New Haven Green

New Haven Green Historic District
The Green is a popular venue for festivals
Location New Haven, Connecticut
Built 1638
Architect Ithiel Town, David Hoadley
Architectural style Gothic, Federal
NRHP Reference # 70000838
Significant dates
Added to NRHP December 30, 1970[1]
Designated NHLD December 30, 1970[2]

The New Haven Green is a 16-acre (65,000 m2) privately owned park and recreation area located in the downtown district of the city of New Haven, Connecticut. It comprises the central square of the nine-square settlement plan of the original Puritan colonists in New Haven, and was designed and surveyed by colonist John Brockett.[3] Today the Green is bordered by the modern paved roads of College, Chapel, Church, and Elm streets. Temple Street bisects the Green into upper (northwest) and lower (southeast) halves. The green is host to numerous public events, such as the Festival of Arts and Ideas and New Haven Jazz Festival, summer jazz and classical music concerts that can draw hundreds of thousands of people, as well as typical daily park activities. The New Haven Green Historic District was designated a National Historic Landmark District for the architectural significance of the three 19th-century churches located there.[2][4]

History

The upper Green in spring
The crypt at Center Church-on-the-Green

The Green is a traditional town green (common) and was originally known as "the marketplace". It was completed in 1638. The Puritans were said to have designed the green large enough to hold the number of people who they believed would be spared in the Second Coming of Christ: 144,000.[5]

In its early years, the Green held a watch house, a prison and a school.[3] The upper Green also once held the First Methodist Church. The church was removed from the Green in 1848 with a new church built across Elm Street (designed by Henry Austin). The Green also held a succession of statehouses, dating from the time when New Haven was joint capital of Connecticut with Hartford. The most recent state house was erected in 1837, designed by Ithiel Town in a Greek Revival style. Ultimately, Hartford was declared the sole capital and the building was demolished in 1889.[6]

The Green served as the parade grounds for the New Haven militia, who, under the leadership of Benedict Arnold, rushed to Massachusetts after hearing of the Battle of Lexington and Concord and participated in the Battle of Bunker Hill in the American Revolution. This indirectly led to the burning of most of the city by the British when they landed in New Haven in 1779.

The Green was used as the main burial grounds for the residents of New Haven during its first 150 years, but by 1821 the practice was abolished and many of the headstones were moved to the Grove Street Cemetery. However, the remains of the dead were not moved, and thus still remain below the soil of the Green. It is conservatively estimated that between 4,000 and 5,000[7] people remain buried there, including Benedict Arnold's first wife, members of President Rutherford B. Hayes' family, Reverend James Pierpont (founder of Yale University), and Theophilus Eaton, one of the founders of New Haven and the church and governor of the New Haven Colony for 19 years.

On the evening of October 29, 2012, winds from Hurricane Sandy knocked over an oak tree on the Upper Green. Intertwined in the dirt and roots was a human skeleton. The police and medical examiner were called to the scene. The bones likely date back to colonial times, when the Green was used as a cemetery. The Grove Street cemetery that replaced it was chartered in 1797.[8] A small portion of the burial ground is now preserved in The Center Church Crypt.[9]

The Committee of the Proprietors of Common and Undivided Lands at New Haven

A self-electing group of private individuals, the Committee of the Proprietors of Common and Undivided Lands at New Haven, maintain ownership of the green.[10] This five-member committee oversees the large, main portion of the green. The proprietors are drawn from the ranks of prominent city residents. Members are appointed for life, and when one dies the four remaining members convene to select a replacement.

On the Green

United Church with Union and New Haven Trust Building in background

Located on the upper Green are three historic early 19th century churches which reflect the city's theocratic roots.[11] Two of the three churches are the work of the influential early-19th century architects Ithiel Town and Asher Benjamin, and one of them is the nation's first large-scale Gothic Revival structure. Because of this architectural legacy, the green was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1970.[12] The three churches are:

In the lower Green are the Bennett Fountain (built in 1907 and designed after the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates in Athens) and the flagpole with granite World War I memorial (designed by Douglas Orr in 1928) and fountain (added in 2003).[17]

While once the edges of the Green were covered with a glorious canopy of elms, planted originally by James Hillhouse, most died of dutch elm disease. In the 1980s, through the efforts of the Garden Club of New Haven, disease-resistant elms were planted in an attempt to memorialize the legacy of the trees that gave New Haven the nickname "Elm City".

