Nippon Professional Baseball

Nippon Professional Baseball

Current season, competition or edition: 2016 Nippon Professional Baseball season
Formerly	Japanese Baseball League
Sport	Baseball
Founded	1950
CEO	Ryozo Kato
Commissioner	Katsuhiko Kumazaki
No. of teams	12
Country	Japan
Most recent champion(s)	Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks
Most titles	Yomiuri Giants (22)
Qualification	Asia Series
Official website	NPB.jp (English)

Koshien Stadium (in 2009)

Seibu Dome (in 2007)

Nippon Professional Baseball (日本野球機構 Nippon Yakyū Kikō) or NPB is the highest level of baseball in Japan. Locally, it is often called Puro Yakyū (プロ野球), meaning Professional Baseball. Outside Japan, it is often just referred to as "Japanese baseball". The roots of the league can be traced back to the formation of the "Greater Japan Tokyo Baseball Club" (大日本東京野球倶楽部 Dai-Nippon Tōkyō Yakyū Kurabu) in 1934 and the original Japanese Baseball League. NPB was formed when that league reorganized in 1950.

The league currently consists of two six-team circuits, the Central League and the Pacific League. Each season the winning clubs from the two leagues compete in the Japan Series, the championship series of NPB.

Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's ruling Liberal Democratic Party has proposed expanding NPB to 16 total teams by adding two expansion franchises in each of the country's top-tier professional baseball leagues. The goal of such a move would be to energize the economies of the regions receiving the new teams. Okinawa, Shizuoka, Shikoku, and Niigata have been identified as regions that could play host to said teams.^[1]

League structure

Nippon Professional Baseball consists of two leagues, the Central League and the Pacific League. There are also two secondary-level professional minor leagues, the Eastern League and the Western League, that play shorter schedules.

The season starts in late March or early April, and ends in October, with two or three all-star games in July. In recent decades prior to 2007, the two leagues each scheduled between 130 and 140 regular season games, with the 146 games played by the Central League in 2005 and 2006 being the only exception. Both leagues have since adopted a 146-game schedule. In general, Japanese teams play six games a week, with every Monday off.^[2]

Following the conclusion of each regular season the best teams from each league go on to play in the "Nippon Series" or Japan Series.

In 2004, the Pacific League played five fewer games than the Central League teams during the regular season and used a new playoff format to determine its champion (and which team would advance to the Japan Series). The teams in third and second place played in a best-two-of-three series (all at the second place team's home ground) with the winner of that series going on to play the first place team in a best-three-of-five format at its home ground. In 2006, the Central League adopted the Pacific League's tournament as well, and the tournament became known as the Climax Series with the two winners, one from each league, competing in the Japan Series.

Comparison with Major League Baseball

The NPB rules are essentially those of Major League Baseball, but technical elements are slightly different: The Nippon league uses a smaller baseball, strike zone, and playing field. The Japanese baseball is wound more tightly and is harder than an American baseball. The strike zone is narrower "inside" than away from the batter. Five Nippon league teams have fields whose small dimensions would violate the American Official Baseball Rules.^[3]

Major League Baseball (MLB) players, scouts, and sabermetricians describe play in the NPB as "AAAA"; less competitive than in the MLB, but more competitive than in AAA minor league baseball.^[4][5][6] Play in the Pacific League is similar to that in American League baseball, with the use of designated hitters, unlike the Central League, which has no DH rule and is closer to National League baseball.

Unlike North American baseball, Japanese baseball games may end in a tie. If the score is tied after nine innings of play, up to three additional innings will be played (up to six in the Japan Series, first 7 games only; no such limit thereafter). If there is no winner after 12 (or 15) innings, the game is declared a tie; these games count as neither a win nor a loss to team standings or to postseason series.

