Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge

Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge

The headquarters of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge (pictured here in 2008) were occupied by militants in early 2016.
Date January 2, 2016 (2016-01-02) – February 11, 2016 (2016-02-11)
(40 days)
Location Harney County, Oregon, United States
(30 miles (48 km) south of Burns, Oregon)
43°15′55″N 118°50′39″W / 43.265404°N 118.844272°W / 43.265404; -118.844272Coordinates: 43°15′55″N 118°50′39″W / 43.265404°N 118.844272°W / 43.265404; -118.844272
Causes
Goals
  • Transfer of federal lands to private ownership or to state, county, or local government control[2]
  • Release of Dwight and Steven Hammond from custody and the establishment of an "independent evidentiary hearing board" by state and county representatives to re-examine the Hammonds' case[3]
Methods
Result
  • 26 militants were arrested and charged with federal felony conspiracy offenses
  • One militant was killed while resisting arrest and one militant was wounded before being arrested
Parties to the civil conflict
Lead figures
Number
  • FBI – unknown
  • Oregon State Police – unknown
  • ~37 local police[16][17]

40 (Los Angeles Times estimate)
Several dozen (The Washington Post estimate)

20 to 25 (The Oregonian estimate)
Casualties
Death(s) Robert "LaVoy" Finicum[18]
Injuries Ryan Bundy[19]
Arrested 27

The occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge was an armed standoff in Harney County, Oregon, United States, between armed anti-government militants and county, state, and federal law enforcement agencies. The incident began on January 2, 2016, when the headquarters of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in eastern Oregon were occupied by an armed group affiliated with private U.S. militias and the sovereign citizen movement following an earlier peaceful march in protest of the prison sentences for ranchers Dwight Hammond and his son, Steven Hammond.[20][21][22][23] The Hammonds were convicted of arson on federal land,[24] sentenced to five years' imprisonment, and sought clemency from the U.S. president.[25]

Ammon Bundy—a former car fleet manager from Phoenix, Arizona,[26] son of anti-government protester Cliven D. Bundy, and the leader of the group now calling themselves Citizens for Constitutional Freedom—said he began leading the occupation after receiving a divine message ordering him to do so.[27][28] The militant group demanded that the federal government of the United States cede ownership of the refuge,[29] and expressed willingness to engage in armed conflict.[30] For a time, the government and police did not engage directly with the militia.[31] The two ranchers on whose behalf the militants were ostensibly acting disavowed the occupation of the refuge.[32]

On January 26, five of the militants were arrested on U.S. Route 395 about 48 miles (77 km) north of the occupation. Among those arrested were Ammon Bundy and his brother Ryan.[33] Ryan Bundy suffered a minor gunshot wound to his arm during his arrest.[33][34] During the confrontation, law enforcement officers shot and killed Robert "LaVoy" Finicum while he was reportedly reaching for his gun.[35][36] The last four militants surrendered on February 11, ending the occupation.[37] 26 of 27 people arrested, including the Bundy brothers, were charged under federal law with a single count of felony conspiracy,[38][39] and most were subsequently charged with a variety of other offenses relating to use of firearms and abuse of government property. Jake Ryan, who had fled prosecution and was indicted for damage to federal property, was arrested in Clark County, Washington, on charges on April 5.[40] The final arrest, of Travis Cox, who was indicted for felony conspiracy, took place on April 12 in Cedar City, Utah.[41]

The Harney County Sheriff's Office characterized the militants as criminals engaged in trespassing[42] and Oregon Governor Kate Brown announced the occupation cost about US$100,000 a week.[43] The events drew comparisons to the Ruby Ridge incident in 1992, the Waco siege in 1993, and the Montana Freemen standoff in 1996.

