Netjeraperef
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Netjeraperef is the name of a Ancient Egyptian high official and prince. He lived and worked at the transition time between 3rd and 4th dynasty during the Old Kingdom period.[1]
Identity
Family
Netjeraperef was most possibly a son of king (pharaoh) Snefru. However, this suggest is disputed, because the elite title "son of the king" was often merely a honorary title during the Old Kingdom, given to rightful officials of extraordinary ranks. "Real" princes bore the title "bodily son of the king".[1]
Titles
As a high ranking official and priest, Netjeraperef held many bureaucratic and priestly titles:
- Son of the King (Egyptian: Sa-nesw).
- Overseer of the phyles of Lower Egypt (Egyptian: Imy-ra-Shemaw).
- Overseer of the commissioners (Egyptian: Imy-ra-wpwt).
- Chief of the nomes (Egyptian: Heqa-sepatjw).
- God's servant of the pyramid 'Snefru, the blessed, appears' (Egyptian: Hem-netjer-Kha-khenty-Snefru).
Career
It is noteworthy to mention, that the first three titles Imy-ra-shemaw, Imy-ra-wpwt and Heqa-sepatjw are common titles for officials of Lower Egypt. Thus, Netjeraperef held office in northern territories.[2]
Possible contemporary office partners of Netjeraperef may have been Khabawsokar, Metjen, Pehernefer and Akhetaa. These are likewise known for their unusually rich decorated tomb chapels and for their accurately reported careers. However, it is not proven that these officials were related to each other in any way.[3][4]
Tomb
Netjeraperef was buried in mastaba I/1 at Dahshur, which was excavated by the German Archaeological Institut, Cairo.[5] The tomb was made of mudbricks and measured once around 35,10m x 18,90m. The inner structure comprised a stairway with few steps leading into a straight corridor. The corridor in turn lead into a hallway stretching left and right, forming a T-shaped chamber arrangement. It is noteworthy to mention that the terrain of Dashur provided a rather soft and losen ground, a circumstance that forbade any deeper underground chamber building and thus forced the tomb builders to create chambers inside the mastaba and over ground level. A similar case happened during the construction of the Bent Pyramid, when the walls and ceilings of chambers under ground level started to form cracks. At the central chamber of Netjeraperef's tomb, an altar was placed in a offering chapel. A special feature of Netjeraperef's offering chapel are the two stelae (once set each left and right of the altar), of which one is nearly completely preserved. This arrangement was a clear copy of Snefru's stele sanctuaries at his pyramids at Meidum and Dahshur.[3] The stelae both once bore the names and titles of Netjeraperef. One of the stelae, however, was stolen during restoration works in Middle Kingdom period and re-used as a door frame for Snefru's valley temple at Meidum.[6]
References
- 1 2 Aidan Dodson, Dyan Hilton: The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson, London 2004, ISBN 0-500-05128-3, p. 52 & 61.
- ↑ Juan Carlos Moreno García: Ancient Egyptian Administration (= Handbook of Oriental Studies-series). BRILL, Leiden 2013, ISBN 9004250085, p. 145 & 170.
- 1 2 Peter Jánosi: Die Gräberwelt der Pyramidenzeit (= Zaberns Bildbände zur Archäologie-series). von Zabern, Mainz 2006, ISBN 3805336225, p. 45-47.
- ↑ William Stevenson Smith, William Kelly Simpson: The art and architecture of ancient Egypt (= The Pelican history of art, vol. 14), 2nd edition. Penguin Books, New York 1981, ISBN 0-14-056014-9, p. 63–67.
- ↑ Nicole Alexanian: Dahschur. Bd. II: Das Grab des Prinzen Netjer-aperef: die Mastaba II/1 in Dahschur (= Archäologische Veröffentlichungen, Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Abteilung Kairo. Bd. 56). von Zabern, Mainz 1999, ISBN 978-3805325578.
- ↑ Miroslav Verner: The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. Grove Press, New York (US) 2007, ISBN 0802198635, p. 181.