Unlike the current structure of the World Series, a team must win four games to clinch the Japan Series title, no matter how many games it takes. If the series must be extended, all games beyond game 7 are played with no innings limit, with game 8 is played in the same venue as game 7, and game 9 and beyond is played in the opposing team's venue following a moving day.^[7]

Following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and the ensuing Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, special rules were implemented for the 2011 NPB season:

• For power conservation reasons, besides the usual 12-inning limit, no extra innings were allowed to commence during the regular season once 3 hours, 30 minutes had elapsed from the game start time. This time included delays due to weather, but power failures would result in a called game.^[8]
• Due to the delayed start of the season and because of post-season commitments to the champion (such as the 2011 Asia Series), the Japan Series' extension rules were modified in 2011 if the series was tied after seven games, only one extra game would be played.^[9]

Most Japanese teams have a six-man starting rotation (as opposed to MLB teams, which feature five-man rotations). Although each team roster has 28 players, managers pick three ineligible players before each game (which usually includes a pitcher who has started a recent game).^[2]

Financial problems

Financial problems plague many teams in the league. It is believed that with the exception of the Yomiuri Giants and the Hanshin Tigers, all teams are operating with considerable subsidies, often as much as ¥6 billion (about US$73 million), from their parent companies. A rise in the salaries of players is often blamed, but, from the start of the professional league, parent companies paid the difference as an advertisement. Most teams have never tried to improve their finances through constructive marketing. In addition, teams in the Central League historically saw much higher profits than the Pacific League, having popular teams such as the Giants and Tigers.

The number of metropolitan areas represented in the league increased from four to five in 1988, when the Nankai Hawks (now Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks) moved to Fukuoka; and to seven between 2003 and 2005, as the Nippon-Ham Fighters moved to Hokkaidō and the Osaka Kintetsu Buffaloes merged with the Orix BlueWave and were replaced by the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles.

Until 1993, baseball was the only team sport played professionally in Japan. In that year, the J. League professional football league was founded. The new soccer league placed teams in prefectural capitals around the country — rather than clustering them in and around Tokyo — and the teams were named after their locations rather than after corporate sponsors. Some Japanese baseball teams responded to the success of the J. League by de-emphasizing the corporate sponsors in their marketing efforts and/or by relocating to outlying regions of the country.

The wave of players moving to Major League Baseball, which began with Hideo Nomo "retiring" from the Kintetsu Buffaloes, then signing with the Los Angeles Dodgers, has also added to the financial problems. Attendance suffered as teams lost their most marketable players, while TV ratings declined as viewers tuned into broadcasts of Major League games.^[10] To discourage players from leaving to play in North America, or to at least compensate teams that lose players, Japanese baseball and MLB agreed on a posting system for players under contract. MLB teams wishing to negotiate with a player submit bids for a "posting fee", which the winning MLB team would pay the Japanese team if the player signs with the MLB team. Free agents are not subject to the posting system, however.

History

Origins

The first professional baseball team in Japan was founded by media mogul Matsutarō Shōriki in late 1934 and called the Dai Nippon Tokyo Yakyu Kurabu ("the great Japan Tokyo baseball club"). After matching up with a team of visiting American All-Stars that included Babe Ruth, Jimmie Foxx, Lou Gehrig, and Charlie Gehringer, the team spent the 1935 season barnstorming in the U.S., winning 93 of 102 games against semi-pro and Pacific Coast League teams. According to historian Joseph Reaves, "The only minor drawbacks to the team's popularity in the States were their kanji characters and their cumbersome Japanese name. They rectified both by renaming themselves the Tokyo Giants and adopting a uniform identical to the New York Giants…"^[11]

From 1936–1950, professional baseball in Japan was under the name of the Japanese Baseball League (JBL). The league's dominant team was the renamed Dai Nippon Tokyo Yakyu Kurabu, known as Tokyo Kyojin and then the Yomiuri Giants, which won nine league championships, including six in a row from 1938–1943.

NPB establishment

After the 1949 season, the JBL team owners reorganized into the NPB; Daiei Stars owner Masaichi Nagata promoted a two-league system, which became the Pacific League (initially called the Taiheiyo Baseball Union) and the Central League. (Nagata became the first president of the Pacific League.)^[12]

Four JBL teams formed the basis of the Central League: the Chunichi Dragons, the Hanshin Tigers, the Yomiuri Giants, and the Shochiku Robins (formerly the Taiyō Robins). To fill out the league, four new teams were formed: the Hiroshima Carp, the Kokutetsu Swallows, the Nishi Nippon Pirates, and the Taiyō Whales.

Four JBL teams formed the basis of the Pacific League: the Hankyu Braves, the Nankai Hawks, the Daiei Stars, and the Tokyu Flyers. To fill out the league, three new teams were formed: the Kintetsu Pearls, the Mainichi Orions, and the Nishitetsu Clippers.

Matsutarō Shōriki, the Giants' owner, acted as NPB's unofficial commissioner and oversaw the first Japan Series, which featured the Mainichi Orions defeating the Shochiku Robins 4 games to 2.

Expansion and contraction

The Central League's Nishi Nippon Pirates existed for one season — they placed sixth in 1950, and the following season merged with the Nishitetsu Clippers (also based in Fukouka) to form the Nishitetsu Lions. This brought the number of Central League teams down to an ungainly arrangement of seven. In 1952, it was decided that any Central League team ending the season with a winning percentage below .300 would be disbanded or merged with other teams. The Shochiku Robins fell into this category, and were merged with the Taiyō Whales to become the Taiyō Shochiku Robins in January 1953. This enabled the Central League to shrink to an even number of six teams.

In 1954 an eighth Pacific League team was founded, the Takahashi Unions, to increase the number of teams to eight. Although the team was stocked with players from the other Pacific League teams, the Unions struggled from the outset and finished in the second division every season. In 1957, the Unions were merged with the Daiei Stars to form the Daiei Unions (and again bringing the number of Pacific League teams down to seven). The Unions existed for a single season, finishing in last place, 43-1/2 games out of first. In 1958, the Unions merged with the Mainichi Orions to form the Daimai Orions. This enabled the Pacific League to contract from the ungainly seven-team arrangement to six teams.

After these various franchise developments, by the end of the decade Nippon Professional Baseball had contracted from the initial allotment of 15 teams down to the current number of 12.

The 1960s and 1970s

On September 1, 1964, Nankai Hawks' prospect Masanori Murakami became the first Japanese player to play in Major League Baseball^[13] when he appeared on the mound for the San Francisco Giants. Disputes over the rights to his contract eventually led to the 1967 United States – Japanese Player Contract Agreement.

Continuing their dominance from the JBL, the Yomiuri Giants won nine consecutive Japan Series championships from 1965–1973.

The Black Mist Scandal rocked Nippon Professional Baseball between 1969 and 1971. The fallout from a series of game-fixing scandals in resulted in several star players receiving long suspensions, salary cuts, or being banned from professional play entirely; the resulting abandonment of baseball by many fans in Japan also led to the sale of the Nishitetsu Lions and the Toei Flyers.

From 1973 to 1982, the Pacific League employed a split season with the first-half winner playing against the second-half winner in a mini-playoff to determine its champion. In 1975, the Pacific League adopted the designated hitter rule.

Hideo Nomo and the exodus to MLB

In 1995, star pitcher Hideo Nomo "retired" from the Kintetsu Buffaloes and signed with the Los Angeles Dodgers. Nomo pitched over the span of 13 seasons in the Major Leagues before retiring in 2008. He won the Rookie of the Year Award in 1995. He twice led the league in strikeouts, and also threw two no-hitters (the only Japanese pitcher to throw a no-hitter in Major League Baseball until Hisashi Iwakuma achieved the feat in August 2015). Nomo's MLB success led to more NPB players moving to Major League Baseball,^[14] and eventually led to the creation of the "posting system" in 1998.^[15]

Since Nomo's exodus, more than 60 NPB players have played Major League Baseball. Some of the more notable examples include:

• Ichiro Suzuki — after nine years with the Orix BlueWave, in 2001 Ichiro was posted by the BlueWave and claimed by MLB's Seattle Mariners. The first Japanese-born position player to be signed to the major leagues,^[16] Ichiro led the American League (AL) in batting average and stolen bases en route to being named AL Rookie of the Year and AL Most Valuable Player. Ichiro has established a number of MLB batting records, including the single-season record for hits with 262. He had ten consecutive 200-hit seasons, the longest streak by any player in history. Between his career hits in Japan's and America's major leagues, Ichiro stands at 2nd place all-time in top-flight hits, trailing only Pete Rose.
• Hideki Matsui — the slugger played ten seasons for the Yomiuri Giants, and then in 2003 moved to MLB, where he starred for the New York Yankees for seven more seasons, including being named the Most Valuable Player for the 2009 World Series. He was the first power hitter from Japan to succeed in Major League Baseball.
• Kazuo Matsui — after eight stellar seasons with the Seibu Lions, Matsui signed with the New York Mets on December 15, 2003, in 2004 becoming the first Japanese infielder to play with a Major League Baseball team.^[17] His seven seasons in Major League Baseball were not as successful, and he later returned to NPB.

Strike of 2004

In September 2004, the professional Japanese players went on strike for the first time in over 70 years. The strike arose from a dispute that took place between the owners of the 12 professional Japanese baseball teams and the players' union (which was led by popular Yakult Swallows player-manager Atsuya Furuta), concerning the merging of the Osaka Kintetsu Buffaloes and the Orix Blue Wave. The owners wanted to get rid of the financially defunct Buffaloes, and merge the two baseball leagues, since teams in the Central League saw much higher profits than the Pacific League, having popular teams such as the Yomiuri Giants and Hanshin Tigers. After negotiations, the owners agreed to guarantee the survival of the Chiba Lotte Marines and the Fukuoka Daiei Hawks, leaving the Central League with six teams and the Pacific League with five.

A battle escalated between the players union and the owners, and reached its height when Yomiuri Giants owner Tsuneo Watanabe controversially remarked that Furuta was "a mere player,"^[18] implying that players had no say in what league would look like the next year. The dispute received huge press coverage (which mostly favored Furuta and the players' union) and was dubbed one of the biggest events in the history of Japanese baseball. Proposals and amendments concerning interleague games, player drafting, and management were also discussed between the players union and the owners during this period.

The strike was originally planned for all Saturday and Sunday games that month, starting from September 11, but was pushed back due to the agreement of another meeting between the union and the owners on September 10. The players decided to strike on September 18–19, 2004, when no progress was made in the negotiations, as there was insufficient time left in the season to hold discussions.

The dispute officially ended after the two groups reached consensus on September 23, 2004. As part of the agreement, the Buffaloes were allowed to merge with the Blue Wave (forming into the Orix Buffaloes); in addition, the Rakuten Golden Eagles were newly created (at a reduced "entry fee") to keep the former six-team league structure. Other agreements included the leagues adopting interleague play to help the Pacific League gain exposure by playing the more popular Central league teams. All these changes took place before the 2005 season.

Interleague play

The two leagues began interleague play in 2005, with each team playing two three-game series (one home, one away) against each of the six teams in the other league. This was reduced to two two-game series in 2007. All interleague play games are played in a seven-week span near the middle of the season.

Currently, Pacific League's teams have won all the interleague titles.

League championship series/Climax Series

After 2004, a three-team playoff system was introduced in the Pacific League, dubbed the "Pacific League Championship Series." The teams with the second- and third-best records play in the three-game first stage, with the winner advancing to the five-game final against the top team. The winner becomes the representative of the Pacific League to the Japan Series.

Since the Pacific League won every Japan Series after introducing this league playoff system, an identical system was introduced to the Central League in 2007, and the post-season intra-league games were renamed the "Climax Series" in both leagues. Player statistics and drafting order based on team records are not affected by these postseason games.

Recent history

In 2011 Miyagi Baseball Stadium, home of the Rakuten Eagles, was badly damaged by the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.^[19]

The 2013 season featured a livelier baseball which was secretly introduced into NPB, resulting in a marked increase in home runs league-wide.^[20] Tokyo Yakult Swallows outfielder Wladimir Balentien broke the NPB single-season home run record of 55, previously held by professional baseball's all-time home run leader Sadaharu Oh in 1964, Tuffy Rhodes in 2001, and Alex Cabrera in 2002.^[21] Balantien finished the season with 60 home runs. Three-term NPB commissioner Ryozo Kato was forced to resign over the scandal when the changed baseball was revealed.^[20]

Expatriate baseball players in Japan

For most of its history, NPB regulations imposed "gaijin waku", a limit on the number of non-Japanese people per team to two or three — including the manager and/or coaching staff.^[22] Even today, a team cannot have more than four foreign players on a 25-man game roster, although there is no limit on the number of foreign players that it may sign. If there are four, they cannot all be pitchers nor all be position players.^[23] This limits the cost and competition for expensive players of other nationalities, and is similar to rules in many European sports leagues' roster limits on non-European players.

Nonetheless, expatriate baseball players in Japan have been a feature of the Japanese professional leagues since 1934. Hundreds of foreigners — particularly Americans — have played NPB (though most don't last more than a season or two). Taiwanese nationals Shosei Go and Hiroshi Oshita both starred in the 1940s. American players began to steadily find spots on NPB rosters in the 1960s. American players hold several NPB records, including highest career batting average (Leron Lee, .334), highest single season batting average (Randy Bass, .389), most hits in single season (Matt Murton, 214), and the dubious record of most strikeouts in a season by a hitter (Ralph Bryant, 204). Americans rank #3 (Tuffy Rhodes, 55) and #5 (Randy Bass, 54) on the list of most home runs in a season, and #2 in single-season RBI (Bobby Rose, 153). Curaçaoan–Dutch outfielder Wladimir Balentien holds the NPB single-season home run record with 60 round-trippers in 2013. Venezuelans Alex Ramírez, Alex Cabrera, Bobby Marcano, and Roberto Petagine all had long, successful NPB careers.

Many of the most celebrated foreign players came to Japan after not finding success in the Major Leagues. (see: "Big in Japan")

Since the 1970s, foreigners have also made an impact in Nippon Professional Baseball's managing and coaching ranks, with Americans Bobby Valentine and Trey Hillman managing their respective teams to Japan Series championships.

Teams

Franchise locations

Locations are listed from north to south. Only the most prominent names of each franchise are listed.

Locality	1950	1951–1952	1953	1954	1955–1956	1957	1958–1972	1973–1977	1978	1979–1988	1989–2003	2004	2005–present
Sapporo												Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters (PL), 2004–present
Sendai								Lotte Orions (PL), 1973–1977					Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles (PL), 2005–present
Greater Tokyo	Kokutetsu Swallows / Sankei Atoms / Yakult Swallows (CL), 1950–present
	Yomiuri Giants (CL), 1950–present
	Toei Flyers / Nippon-Ham Fighters (PL), 1950–2003
	Mainichi/Daimai/Tokyo/Lotte Orions (PL), 1950–1972								Lotte Orions / Chiba Lotte Marines (PL), 1978–present
				Takahashi Unions (PL), 1954–1956		Daiei Unions (PL), 1957				Saitama Seibu Lions (PL), 1979–present
	Daiei Stars (PL), 1950–1956
					Taiyo Whales / Yokohama BayStars (CL), 1955–present
Nagoya	Chunichi Dragons (CL), 1950–present
Greater Osaka	Hanshin Tigers (CL), 1950–present
	Hankyu Braves / Orix BlueWave (PL), 1950–2004												Orix Buffaloes (PL), 2005–present
	Osaka Kintetsu Buffaloes (PL), 1950–2004
	Nankai Hawks (PL), 1950–1988
	Shochiku Robins (CL), 1950–1954
Hiroshima	Hiroshima Toyo Carp (CL), 1950–present
Shimonoseki	Taiyo Whales (CL), 1950–1952
Fukuoka	Nishitetsu Lions (PL), 1950–1978										Fukuoka Daiei/SoftBank Hawks (PL), 1989–present
	Nishi Nippon Pirates (CL), 1950

