Neodiapsida

Neodiapsids Temporal range: Guadalupian–Present, 254.7–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Fossil of an early neodiapsid (Claudiosaurus germaini), Redpath Museum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Clade:	Diapsida
Clade:	Neodiapsida Benton, 1985
Subgroups
†Claudiosaurus †Ichthyosauromorpha Sauria †Weigeltisauridae †Younginiformes

Neodiapsida is a clade, or major branch, of the reptilian family tree and includes all diapsids apart from some early primitive types known as the araeoscelidians.

In phylogenetic systematics, they are variously defined as the common ancestor and all its descendants of Younginiforms and "crown diapsids" (the common ancestor of lizards, crocodilians and birds, and all their descendants) [Callaway 1997], or all diapsids that are more closely related to Sauria than to Araeoscelidia (Laurin and Gauthier 2000).

Early or basal Permian neodiaspids were lizard-like, but already include specialised forms for swimming (Claudiosaurus) and gliding (Coelurosauravidae), as well as more conventional lizard-like forms (Youngina etc.). Before the end of the Permian, the neodiapsids give rise to the main branches of the diapsid evolutionary tree, the lepidosaurs and archosaurs.

Classification

The clade Neodiapsida was given a phylogenetic definition by Laurin in 1991. He defined it as the branch-based clade containing all animals more closely related to "Younginiformes" (later, more specifically, emended to Youngina capensis) than to Petrolacosaurus.^[1] The cladogram presented here illustrates the "family tree" of reptiles, and follows a simplified version of the relationships found by M.S. Lee, in 2013.^[2] All genetic studies have supported the hypothesis that turtles are diapsid reptiles; some have placed turtles within archosauriformes,^{[2][3][4][5][6][7]} though a few have recovered turtles as lepidosauriformes instead.^[8] The cladogram below used a combination of genetic (molecular) and fossil (morphological) data to obtain its results.^[2]

Diapsida	†Araeoscelidia Neodiapsida †Claudiosaurus †Younginiformes Sauria Lepidosauromorpha †Kuehneosauridae Lepidosauria Rhynchocephalia (tuatara and their extinct relatives) Squamata (lizards and snakes) Archosauromorpha †Choristodera †Prolacertiformes †Trilophosaurus †Rhynchosauria Archosauriformes (crocodiles, birds, and their extinct relatives)

References

1. Reisz, R. R., Modesto, S. P., & Scott, D. M. (2011). A new early permian reptile and its significance in early diapsid evolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 278(1725): 3731-3737.
2. Lee, M. S. Y. (2013). "Turtle origins: Insights from phylogenetic retrofitting and molecular scaffolds". Journal of Evolutionary Biology 26 (12): 2729. doi:10.1111/jeb.12268.
3. Mannen & Li 1999
4. Zardoya & Meyer 1998
5. Iwabe et al. 2004
6. Roos, Aggarwal & Janke 2007
7. Katsu et al. 2010
8. Lyson et al. 2012

• Callaway, J.M. (1997), Ichthyosauria: Introduction, in JM Callaway & EL Nicholls (eds.), Ancient Marine Reptiles. Academic Press, pp. 3–16.
• Laurin, Michel and Gauthier, Jacques A. (2000) Autapomorphies of Diapsid Clades

External links

• Eureptilia: Neodiapsida
• Neodiapsida cladogram