Nennius

For Nennius, British prince in the works of Geoffrey of Monmouth, see Nennius of Britain.

Nennius (also known as Nemnius or Nemnivus) was a Welsh monk of the 9th century. He has traditionally been attributed with the authorship of the Historia Brittonum, based on the prologue affixed to that work,[1] This attribution is widely considered a secondary (10th century) tradition.[2]

Nennius was a student of Elvodugus, commonly identified with the bishop Elfodd who convinced British ecclesiastics to accept the Continental dating for Easter, and who died in 809 according to the Annales Cambriae.

Nennius is believed to have lived in the area made up by present day Brecknockshire and Radnorshire counties in Powys, Wales.[3] He lived outside the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, isolated by mountains in a rural society.[4] Because of the lack of evidence concerning the life of Nennius he has become the subject of legend himself. Welsh traditions include Nennius with Elbodug and others said to have escaped the massacre of Welsh monks by Ethelfrid in 613, fleeing to the north.[5]

Authorship of Historia Brittonum

Main article: Historia Brittonum

Nennius was traditionally credited with having written the Historia Brittonum c. 830.[6] The Historia Brittonum was highly influential, becoming a major contributor to the Arthurian legend. It also includes the legendary origins of the Picts, Scots, St. Germanus and Vortigern, and documents events associated with the Anglo-Saxon invasion of the 7th century as contributed by a Northumbrian document.[7]

Evidence suggests that this medieval literature was a compilation of several sources, some of which are named by Nennius while others are not. Some experts say that this was not the first compiled history of the Britons and that it was largely based on Gildas' De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae written some two centuries before.[8] Scholarship indicates that other sources included a Life of St Germanaius and a number of royal pedigrees.[9] Most other sources have not survived and therefore cannot be confirmed. The surviving manuscripts of the Historia Brittonum appear to be redacted from several lost versions: information about Nennius contained in the Prologue and in the Apology differs, the Prologue containing an expanded form of the Apology that is only found in editions copied during the 12th century, leading experts to believe that later versions of the document were altered.[10] The largest known edition contains seventy-six sections including the Prologue and the Apology. The work was translated into Irish by Giolla Coemgin in c. 1071 and is the earliest example of the original Historia Brittonum,[11] but includes the author’s name, Nennius.[12]

Originally written as a history of the Britons in an attempt to document a legitimate past, the Historia Brittonum contains stories of legend and superstition alike.[13] The historical accuracy of the Historia Brittonum is at best questionable, but the document is internally consistent and provides information from and indirectly about Nennius' sources.[9] Some historians argue that the Historia Brittonum gives good insight into the way 9th century Britons viewed themselves and their past.[14] Nennius makes several attempts to trace the history of the Britons back to the Romans and Celts through his empirical observations of what he refers to as "The Marvels" or "Wonders of Britain".[13] These include ruins, landmarks and other aspects of the British countryside that Nennius deems worthy of documentation. His explanation of the physical landmarks and ruins take on a very mystical interpretation despite Nennius being a Christian monk. Within the writing of Nennius is a sense of pseudo-nationalist pride attempting to legitimise the people of Britain and embellish the past through legend much as the Romans used the story of Romulus and Remus to legitimise the founding of Rome.[15] One such example of Nennius stressing legend is in his accounts of Arthur and his twelve battles. The Historia Brittonum would come to be the basis on which later medieval authors such as Geoffrey of Monmouth would write the romantic histories of King Arthur.[16]

Debate regarding his life and works

The Prologue, in which Nennius introduces his purpose and means for writing the British History, first appears in a manuscript from the twelfth century. The prologues of all other manuscripts, though only included marginally, so closely resemble this first prologue that William Newell claims they must be copies. "The preface has evidently been prepared by some one who had before him the completed text of the treatise. It appears in the first instance as a marginal gloss contained in a MS. of the twelfth century;' under ordinary conditions, the chapter would unhesitatingly be set aside as a forgery."[17] He counters Zimmer's argument by reasoning that the Irishman responsible for the "superior" Irish translations might have added his own touches, further claiming that if a Latin version of the Historia had been available in the 12th century, it would have been replicated in that language, not translated.

David N. Dumville argues that the manuscript tradition and nature of the Prologue in particular fail to substantiate the claim that Nennius authored Historia Brittonum. In his argument against Zimmer, he cites a textual inconsistency in the Irish translation regarding a place called Beulan, concluding that "we must admit to ignorance of the name of [the Historia's] ninth-century author."[18]

Associated historians and authors

Notes

  1. ↑ J. A. Giles (translator), Nennius: The History of the Britons, in Six Old English Chronicles (1847)
  2. ↑ e.g. David Dumville, quoted at: http://www.britishhistoryclub.com/bhc/sources/nennius_hb.html Archived 7 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ↑  Lee, Sidney, ed. (1894). "Nennius". Dictionary of National Biography 40. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 218.
  4. ↑ Gransden, Antonia. Historical Writing in England. Ithaca, New York: Cornell UP, 1974. 12
  5. ↑ Lee, Sidney, ed. "Nennius." Dictionary of National Biography. XL. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1894. 221
  6. ↑ Gransden, Antonia. Historical Writing in England. Ithaca, New York: Cornell UP, 1974. 6
  7. ↑ Marsh, Henry. Dark Age Britain: Some Sources of History. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books, 1970. 84
  8. ↑ Gransden, Antonia. Historical Writing in England. Ithaca, New York: Cornell UP, 1974. 7
  9. 1 2 Stenton, Frank. Anglo Saxon England. New York: Oxford UP, 1971. 75–76
  10. ↑ Lee, Sidney, ed. "Nennius." Dictionary of National Biography. XL. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1894. 218-19
  11. ↑ Lee, Sidney, ed. "Nennius." Dictionary of National Biography. XL. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1894. 219
  12. ↑ Gransden, Antonia. Historical Writing in England. Ithaca, New York: Cornell UP, 1974. 9
  13. 1 2 Gransden, Antonia. Historical Writing in England. Ithaca, New York: Cornell UP, 1974. 11
  14. ↑ Marsh, Henry. Dark Age Britain: Some Sources of History. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books, 1970. 8
  15. ↑ Gransden, Antonia. Historical Writing in England. Ithaca, New York: Cornell UP, 1974. 8
  16. ↑ Marsh, Henry. Dark Age Britain: Some Sources of History. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books, 1970. 65
  17. ↑ Newell, William Wells. "Doubts Concerning the British History Attributed to Nennius." PMLA. 20.3 (1905): 622–72.
  18. ↑ Dumville, D. N. Histories and Pseudo-histories of the Insular Middle Ages. Aldershot: Variorum, 1990.
  19. ↑ Gransden, Antonia. Historical Writing in England. Ithaca, New York: Cornell UP, 1974.

References

External links

Wikisource has original works written by or about:
Nennius
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Thursday, January 14, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.