Giants

Dragons

Swallows

Buffaloes

BayStars

Hawks

Marines

Fighters

Eagles

Tigers

Lions

Carp

Awards

• Nippon Professional Baseball Most Valuable Player Award
• Nippon Professional Baseball Rookie of the Year Award
• Nippon Professional Baseball Comeback Player of the Year Award
• Eiji Sawamura Award
• Mitsui Golden Glove Award
• Golden Spirit Award
• Matsutaro Shoriki Award
• Japan Series Most Valuable Player
• Nippon Professional Baseball All-Star Game Most Valuable Player

Records

Single season batting

Player		Year
Batting average
Randy Bass	.389	1986
Ichiro Suzuki	.387	2000
Ichiro Suzuki	.385	1994
Home Runs
Wladimir Balentien	60	2013
Alex Cabrera	55	2002
Tuffy Rhodes	55	2001
Sadaharu Oh	55	1964
Randy Bass	54	1985
RBIs
Makoto Kozuru	161	1950
Robert Rose	153	1999
Makoto Imaoka	147	2005
Fumio Fujimura	146	1950
Hiromitsu Ochiai	146	1985
Hits
Shogo Akiyama	216	2015
Matt Murton	214	2010
Ichiro Suzuki	210	1994
Norichika Aoki	209	2010
Stolen Bases
Yutaka Fukumoto	106	1972
Yutaka Fukumoto	95	1973
Yutaka Fukumoto	94	1974
Strikeouts
Ralph Bryant	204	1993
Ralph Bryant	198	1990
Ralph Bryant	187	1989
Ralph Bryant	176	1992
Akinori Iwamura	173	2004
Orestes Destrade	165	1990

Single season pitching

Player		Year
ERA
Hideo Fujimoto	0.73	1943
Masaru Kageura	0.79	1936 fall
Eiji Sawamura	0.81	1937 spring
Wins
Victor Starffin	42	1942
Kazuhisa Inao	42	1961
Jiro Noguchi	40	1942
Strikeouts
Yutaka Enatsu	401	1968
Kazuhisa Inao	353	1961
Masaichi Kaneda	350	1955

Career batting

Player		Years played
Batting average[24]
Leron Lee	.320	1977–1987
Tsutomu Wakamatsu	.31918	1971–1989
Isao Harimoto	.31915	1959–1981
Home Runs
Sadaharu Oh	868	1959–1980
Katsuya Nomura	657	1954–1980
Hiromitsu Kadota	567	1970–1992
Hits
Isao Harimoto	3085	1959–1981
Katsuya Nomura	2901	1954–1980
Sadaharu Oh	2786	1959–1980
RBIs
Sadaharu Oh	2170	1959–1980
Katsuya Nomura	1988	1954–1980
Hiromitsu Kadota	1678	1970–1992
Stolen Bases
Yutaka Fukumoto	1065	1969–1988
Yoshinori Hirose	596	1955–1977
Isao Shibata	579	1969–1988
Strikeouts
Kazuhiro Kiyohara	1955	1986–2008
Motonobu Tanishige	1723	1989-
Koji Akiyama	1712	1981–2002
OPS
Sadaharu Oh	1.080	1959–1980
Hideki Matsui	.995	1993–2002
Alex Cabrera	.990	2001–2012

Career pitching

Player		Years played
ERA
Hideo Fujimoto	1.90	1942–1955
Wins
Masaichi Kaneda	400	1950–1969
Tetsuya Yoneda	350	1956–1977
Masaaki Koyama	320	1953–1973
Keishi Suzuki	317	1966–1985
Takehiko Bessho	310	1942–1960
Victor Starffin	303	1936–1955
Strikeouts
Masaichi Kaneda	4490	1950–1969
Tetsuya Yoneda	3388	1956–1977
Masaaki Koyama	3159	1953–1973
Keishi Suzuki	3061	1966–1985
Saves
Hitoki Iwase	402	1999–
Shingo Takatsu	286	1991–2003, 2006–2007
Kazuhiro Sasaki	252	1990–1999, 2004–2005

