Strychnos nux-vomica
| Strychnos nux-vomica | |
|---|---|
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| Illustration from Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen | |
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| Habitus | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Eudicots |
| (unranked): | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Loganiaceae |
| Genus: | Strychnos |
| Species: | S. nux-vomica |
| Binomial name | |
| Strychnos nux-vomica L. | |
| Synonyms | |
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The strychnine tree (Strychnos nux-vomica L.), also known as strychnine tree,[2] nux vomica, poison nut, semen strychnos and quaker buttons, is a deciduous tree native to India, and southeast Asia. It is a medium-sized tree in the family Loganiaceae that grows in open habitats. Its leaves are ovate and 2–3.5 inches (5.1–8.9 cm) in size.[3]
It is a major source of the highly poisonous, intensely bitter alkaloids strychnine and brucine, derived from the seeds inside the tree's round, green to orange fruit.[4] The seeds contain approximately 1.5% strychnine, and the dried blossoms contain 1.0%.[3] However, the tree's bark also contains brucine and other poisonous compounds.
Strychnos is promoted within alternative medicine as a treatment for many conditions, but the claims are not supported by medical evidence.[5]
The use of strychnine is highly regulated in many countries, and is mostly used in baits to kill feral mammals, including wild dogs, foxes, and rodents. Most accidental poisoning is by breathing in the powder or by absorption through the skin.[6]
Description and properties
Strychnos nux-vomica is a medium-sized tree with a short thick trunk. The wood is dense, hard white, and close-grained. The branches are irregular and are covered with a smooth ashen bark. The young shoots are a deep green colour with a shiny coat. The leaves have an opposite decussate arrangement, short stalked, are oval shaped, also have a shiny coat and are smooth on both sides. The leaves are about 4 inches (10 cm) long and 3 inches (7.6 cm) wide. The flowers are small with a pale green colour with a funnel shape. They bloom in the cold season and have a foul smell. The fruit are about the size of a large apple with a smooth and hard shell which when ripened is a mild shade orange colour. The flesh of the fruit is soft and white with a jelly-like pulp containing five seeds covered with a soft woolly substance.
The seeds are removed from the fruit when ripe. They are then cleaned, dried and sorted. The seeds have the shape of a flattened disk completely covered with hairs radiating from the center of the sides. This gives the seeds a very characteristic sheen. The seeds are very hard, with a dark gray horny endosperm where the small embryo is housed that gives off no odor but possesses a very bitter taste. The plant is native to southeast Asia and Australia normally in tropical and subtropical areas.
The properties of nux vomica are those of the alkaloid strychnine. Strychnine is eliminated with a half-life of about 12 hours.[7]
Alternative medicine
Strychnos is promoted within herbal medicine as being a treatment for a wide range of maladies including cancer and heart disease.[5] There is however no evidence it is useful for treating any condition.[5] Since the seeds contain strychnine poison, conventional doctors do not recommend it as a medicine. It is on the Commission E list of unapproved herbs, because it is not recommended for use and has not been proven to be safe or effective.
In the Indian (Ayush) system of medicine, hudar is a mixture containing Strychnos nux-vomica. The seeds are first immersed in water for five days, in milk for two days followed by their boiling in milk.[8] In India, the quality/toxicity of traditional medical crude and processed Strychnos seeds can be controlled by examining the toxic alkaloids using established HPLC methods and/or HPLC-UV methods.[9]
References
- ↑ "Strychnos nux-vomica L.". The Plant List.
- ↑ "Strychnos nux-vomica". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
- 1 2 Harry L. Arnold (1968). Poisonous Plants of Hawaii. Tokyo, Japan: Charles E. Tuttle. p. 20. ISBN 0-8048-0474-5.
- ↑ Oudhia, P., 2008. Strychnos nux-vomica L. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U. Schmelzer, G.H. & Gurib-Fakim, A. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands.
- 1 2 3 Ades TB, ed. (2009). Strychnos nux-vomica. American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies (2nd ed.) (American Cancer Society). pp. 504–507. ISBN 9780944235713.
- ↑ "Drugs and Poisons Fact Sheet: Strychnine Permits - What you need to know" (PDF). Queensland Health. December 1, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016.
- ↑ David Michael Wood, Emma Webster, Daniel Martinez, Paul Ivor Dargan & Alison Linda Jones (2002). "Case report: survival after deliberate strychnine self-poisoning, with toxicokinetic data". Critical Care 6 (5): 456–459. doi:10.1186/cc1549. PMC 130147. PMID 12398788.
- ↑ Seema Akbar, Shamshad A Khan, Akbar Masood & M Iqbal (2010). "Use of Strychnos nux-vomica (azraqi) seeds in Unani system of medicine: role of detoxification". African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 7 (4): 286–290. PMC 3005396. PMID 21731158.
- ↑ Q. B. Han, S. L. Li, C. F. Qiao, J. Z. Song, Z. W. Cai, P. Pui-Hay But, P. C. Shaw & H. X. Xu (2008). "A simple method to identify the unprocessed Strychnos seeds used in herbal medicinal products". Planta Medica 74 (4): 458–463. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1034359. PMID 18484543.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Strychnos nux-vomica. |
- M. Grieve. "Nux Vomica". Botanical.com, A Modern Herbal.