Background

Location

Harney County is a rural county in eastern Oregon. The county seat is the city of Burns.[44][45] Although it is one of the largest counties by area in the United States,[44][45] its population is only about 7,700,[44] and cattle outnumber people 14-to-1.[44] About 75 percent of the county's area is federal land,[44] variously managed by the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR), the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), and the United States Forest Service (USFS).[46]

The Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, located in Harney County, was established in 1908 by President Theodore Roosevelt, a conservationist.[47] Located in the Pacific Flyway, and currently encompassing 187,757 acres (760 km2), it is "one of the premiere sites for birds and birding in the U.S.," according to the Audubon Society of Portland.[48] Tourism, especially birding, injects US$15 million into the local economy annually.[49]

Previous armed incursions

The occupation was the fourth in an ongoing series of armed incursions on public lands since the Bundy standoff, an armed confrontation between protesters and law enforcement that developed from a 20-year legal dispute between the BLM and cattle rancher Cliven Bundy, over unpaid grazing fees on federally owned land in southeastern Nevada. The first post-standoff incursion was an armed show of force and an illegal off-road vehicle ride were staged in San Juan County, Utah, in May 2014. It was followed by another armed show of force in Josephine County, Oregon, in April 2015; and an occupation of U.S. Forest Service land in Montana in August 2015. A network of militias and anti-government activists, including the Bundys, the Oath Keepers, and the Pacific Patriots Network, took part in these events. At least 20 of the militants who occupied the refuge were reported to have participated in the earlier Utah, Oregon, and Montana actions.[50]

Hammond arson case

Main article: Hammond arson case

In 2012, Dwight Lincoln Hammond, Jr., 73, and Steven Dwight Hammond, 46,[51] were both convicted of two counts of arson on federal land, in relation to two fires they set in 2001 and 2006.[52][53] In a mid-trial settlement agreement, the Hammonds agreed to not appeal the arson convictions in order to have other charges dismissed by the government. The Hammonds were also told the prosecutor would seek the mandatory minimum sentence of five years.[54][55] Ultimately, Dwight Hammond was sentenced to three months' imprisonment and his son Steven was sentenced to a year and a day's imprisonment, which both men served.[56][57] However, in 2015, the sentences were vacated by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which then remanded re-sentencing.[58][59] In October 2015, a judge re-sentenced the Hammonds to five years in prison (with credit for time served), ordering that they return to prison on January 4, 2016.[59][57]

As a petition seeking clemency for the Hammonds from President Barack Obama began circulating,[60] the Hammonds' case attracted the attention of Ammon Bundy and Ryan Payne. In November 2015, Bundy and his associates began publicizing the Hammonds' case via social media.[61][62] Over the ensuing weeks, Bundy and Payne attempted to set up plans for what they described as a peaceful protest with Harney County Sheriff David Ward, as well as request that the sheriff's office protect the Hammonds from being taken into custody by federal authorities. A sympathetic Ward declined Bundy and Payne's request. He later said that he began receiving death threats by email.[53][63][64]

Despite several early meetings with Bundy and Payne, the Hammonds eventually rejected their offers of assistance.[6]

Prelude to the militant occupation

Ammon Bundy, pictured here in 2014, began planning the takeover of the refuge in October 2015.

Unbeknownst to Sheriff Ward, Bundy and Payne were planning a takeover of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. By late fall, local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies had become aware that members of anti-government militias had started to relocate to Harney County, and the USFWS began circulating a photograph of Ammon Bundy with instructions for staff to "be on the lookout."[53][63][64]

By early December 2015, Bundy and Payne had set up residence in Burns. The same month, they organized a meeting at the Harney County Fairgrounds to rally support for their efforts. At the meeting, a "committee of safety" was organized to orchestrate direct action against the Hammond sentences.[53] According to that group's website, the Harney County Committee of Safety considers itself "a governmental body established by the people in the absence of the ability of the existing government to provide for the needs and protection of civilized society"[65] (during the American Revolution, committees of safety were shadow governments organized to usurp authority from colonial administrators).[66]

On December 30, 2015, USFWS staff members at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge were dismissed early from work. With tensions rising in nearby Burns, supervisors left staff with the final instruction not to return to the refuge unless explicitly instructed.[64] Meanwhile, some residents of Burns reported harassment and intimidation by militia members. According to the spouses and children of several federal employees and local police, they had been followed home or to school by vehicles with out-of-state license plates.[67]

On January 1, 2016, a forum held at the Harney County Fairgrounds was attended by about 60 local residents and members of militias. A Burns-area resident who organized the event described it as an opportunity to defuse tensions that had been simmering between locals and out-of-town militia in the preceding days. It was unclear how the group should proceed. The event alternated between expressions of sympathy for the Hammonds and suggestions that a peaceful rally could be beneficial.[68]

On January 2, a rally of about 300 people gathered in a Safeway supermarket parking lot in Burns, organized by the Pacific Patriots Network (PPN), a militia umbrella organization that includes the 3 Percenters of Idaho.[69] Members of the Pacific Patriots Network had been active in Harney County since November, drawn there by the Hammonds' case.[69] Following speeches, the crowd marched to the home of Dwight and Steven Hammond, stopping briefly en route to protest outside the sheriff's office and the county courthouse. The crowd then returned to the Safeway parking lot and broke up. According to KOIN, there was "no visible police presence at any point."[63][70]

Militant occupation

First week

A USGS satellite image of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge headquarters shows a fire lookout used as a watch tower (1), the main offices used as a headquarters (2), and buildings used as a canteen and barracks (3).

Before the protest crowd broke up, Ammon Bundy announced to the crowd his plan to occupy the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, and he encouraged people to join him. His announcement surprised a PPN rally organizer, who later stated he felt betrayed.[12] Ammon and Ryan Bundy—along with armed associates—proceeded to separate from the crowd and proceeded to the refuge headquarters, located 30 miles (48 km) south of Burns.[2] The militants settled into the refuge and set up defensive positions.[5] Law enforcement kept away from the refuge,[5][63][71] but various security measures were taken in surrounding areas.[72][73] However, by the end of January 4, no overt police presence was visible in the area between the town and the refuge headquarters.[72]

On January 2, the militia leaders claimed to have 150 armed members at the site, while media reports suggested that no more than a dozen armed militants were on the site,[74] and "between six and 12."[75] On January 3, The Oregonian said there were roughly 20 to 25 people present and that the militants had deployed into defensive positions.[71] On January 3, Ammon Bundy claimed that they were being supplied by area residents.[76]

Other protest groups took varying positions. On January 2, the 3 Percenters of Idaho militia disclaimed involvement, calling the occupation a small splinter action.[77] A fistfight erupted at the refuge on the evening of January 6 when three members of a group calling themselves Veterans on Patrol attempted to enter the headquarters and convince women and children to leave. Instead, they were repelled by militants, leaving one member of the Veterans on Patrol with a black eye.[78][79]

Ryan Bundy stated that the militant group wants the Hammonds to be released and for the federal government to relinquish control of the 1.4 million acres (5,700 km2) Malheur National Forest.[2] On January 3, Ammon Bundy said the ultimate goal of the militants was to "get the economics here in the county revived" for logging and outdoor recreation.[76] On January 4, the militants announced they had organized into an umbrella group called Citizens for Constitutional Freedom.[80]

Notice posted on the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge's website stating its closure "until further notice."

On January 4, Steven E. Grasty, the judge-executive of Harney County, emailed Ammon Bundy requesting that he leave the refuge.[7] Harney County Sheriff David Ward then requested that the Bundys and others to leave. In response, Ryan Bundy said he wasn't convinced Ward spoke for the county.[81] In a public meeting held on January 6 at the Harney County Fairgrounds, nearly every attending person, according to Oregon Public Broadcasting, raised their hands on a question asking if the militants should leave. Ward then offered to escort the militants to the county line if they would depart voluntarily.[82]

On January 7, Sheriff Ward and other local sheriffs met with Ammon Bundy and Ryan Payne 20 miles (32 km) from the site of the occupation. Sheriff Ward repeated his earlier offer to escort the militants out of the county. Bundy rejected the offer, saying he and his confederates would hold out until the federal government had surrendered all of its land holdings to local residents.[83]

Meanwhile, on January 4, Dwight and Steven Hammond voluntarily reported to begin serving the remainder of their respective prison sentences.[84]

Second week

Matt Shea, a member of the Washington House of Representatives, was part of a coalition of five out-of-state politicians to meet with the militants on January 9 over objections expressed by local officials.[85][86]

