Solanum mammosum

Solanum mammosum
Ripe fruit
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Solanales
Family:	Solanaceae
Genus:	Solanum
Species:	S. mammosum
Binomial name
Solanum mammosum L.
Synonyms
See text

Solanum mammosum is commonly known as nipplefruit,^[1] titty fruit, cow's udder, or, ambiguously, "Apple of Sodom".^[2] It is an annual or tender perennial plant in the Solanaceae family, part of the Solanum or nightshade genus, and a relative of the tomato and potato. This poisonous fruit is native to South America, but has been naturalized in the Greater Antilles, Central America and Caribbean.

In Chinese culture it is known as five fingered eggplant(五指茄). In Japan it is known as Fox Face.

Uses

Solanum mammosum sold at a Chinese New Year fair in Hong Kong

The plant is grown for ornamental purposes, in part because of the distal end of the fruit's resemblance to a human breast, while the proximal end looks like a cow's udder. It has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment athlete's foot by hunters in Trinidad^[3] and for irritability and restlessness. It is sometimes also used as a detergent. It is imported to Taiwan and Hong Kong as decorative foliage for use in religious and festival floral arrangements. They are commonly used in building Chinese New Year trees due to their auspicious golden coloured fruit.

Synonyms

This plant is not easily confused, but several now-invalid scientific names have been given to it:^[4]

• Solanum corniculatum E.André (non Huber: preoccupied^[5])

S. corniculatum of Hiern refers to an unidentifiable species of Lycianthes.

• Solanum cornigerum E.André

S. cornigerum of Dunal in de Candolle is now S. viscosissimum.

• Solanum globiferum Dunal
• Solanum mammosum var. corniculum Ridl.
• Solanum mamosissimum Ram.Goyena
• Solanum platanifolium Sims

S. platanifolium var. lagoense is the Solanum affine of Otto Sendtner.

• Solanum villosissimum Zuccagni

In addition, the name Solanum mammosum was also invalidly given to other nightshade species:^[4]

• S. mammosum as described by J.A. Pavón Jiménez based on Dunal in de Candolle refers to S. circinatum.
• S. mammosum as described by W. Herbert based on Dunal in de Candolle is the S. torvum of O.P. Swartz.

Footnotes

1. "Solanum ammosum". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
2. Trade Winds Fruit: Nipple Fruit
3. Lans et al. (2001)
4. Solanaceae Source (2006)
5. The identity of Huber's S. corniculatum is unclear, but his description precedes that of André: Solanaceae Source (2006)

References

• Botanical.com (1995): – Nightshade, Woody. Retrieved 2008-SEP-26.
• Lans, Cheryl; Harper, Tisha; Georges, Karla & Bridgewater, Elmo (2001): Medicinal and ethnoveterinary remedies of hunters in Trinidad. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 1: 10. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-1-10 PMID 11737880 PDF fulltext
• Solanaceae Source (2006): Solanum mammosum. Version of 2006. Retrieved 2008-SEP-26.

External links

• Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry