Northern Black Polished Ware

Map of some NBPW sites.

Fragment of Northern Black Polished Ware, 500-100 BCE, Sonkh, Uttar Pradesh.Government Museum, Mathura

Outline of South Asian history

Riwatian people (1,900,000 BCE)

Riwatian people (1,900,000 BP)

Soanian people (500,000 BCE)

Soanian people (500,000 BP)

Stone Age (50,000–3000 BCE)

Bhirrana Culture	(7570-6200 BCE)
Mehrgarh Culture	(7000–3300 BCE)

Bronze Age (3000–1300 BCE)

Indus Valley Civilisation	(3300–1700 BCE)
– Early Harappan Culture	(3300–2600 BCE)
– Mature Harappan Culture	(2600–1900 BCE)
Ochre Coloured Pottery culture	(from 2000 BCE)
Vedic period	(1750–1200 BCE)
– Late Harappan Culture	(1700–1300 BCE)
Swat culture	(1600–500 BCE)
– Black and Red ware culture	(1300–1200 BCE)

Iron Age (1200–230 BCE)

Vedic period	(1200–500 BCE)
– Black and Red ware culture	(1200–1000 BCE)
– Painted Grey Ware culture	(1200–600 BCE)
– Janapadas	(1200–600 BCE)
– Northern Black Polished Ware	(700–200 BCE)
Haryanka Kingdom	(684–424 BCE)
Three Crowned Kingdoms	(6th Century BCE - 1650 CE)
Maha Janapadas	(600–300 BCE)
Achaemenid Empire	(550–330 BCE)
Magadha Kingdom	(500–321 BCE)
Ror Kingdom	(450 BCE–489 CE)
Nanda Empire	(424–321 BCE)
Shishunaga Kingdom	(413–345 BCE)
Macedonian Empire	(330–323 BCE)
Maurya Empire	(321–184 BCE)
Seleucid Empire	(312–63 BCE)
Pandya Empire	(300 BCE–1345 CE)
Chera Kingdom	(300 BCE–1102 CE)
Chola Empire	(300 BCE–1279 CE)
Pallava Empire	(250 BCE–800 CE)
Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire	(250 BCE–400 CE)
Parthian Empire	(247 BCE–224 CE)

Classical period (230 BCE–1279CE)

Satavahana Empire	(230 BCE–220 CE)
Kuninda Kingdom	(200 BCE–300 CE)
Indo-Scythian Kingdom	(200 BCE–400 CE)
Shunga Empire	(185–73 BCE)
Indo-Greek Kingdom	(180 BCE–10 CE)
Kanva Empire	(75–26 BCE)
Indo-Parthian Kingdom	(21–130s CE)
Western Satrap Empire	(35–405 CE)
Kushan Empire	(60–240 CE)
Bharshiva Dynasty	(170–350 CE)
Nagas of Padmavati	(210–340 CE)
Sasanian Empire	(224–651 CE)
Indo-Sassanid Kingdom	(230–360 CE)
Vakataka Empire	(250s–500s CE)
Kalabhras Empire	(250–600 CE)
Gupta Empire	(280–550 CE)
Kadamba Empire	(345–525 CE)
Western Ganga Kingdom	(350–1000 CE)
Kamarupa Kingdom	(350–1100 CE)
Vishnukundina Empire	(420–624 CE)
Maitraka Empire	(475–767 CE)
Huna Kingdom	(475–576 CE)
Rai Kingdom	(489–632 CE)
Shahi Empire	(500s–1026 CE)
Chalukya Empire	(543–753 CE)
Maukhari Empire	(550s–700s CE)
Harsha Empire	(606–647 CE)
Tibetan Empire	(618–841 CE)
Eastern Chalukya Kingdom	(624–1075 CE)
Rashidun Caliphate	(632–661 CE)
Gurjara-Pratihara Empire	(650–1036 CE)
Umayyad Caliphate	(661–750 CE)
Pala Empire	(750–1174 CE)
Rashtrakuta Empire	(753–982 CE)
Paramara Kingdom	(800–1327 CE)
Yadava Empire	(850–1334 CE)
Solanki Kingdom	(942–1244 CE)
Western Chalukya Empire	(973–1189 CE)
Lohara Kingdom	(1003–1320 CE)
Hoysala Empire	(1040–1346 CE)
Sena Empire	(1070–1230 CE)
Eastern Ganga Empire	(1078–1434 CE)
Kakatiya Kingdom	(1083–1323 CE)
Kalachuri Empire	(1130–1184 CE)

Late medieval period (1206–1596)

Delhi Sultanate	(1206–1526 CE)
– Mamluk Sultanate	(1206–1290 CE)
– Khilji Sultanate	(1290–1320 CE)
– Tughlaq Sultanate	(1320–1414 CE)
– Sayyid Sultanate	(1414–1451 CE)
– Lodi Sultanate	(1451–1526 CE)
Ahom Kingdom	(1228–1826 CE)
Reddy Kingdom	(1325–1448 CE)
Vijayanagara Empire	(1336–1646 CE)
Gajapati Kingdom	(1434–1541 CE)
Deccan Sultanates	(1490–1596 CE)

Early modern period (1526–1858)

Mughal Empire	(1526–1858 CE)
– Sur Empire	(1540–1556 CE)
Maratha Empire	(1674–1818 CE)
Sikh Empire	(1799–1849 CE)

Colonial period (1510–1961)

Portuguese India	(1510–1961 CE)
Dutch India	(1605–1825 CE)
Danish India	(1620–1869 CE)
French India	(1759–1954 CE)
Company Raj	(1757–1858 CE)
British Raj	(1858–1947 CE)
Partition of India	(1947 CE)

Other states (1102–1947)

Zamorin Kingdom	(1102–1766 CE)
Sutiya Kingdom	(1187-1673 CE)
Deva Kingdom	(1200s–1300s CE)
Chitradurga Kingdom	(1300–1779 CE)
Garhwal Kingdom	(1358–1803 CE)
Mysore Kingdom	(1399–1947 CE)
Keladi Kingdom	(1499–1763 CE)
Koch Kingdom	(1515–1947 CE)
Thondaiman Kingdom	(1650–1948 CE)
Madurai Kingdom	(1559–1736 CE)
Thanjavur Kingdom	(1572–1918 CE)
Marava Kingdom	(1600–1750 CE)
Sikh Confederacy	(1707–1799 CE)
Travancore Kingdom	(1729–1947 CE)

Kingdoms of Sri Lanka

Kingdom of Tambapanni	(543–505 BCE)
Kingdom of Upatissa Nuwara	(505–377 BCE)
Anuradhapura Kingdom	(377 BCE–1017 CE)
Kingdom of Ruhuna	(200 CE)
Kingdom of Polonnaruwa	(300–1310 CE)
Jaffna Kingdom	(1215–1624 CE)
Kingdom of Dambadeniya	(1220–1272 CE)
Kingdom of Yapahuwa	(1272–1293 CE)
Kingdom of Kurunegala	(1293–1341 CE)
Kingdom of Gampola	(1341–1347 CE)
Kingdom of Raigama	(1347–1415 CE)
Kingdom of Kotte	(1412–1597 CE)
Kingdom of Sitawaka	(1521–1594 CE)
Kingdom of Kandy	(1469–1815 CE)
Portuguese Ceylon	(1505–1658 CE)
Dutch Ceylon	(1656–1796 CE)
British Ceylon	(1815–1948 CE)

Nation histories

Regional histories

Specialised histories

The Northern Black Polished Ware culture (abbreviated NBPW or NBP) is an urban Iron Age culture of the Indian Subcontinent, lasting c. 700–200 BCE, succeeding the Painted Grey Ware culture and Black and red ware culture. It developed beginning around 700 BC, or in the late Vedic period, and peaked from c. 500–300 BC, coinciding with the emergence of 16 great states or mahajanapadas in Northern India, and the subsequent rise of the Mauryan Empire. After recent excavations at Gotihwa in Nepal, archaeologist Giovanni Verardi by radiocarbon datings says that proto-NBPW is at least from 900 BC. Excavations in India at Ayodhya, Juafardih near Nalanda, and Kolhua near Vaisali, show even earlier radiocarbon datings around 1200 BC. Based on this, historian Carlos Aramayo proposes the following chronology: Proto-NBPW (1200–800 BC); Early NBPW (800–300 BC); and Late NBPW (300–100 BC).^[1]^[2]

A luxury style of burnished pottery used by elites, it is associated with the emergence of South Asia's first cities since the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization; this re-urbanization was accompanied by massive embankments and fortifications, significant population growth, increased social stratification, and wide-ranging trade networks.^[3]

Scholars have noted similarities between NBP and the much earlier Harappan cultures, among them the ivory dice and combs and a similar system of weights. Other similarities include the utilization of mud, baked bricks and stone in architecture, the construction of large units of public architecture, the systematic development of hydraulic features and a similar craft industry.^[4] There are also, however, important differences between these two cultures; for example, rice, millet and sorghum became more important in the NBP culture.^[4] The NBP culture may reflect the first state-level organization in the Indian Subcontinent.^[4]

Some sites where Northern Black Polished Ware have been found are Mahasthangarh, Chandraketugarh, Wari-Bateshwar, Bangarh and Mangalkot (all in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India).

Other NBPW sites, associated with the mahajanapadas, are Charsada (ancient Pushkalavati) and Taxila, in Pakistan; Delhi or ancient Indraprastha; Hastinapura, Mathura, Kampil/Kampilya, Ahichatra, Ayodhya, Sravasti, Kausambi, Varanasi all in Uttar Pradesh; Vaishali, Rajgir, Pataliputra, and Champa in Bihar; and Ujjain and Vidisha in Madhya Pradesh.^[5]

References

↑ https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/IndiaArchaeology/conversations/messages/14786
↑ https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/IndiaArchaeology/conversations/messages/14763
↑ http://a.harappa.com/sites/g/files/g65461/f/CulturesSocietiesIndusTrad.pdf
1 2 3 Shaffer, Jim. 1993, "Reurbanization: The eastern Punjab and beyond." In Urban Form and Meaning in South Asia: The Shaping of Cities from Prehistoric to Precolonial Times, ed. H. Spodek and D.M. Srinivasan.
↑ A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

External links

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