On January 8, members of other militias later met with the militants, asking them to establish a perimeter around the occupied area to avoid a "Waco-style situation."[87] A number of other militia and anti-government groups, some armed, arrived and were greeted with mixed reception.[88] The 3 Percenters of Idaho announced it was sending some of its members to "secure a perimeter" around the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge compound and prevent a repeat of the Waco siege. Ammon Bundy initially welcomed the arrival of the additional militants.[77][89] However, hours after their arrival at the refuge on the morning of January 9, the convoy of new militants from the Pacific Patriots Network, led by Brandon Curtiss, president of the 3 Percenters of Idaho, were asked to leave by Utah attorney Todd MacFarlane, who acted as a mediator.[90] The new militants left the refuge that afternoon.[91][92][89]

By January 10, an influx of armed groups and individuals was rotating through Burns, with some declaring they were there to support the armed occupation, others to try to convince the militants to quit, and still others with undefined purposes.[85] Some militants, meanwhile, left the occupation completely.[93]

On January 11, the militants demolished a stretch of fence between the refuge and an adjacent ranch, apparently to give the adjacent ranch access to land that had been blocked for years.[94][95][96] However, the ranch owners did not want the fence taken down and subsequently repaired it.[97] The militants began searching through government documents stored for proof of government wrongdoing toward local ranchers.[98][99]

On January 12, the militants told KOIN reporter Chris Holmstrom that the refuge facilities were messy and unorganized when they arrived, and Jason Patrick asserted that they encountered rat fecal matter 2 inches (50.8 mm) deep. KOIN recorded some of their cleaning efforts in a garage.[100]

Bruce Doucette, the owner of a computer repair shop in Denver, Colorado, and a self-proclaimed judge, announced on January 12 that he would convene a "citizens grand jury" to charge government officials with various crimes.[101][102] Doucette's claims to be a judge are consistent with legal frauds often practiced by the sovereign citizen movement and other anti-government movements.[103] On January 15, it was revealed that the militants had been filing false legal documents and threatening local officials they view as being uncooperative with their "grand jury" proceedings or charges of treason.[104]

January 15 saw the first arrest of a militant, a man who was apprehended by the Oregon State Police (OSP) in Burns while driving a vehicle stolen from the refuge facility.[105][106]

Third and fourth weeks

Ammon Bundy speaks to a FBI negotiator via speaker phone at the Mahleur National Wildlife Refuge on January 21.

Militant numbers continued to grow to "several dozen" according to one report[107] or about 40 in another.[108] On January 16, the Oath Keepers anti-government militia group warned of a prospective "conflagration so great, it cannot be stopped, leading to a bloody, brutal civil war" if the situation declined to violence,[109] and reiterated demands for the federal government to cede ownership of the wildlife refuge.[107]

On the same day, militants began to vandalize the property,[110] which local community leaders characterized as an attempt to provoke violent confrontation.[111] A video released by the militants showed them inspecting a locked storage room for archaeological artifacts held in agreement with the Burns Paiute Tribe, an Indian nation in Harney County,[112] leading the tribe to ask the federal authorities to block the passage of occupiers to the site.[113]

The Sheriff's office also confirmed that militant Duane Kirkland, of Hamilton, Montana, had been arrested on charges of being a felon in possession of a firearm.[114]

On January 21, Bundy met with the FBI and discussed with them about relinquishing federal government control of the refuge as well as the releases of Dwight and Steven Hammond. He agreed to meet with the FBI again on the next day, but when the meeting occurred, Bundy left when the agent present declined to negotiate in front of the media.[115][116][117]

On January 23, the militants hosted a news conference at the refuge, promising news reporters that an Oregon rancher and one from New Mexico would be present to sign papers renouncing their federal grazing permits. Only one rancher, Adrian C. Sewell of Grant County, New Mexico, a felon, renounced his federal grazing permit at the conference. The Oregon rancher was absent.[117][118]

January 26 arrests and shooting

During the first weeks, law enforcement allowed the militants to come and go from the refuge at will.[36] On January 26, the main leaders attempted to drive two vehicles to adjacent Grant County, Oregon, where Ryan Payne was invited by a Canyon City, Oregon, logger to speak at a public meeting at the John Day Senior Center.[119][120][121] It was the first time in which the main leaders were traveling together away from the refuge headquarters. State and federal authorities used the opportunity to intercept them with a traffic stop on a stretch of U.S. Route 395, situated away from populated areas.[36]

