Nontreponemal tests for syphilis

Nontreponemal test refers an indirect method of blood test for diagnosis of infection with syphilis. Nontreponemal Tests detect biomarkers that are released during cellular damage that occurs from the syphilis spirochete. In contrast treponemal tests look for antibodies that are a direct result of the infection thus, anti-treponeme IgG, IgM and to a lesser degree IgA. It is a screening test, very rapid and relatively simple, but has to be confirmed by treponemal tests.[1] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-approved standard tests include the VDRL slide test, the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) card test, the unheated serum reagin (USR) test and the toluidine red unheated serum test (TRUST).[2]

Nontreponemal tests

Syphilitic infection leads to the production of nonspecific antibodies that react to cardiolipin. This reaction is the foundation of “nontreponemal” assays such as the VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory) test and Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) test. Both these test are flocculation type tests that use an antigen-antibody interaction. The complexes remain suspended in solution and therefore visible due to the lipid based antigens.[3][4]

All nontreponemal tests measure immunoglobulins G (IgG) and M (IgM) anti-lipid antibodies formed by the host in response both to lipoidal material released from damaged host cells early in infection and to lipid from the cell surfaces of the treponeme itself.

These nontreponemal tests are widely used for qualitative syphilis screening. However, their usefulness is limited by decreased sensitivity in early primary syphilis and during late syphilis, when a large number of untreated patients will be negative by these methods.

With nontreponemal tests, false-positive reactions can occur for a large number of reasons, the most common of which is other infections, both viral and bacterial. Additionally these tests may show false-negative when the patient’s antibody titer is very high due to a hook effect (also called a prozone effect). Because of the issues with false positives, confirmation with a second treponemal test that is specific for T. pallidum antibodies is recommended.[5][6]

The tests are relatively simple to perform and interpret, and can allow rapid return of results and are very cheap. However, they still require some laboratory equipment (especially the VDRL) and trained personnel to perform and interpret test reactions.[2]

References

  1. ↑ Ratnam, S (2005). "The laboratory diagnosis of syphilis". Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology 16 (1): 45–51. PMC 2095002. PMID 18159528.
  2. 1 2 Larsen SA; Pope V; Johnson RE; Kennedy EJ Jr (1998). A Aanual of Tests for Syphilis (9th ed.). Washington, DC: American Public Health Association. ISBN 978-0875532349.
  3. ↑ Zhu, L.; Gu, X.; Peng, R.-R.; Wang, C.; Gao, Z.; Zhou, P.; Gao, Y.; Shi, M.; Guan, Z.; Sena, A. C. (2013). "Comparison of the Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Toluidine Red Unheated Serum Test and the CSF Rapid Plasma Reagin Test with the CSF Venereal Disease Research Laboratory Test for Diagnosis of Neurosyphilis among HIV-Negative Syphilis Patients in China". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 52 (3): 736–740. doi:10.1128/JCM.02522-13. PMID 24335955.
  4. ↑ Nayak, Surajit; Acharjya, Basanti (2012). "VDRL test and its interpretation". Indian Journal of Dermatology 57 (1): 3–8. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.92666. PMC 3312652. PMID 22470199.
  5. ↑ Miller, JN (1975). "Value and limitations of nontreponemal and treponemal tests in the laboratory diagnosis of syphilis". Clinical Obbstetrics and Gynecology 18 (1): 191–203. PMID 1091384.
  6. ↑ Morshed, MG (2014). "Current trend on syphilis diagnosis: issues and challenges". Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 808: 51–64. doi:10.1007/978-81-322-1774-9_5. PMID 24595610.
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