ERA champions

Perfect games

Date	Pitcher (Club)	Score	Opponent	Ballpark
June 28, 1950	Hideo Fujimoto (Yomiuri Giants)	4–0	Nishi-Nippon Pirates	Aomori Stadium
June 19, 1955	Fumio Takechi (Kintetsu Pearls)	1–0	Daiei Stars	Ōsaka Stadium
September 19, 1956	Yoshitomo Miyaji (Kokutetsu Swallows)	6–0	Hiroshima Carp	Kanazawa Stadium
August 21, 1957	Masaichi Kaneda (Kokutetsu Swallows)	1–0	Chunichi Dragons	Chunichi Stadium
July 19, 1958	Sadao Nishimura (Nishitetsu Lions)	1–0	Toei Flyers	Komazawa Stadium
August 11, 1960	Gentaro Shimada (Taiyō Whales)	1–0	Ōsaka Tigers	Kawasaki Stadium
June 20, 1961	Yoshimi Moritaki (Kokutetsu Swallows)	1–0	Chunichi Dragons	Korakuen Stadium
May 1, 1966	Yoshiro Sasaki (Taiyō Whales)	1–0	Hiroshima Carp	Hiroshima Municipal Stadium
May 12, 1966	Tsutomu Tanaka (Nishitetsu Lions)	2–0	Nankai Hawks	Heiwadai Stadium
September 14, 1968	Yoshiro Sotokoba (Hiroshima Toyo Carp)	2–0	Taiyō Whales	Hiroshima Municipal Stadium
October 6, 1970	Koichiro Sasaki (Kintetsu Buffaloes)	3–0	Nankai Hawks	Ōsaka Stadium
August 21, 1971	Yoshimasa Takahashi (Toei Flyers)	4–0	Nishitetsu Lions	Korakuen Stadium
October 10, 1973	Soroku Yagisawa (Lotte Orions)	1–0	Taiheiyo Club Lions	Miyagi Stadium
August 31, 1978	Yutaro Imai (Hankyu Braves)	5–0	Lotte Orions	Miyagi Stadium
May 18, 1994	Hiromi Makihara (Yomiuri Giants)	6–0	Hiroshima Toyo Carp	Fukuoka Dome
November 1, 2007	Daisuke Yamai and Hitoki Iwase (Chunichi Dragons)	1–0†	Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters	Nagoya Dome

• †: 5th game of Japan Series; In NPB, no-hitters or perfect games achieved by multiple pitchers in one game are considered unofficial. However, it is recognised by the WBSC (international governing body of baseball) as a perfect game.

International play

Since 1986 an All-Star team from Major League Baseball (MLB) is sent to a biennial end-of-the-season tour of Japan, dubbed as MLB Japan All-Star Series, playing exhibition games in a best-of format against the All-Stars from NPB or recently as of 2014 the national team Samurai Japan.

The latest series also celebrated the 80th anniversary of the establishment of Japan's professional baseball by holding an exhibition game of a joint team of Hanshin Tigers and Yomiuri Giants against the MLB All-Stars at the Koshien Stadium on November 11, 2014.

See also

• Professional baseball in Japan
• Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame
• List of Japanese baseball players
• List of Japanese players in Major League Baseball
• Shikoku Island League Plus (Regional semi-professional league)
• Baseball in Japan
• High school baseball in Japan