FBI surveillance footage shows Robert "LaVoy" Finicum's truck being pursued by police vehicles on U.S. Route 395. In this one-minute excerpt, Finicum attempts to evade a police roadblock, driving into a roadside snowbank. Finicum immediately walks away from his truck, and an OSP officer with a Taser approaches from his right, while OSP officers and FBI agents with rifles position themselves to his left. Finicum moves his hands from over his head to grab his jacket, then turns around to the left to face the way he had walked from. He is then shot three times in the back by two OSP officers. (One-minute excerpt from 26-minute FBI aerial footage.)[122][123]

The militants' convoy consisted of a white 2015 Dodge Ram pickup truck, driven by Robert "LaVoy" Finicum, followed by a dark-colored Jeep.[124][125] Vehicles driven by the FBI and the Oregon State Police pulled in behind the Jeep. The driver of the Jeep pulled over and he and his passengers, Ammon Bundy and Brian Cavalier, surrendered peacefully and were taken into custody. Finicum kept driving, followed by the authorities, but eventually stopped with police cars behind his truck. The police launched a round of 40mm foam-nosed pepper spray at the vehicle.[126] Ryan Payne exited Finicum's truck and surrendered peacefully, also surrendering a handgun holstered on his right hip. Shauna Cox, a passenger in Finicum's truck, recorded cell phone video of Finicum shouting to police that he will ignore their orders and drive away.[127] Other cell phone video footage shot by Ryan Bundy, another passenger, also showed Finicum taunting officers and suggesting they should shoot and kill him.[128][129]

About seven minutes after stopping his truck, Finicum drove away at high speed.[125][130] Cox, Ryan Bundy, and an 18-year-old female passenger were still inside the truck at the time.[130][131] They were subsequently pursued by officers and eventually encountered a roadblock about 1 mile (1,609 m) later. Attempting to bypass the roadblock, Finicum embedded his truck in a roadside snowbank.[132] Two OSP officers and four FBI agents were posted at the roadblock, with one of the FBI agents nearly being run over by Finicum's truck.[124]

Finicum immediately walked away from his truck and briefly held his hands above his head. OSP officers and FBI agents armed with rifles positioned themselves to his left, while an OSP officer equipped with a Taser X2 walked toward him from his right. As the officer with the Taser attempted to move within 15 feet (5 m) to make the most effective use of the Taser, Finicum turned his body to the left, holding his jacket with his left hand and reaching for a pocket with his right hand. He was then shot three times in the back by two OSP officers.[123][126]

OSP officers fired three shots into Finicum's truck as it approached the roadblock, and fired three shots into Finicum.[133] While Finicum was leaving his truck, a FBI Hostage Rescue Team member fired two shots,[134] one of which entered the truck and rebounded, inflicting a minor shrapnel wound on Ryan Bundy.[135]

Immediate aftermath

Immediately after the shooting and arrests, officials stated that Finicum was reaching for a gun in his pocket when he was shot by a state trooper.[36] The FBI also said that a loaded handgun was found in Finicum's left jacket pocket;[136] the handgun was later identified as a 9mm Ruger SR9.[137] Finicum received the handgun as a gift from his stepson.[137][138]

Both of the Bundy brothers and three other militants were arrested. They will face "federal felony charges of conspiracy to impede federal officers from discharging their official duties through the use of force, intimidation or threats" (Title 18, United States Code, Section 372).[18][19][35][139] The driver of the Jeep and the 18-year-old female passenger in Finicum's truck were released without charges. Medical assistance was given to Finicum approximately 10 minutes after the shooting.[140]

Prior to the video of the action being released, some of the militants and supporters had claimed that Finicum was cooperating with the police when he was shot. This included a claim by controversial Nevada Assemblywoman Michele Fiore who was not present at the arrest that "he was just murdered with his hands up."[141] Cliven Bundy was quoted as saying that Finicum was "sacrificed for a good purpose."[142] At a news conference, officials had initially declined to comment on the Finicum shooting because the encounter was still under investigation,[143] but they later released surveillance video of the incident, which officials said shows Finicum reaching for a handgun after feigning surrender.[144][145] However, Finicum's family continued to dispute the nature of the shooting, claiming that he was shot in the back while his hands were in the air, and denied the FBI's assertion that Finicum was armed at the time of his death.[146] Finicum's public autopsy was performed on January 28, but officials withheld the autopsy report from the press until March 8.[134][147] The Finicum family commissioned a private autopsy, but declined to make the results public.[125]