Around the Green

Bennett Memorial Fountain on the Green, a year old when this postcard was mailed in 1908

Bordering the Green are municipal, commercial and university structures. On the northwest side of the Green, across College Street, stand Phelps Gate and the Yale University buildings bordering Old Campus. Before the Old Campus was built, the buildings of Yale's Old Brick Row bordered the Green here. On the southwest side along Chapel Street are stores, bars, and such popular restaurants as Claire's Corner Copia. On the southeast side of the green, across Church Street is The Exchange Building (1832, restored in 1990) and the Richard C. Lee United States Courthouse (James Gamble Rogers, 1913). This was once the site of the Tontine Hotel, built by David Hoadley. New Haven's Victorian City Hall (by Henry Austin in 1861; restored and added to by Herbert S. Newman and Partners) and the Amistad Memorial are also at this end of the Green. The memorial stands on the site of the jail that held the Amistad captives during their time in New Haven. Spectators came to see them when they were brought out to exercise on the Green and paid 12 and a half cents to view them in the jail.[18]

Opposite the eastern corner of the lower green is the Union and New Haven Trust Building (now Wells Fargo and The Union apartments) designed by Cross and Cross in colonial revival style in 1927. The design is a tribute to the federal churches on the green and even borrows the cupola from the United Church.[19] On the northeast side along Elm Street by the lower Green is the New Haven Free Public Library (Cass Gilbert, 1908). The library was once the site of the Bristol House, also designed by David Hoadley, whose doorway is now at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.[20]

Part of a panoramic view of The Green in a "Souvenir Folder" sold and mailed in 1919. The New Haven County Courthouse is the building with six pillars, left of center.

Next to the library is the Beaux-Arts, neoclassical New Haven County Courthouse. The courthouse was designed by New Haven architects William Allen and Richard Williams, modeled after St. George's Hall in Liverpool, England. The statuary in front of the courthouse is by the sculptor J. Massey Rhind and murals and lunettes inside the courthouse are by the painter T. Thomas Gilbert.[21]

The upper Green on Elm is bordered by "Quality Row", containing some of the oldest structures in New Haven: the federal style white clapboard Nicholas Callahan house, once a tavern (now the Yale Elihu Senior Society), the federal Eli W. Blake House (now the Graduate Club), the federal John Pierpont house (now the Yale University Visitor Center) built in 1767 and the brick Greek Revival Governor Ralph Isaacs Ingersoll House, designed in 1829 by Town and Davis (future home of Dwight Hall, the student community service organization at Yale).[22]

See also

References

1910 postcard
  1. ↑ Staff (2007-01-23). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
  2. 1 2 "New Haven Green Historic District". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved 2007-10-03.
  3. 1 2 Not a Park or Mere Pleasure Ground: a Case Study of the New Haven Green, James Sexton
  4. ↑ Staff, Historic Sites Survey (June 6, 1971). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: New Haven Green Historic District" (PDF). National Park Service. and Accompanying 11 photos, from 1970 and 1960
  5. ↑ http://newhavenindependent.org/index.php/archives/entry/city_misses_out_in_race_for/
  6. ↑ When we were Kings, Business New Haven, Priscilla Searles, 1998.
  7. ↑ Blake, Henry Taylor (1898). Chronicles Of New Haven Green from 1638 to 1862: A Series of Papers Read Before The New Haven Colony Historical Society. New Haven, CT: The Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor Press. p. 255.
  8. ↑ http://nhregister.com/articles/2012/10/31/news/new_haven/doc50903ff79c7d9176762389.txt New Haven Register
  9. ↑ New Haven Center Church Crypt
  10. ↑ Sexton, James (2001). "Not a Park or Mere Pleasure Ground: a Case Study of the New Haven Green" (PDF). Retrieved 14 March 2012.
  11. ↑ New Haven: The Elm City, towngreens.com
  12. ↑ "NHL nomination for New Haven Green Historic District" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2015-01-16.
  13. ↑ United Church on the Green
  14. ↑ Center Church on the Green
  15. ↑ http://www.trinitynewhaven.org/Home/History/Architecture/tabid/269/Default.aspx#Footnote_1
  16. ↑ History of Trinity Church
  17. ↑ Memory and Place on the New Haven Green, 1638-1876, Ralph E. Russo
  18. ↑ "Amistad: New Haven Green". National Park Service. 2007-10-24.
  19. ↑ E. M. Brown, New Haven: A guide to architecture and urban design, Yale University Press, 1976.
  20. ↑ An Example of the Work of a Connecticut Architect, Charles O. Cornelius, The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, Vol. 14, No. 8. (Aug., 1919), pp. 169-171
  21. ↑ New Haven County Courthouse
  22. ↑ Living in Style — The New Haven Green and Its Architecture, Benjamin A. Gorman

External links

Coordinates: 41°18′29″N 72°55′37″W / 41.308031°N 72.926980°W / 41.308031; -72.926980

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