References

Notes

1. "Japan's new plan to beat deflation – more baseball". thestaronline. 2014-05-20. Retrieved May 20, 2014.
2. Waldstein, David. "Ace Favors Fewer Starts to Protect Pitchers' Arms: Rangers' Yu Darvish Pushes for a Six-Man Pitching Rotation," New York Times (July 21, 2014).
3. The note set out at the end of Rule 1.04 specifies minimum dimensions for American ballparks built or renovated after 1958: 325 feet (99 m) down each foul line and 400 feet (120 m) to center field.
4. "For Players and Agents RE: Playing Baseball in Japan". japanball.com. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
5. Clemmons, Anna Katherine (2011-01-07). "Matt Murton thrives in Japanese setting". ESPN. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
6. Lykos, Deana M. (June 2008). "Why are the Japanese Leagues Considered AAAA Baseball?" (PDF). Asian Baseball Journal 6 (2): 1–3.
7. For instance, see: "SMBC日本シリーズ2015: 開催要項" [SMBC Nippon Series 2015: Information] (Press release) (in Japanese). Nippon Professional Baseball. October 2015. Retrieved April 9, 2016. 引き分け試合があったことにより、第7戦を行ってなお優勝が決定しない場合には翌日第7戦を行った球場で第8戦を行う。さらに第9戦が必要な場合には、1日移動日を設け、もう一方のチームの球場で行う ("If there is a tie game and the champion is not decided in Game 7, it should be noted that Game 8 is played in the ballpark where Game 7 was played. Further, if Game 9 is required, one moving day is provided, and is played in the ballpark of the other team.")
8. "2011年度レギュラー・シーズンのイニング制限、時間制限に関する特例措置" [2011 regular season: special measures regarding innings limit, time limit] (Press release) (in Japanese). Nippon Professional Baseball. April 11, 2011. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
9. "コナミ日本シリーズ2011 : 第8戦　開催要項" [Konami Nippon Series 2011: Game 8 Information] (Press release) (in Japanese). Nippon Professional Baseball. November 2011. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
10. Letter from Japan: Go West, Young Man
11. Reaves, Joseph A. Taking in a Game: A History of Baseball in Asia (U. of Nebraska Press, 2002), p. 77.
12. "Nagata, Masaichi". Hall of Famers List. The Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
13. Kleinberg, Alexander (December 24, 2001). "Where have you gone, Masanori Murakami?". Major League Baseball. Archived from the original on October 24, 2003. Retrieved November 13, 2008.
14. "Nomo Retires from Baseball", Dodgers.com: News, July 17, 2008
15. Whiting, Robert (April 2004). The Meaning of Ichiro: The New Wave from Japan and the Transformation of our National Pastime. Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-53192-8. p. 146.
16. "48 players born in Japan". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved 2009-08-23.
17. "The Official Site of The Colorado Rockies: Official Info" (Press release). Colorado.rockies.mlb.com. Archived from the original on October 7, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
18. Japanball.com
19. Japan Pro Baseball and the Earthquake and Tsunami
20. "Ryozo Kato resigns as commish," ESPN.com (September 13, 2013).
21. Berry, Adam (September 15, 2013). "Balentien breaks Oh's Japanese home run record". MLB.com. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
22. "Foreign Player Restrictions?", JapaneseBaseball.com. Accessed March 12, 2015.
23. JapaneseBaseball.com: Foreign Player Restrictions, retrieved 2013-12-27
24. Ichiro Suzuki hit .353 for his Japanese career (1993–2000), but did not have enough at-bats to qualify for career leadership.

Further reading

• Fitts, Robert K. (2005). Remembering Japanese Baseball: An Oral History of the Game. Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 0-8093-2630-2.
• Johnson, Daniel (2006). Japanese Baseball: A Statistical Handbook. McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-7864-2841-4.
• Whiting, Robert (2005). The Samurai Way of Baseball: The Impact of Ichiro and the New Wave from Japan. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 0-446-69403-7.
• Whiting, Robert (1990). You Gotta Have Wa. Vintage. ISBN 0-679-72947-X.

External links

• (English) Official Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) Site (.jp)
• (Japanese) Official Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) Site (.jp)

• Japan Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum
• Japanese Baseball Data Archive at The Baseball Guru
• MLB history of Puro Yakyū page
• YakyuDB.com — extremely detailed English account what's going on in Japan's NPB
• JapaneseBaseball.com — fan site on "Pro Yakyu"
• Differences between Nippon Professonal [sic] Baseball and Major League Baseball