Three others were arrested in separate actions: Peter Santilli and Joseph O'Shaughnessy were arrested locally, while Jon Ritzheimer was arrested by the FBI in Peoria, Arizona, after turning himself in.[148]

Last two weeks of the occupation

Following the January 26 arrests, the occupation continued.[131] In the early morning hours of January 27, militant Jason Patrick said that women and children had left the occupation, adding that five to six people met and then decided to continue the occupation.[18] Many people reportedly left in a hurry. Hours later, federal and state police forces moved into the region, formed a perimeter around the refuge, and blocked access to it by setting up roadblocks. Only ranchers who owned land near the area were allowed to pass.[149]

The remaining members debated on what to do next, with some angry about the recent events.[150] Through his lawyer, Michael Arnold of Eugene, Oregon, Ammon Bundy urged those remaining at the refuge to stand down and go home,[151] statements that were echoed by his wife.[152] Two hours later, a convoy of vehicles was seen leaving the refuge.[153] Eight people left the refuge and were met by the FBI and the Oregon State Police at the perimeter. Three militants, including Patrick, surrendered and were arrested, while five other individuals were allowed to leave the refuge by authorities without incident.[154][155] By the morning of January 28, four militants remained: David Fry, 27, of Blanchester, Ohio; husband and wife Sean, 48, and Sandy Anderson, 47, both of Riggins, Idaho; and Jeff Banta, 46, of Yerington, Nevada.[156][157]

Fry reported that there is a warrant for the arrest of Sean Anderson;[158] the Associated Press reported that Anderson was facing misdemeanor charges in Wisconsin for resisting arrest and drug possession.[159] Fry also added that the others are free to go. However, the four were reluctant to leave unless they were all allowed to go freely and Sean Anderson was not arrested.[160][161] The FBI reportedly offered a deal where Sean Anderson would be arrested and the others would go free; this was acceptable to Fry and Banta, but not Sandy Anderson, at which point all four made a pact to remain together.[156]

By January 29, the four said they had ended negotiations with the FBI and were planning to remain at the refuge until their supplies run out.[156] On January 30, the FBI said negotiations were continuing.[162] The militants also claimed that the FBI was shutting down their ability to communicate with the outside world, including by locking down their ability to make or receive mobile phone calls.[163] The FBI later confirmed this action.[164] The militants were able to maintain contact with Oregon Public Broadcasting from January 31 to February 3, at which point their line of communication was cut.[165] About a week later, David Fry was able to reestablish online communications.[166] On February 3, the remaining four militants, along with twelve of the arrested militants, were indicted for conspiracy to impede U.S. officers, though Kirkland and Stetson were not.[167]

Signs were added at some roadblocks stating that unauthorized protesters or visitors would be subject to arrest if they passed said blocks.[168]

Surrender of the last four militants involved

At about 4:30 p.m. on February 10, David Fry rode past the police barricades using an all-terrain vehicle before returning to the refuge at high speed. Federal authorities claimed that caused them to begin to surround the refuge at around 5:45 p.m.[169][170]

Michael Arnold, Ammon Bundy's lawyer, learned of the escalation from a live feed where the remaining holdouts were talking of murder and asking to speak to Nevada Assemblywoman Michele Fiore. Fiore was informed of the request as her flight touched down at the Portland International Airport in Portland, Oregon. Meanwhile, Arnold sent text messages to a FBI negotiator saying, "Fiore is landing now. Can you get her on the phone with the people at the refuge? ... We can slow this down by offering Michele Fiore to talk to them."[171] Fiore stated on a YouTube livestream with the militants that she would try to mediate the situation.[170] While she talked to the four militants, Arnold worked on getting the FBI on the phone. At 7:38 p.m., a FBI agent told Arnold that Fiore was doing a good job and they should go to Burns.[171]

