Fishes of Worldwide (Circumtropical) Distribution Copeia No. 3, 1960: 171-180; Gokoglu M, Guven O, Balci BA, Colak H, Golani D. First records of Nemichthys scolopaceus and Nemipterus randalli and second record of Apterichthus caecus from Antalya Bay, southern Turkey. Marine Biodiversity Records, 2:e29, Cambridge University Press, 2009
  21. ↑ Wippelhauser GS, Miller MJ, McCleave JD. Evidence of spawning and the larval distributions of snipe eels (family nemichthyidae) in the Sargasso Sea. Bulletin of Marine Science, 59(2):298-309, 1996
  22. 1 2 Fitch, JE, Lavenberg RJ. Deep-Water Fishes of California, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, Library of Congress number 68-64172, pp. 61-65, 1968
  23. ↑ McCosker, John F. (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N., ed. Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 90. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
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