Later that night, it was reported that the remaining militants would be turning themselves in to the FBI at 8:00 a.m. on the following morning.[172] On the morning of February 11, Fiore and Arnold arrived in Burns. Fiore met with Rev. Franklin Graham at the Burns Municipal Airport, who had flown in there on his private airplane, and both were driven to the refuge in a FBI armored truck, with Arnold in a vehicle behind them. Fiore and Graham took turns addressing the militants over a loudspeaker on the truck, and Arnold provided the FBI Ammon Bundy's recorded message for Fry.[171] By 11:00 a.m., Sean and Sandy Anderson, Jeff Banta, and Fry surrendered to the FBI without incident. The previous night, Cliven Bundy had been arrested after deplaning at the Portland International Airport on charges related to events that were alleged to have occurred during the 2014 Bundy standoff.[173] He had flown to Portland to support Fry, Banta, and the Andersons.[174]

Aftermath

FBI investigation of scene and damage to refuge

Examples of damage caused by the militants

Following the surrender of the last militants, the FBI labeled the entire refuge a crime scene and canvassed the buildings in search of explosives and any previously existing hazardous materials.[175] A collection of firearms and explosives were found inside the refuge.[176] Safes were found to have been broken into, with money, cameras, and computers stolen by the militants. They were also found to have badly damaged tribal artifacts.[177] The FBI's Art Crime Team conducted an archaeological field assessment to determine if the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act or the Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 were violated; additional charges may result if so.[178]

During the occupation, the militants illegally dug a new road using a government-owned excavator, expanded a parking lot, dug trenches, destroyed part of a USFWS-owned fence, and removed security cameras.[111][179] They broke the refuge's sewage system, after which they were said to have defecated "everywhere" inside and outside the buildings.[177] Investigators found "significant amounts of human feces" at "two large trenches and an improvised road on or adjacent to grounds containing sensitive artifacts" of the Burns Paiute Tribe.[180] A USFWS spokesperson said that the damage risked "the destruction and desecration of culturally significant Native American sites" and called it "disgusting, ghoulish behavior."[111] The Burns Paiute Tribe condemned the damage;[181] tribal council member Jarvis Kennedy described it as if "someone went to Arlington National Cemetery and went to the bathroom on the graves and rode a bulldozer over them."[182] Two of the militants, Sean Larry Anderson and Jake Edward Ryan, were subsequently indicted for "depredation of government property," an offense that carries a potential ten-year jail sentence.[183][184] A group of 600 volunteers signed up to restore the refuge, after the Oregon Natural Desert Association sought assistance.[179]

The refuge remained closed after the FBI left the site in late February, with the entrance road blocked off from public access by armed officers from the USFWS.[185] The refuge's manager described it as "one big mess" at the end of February. Although he and fifteen other employees at the refuge were able to return to their jobs at the end of February, they found that while there had not been much structural damage to the buildings, there had been a great deal of disruption to files, heavy equipment, and fittings, in addition to the problems caused by a lengthy break in the maintenance of the refuge's infrastructure.[186] Efforts to reduce the population of invasive carp in Malheur Lake are thought to have been set back by three years. While the buildings remain closed for repairs, which are expected to take until the summer,[187] the refuge's lands were reopened to the public in mid-March.[182]

Costs

According to an initial analysis by The Oregonian, the occupation "cost taxpayers at least $3.3 million to cover the massive police response, a week of shuttered schools and a long list of supplies ranging from food to flashlight batteries".[188] Most of the cost was for around-the-clock police work: the Oregon State Police spent US$1.2 million on wages, overtime, lodging, and fuel; while an additional US$788,500 was paid for help from other police and government agencies from outside Harney County. Harney County, its schools, and the municipalities of Burns and Hines spent US$521,800. The US$3.3 million figure also includes wages paid to employees who could not work because of the occupation, such as US$425,000 for about 120 BLM employees whose offices were closed. The figure of the costs does not include additional costs, such as lost time in the field, delayed or canceled BLM projects, or added demand for food and services at local nonprofits, such as the Harney County Senior Center.[188] A subsequent estimate stated the cost as at least US$9 million, including US$2 million spent relocating employees who had been threatened by the militants, US$2.3 million on federal law enforcement, US$1.7 million to replace damaged or stolen property and over US$3 million spent by Oregon government agencies.[189]

Investigation of FBI shots fired during Finicum's death

Investigators with the Deschutes County Sheriff's Office, assigned to process the scene of Finicum's shooting, were accounting for the two known sets of shots fired by the OSP officers during the event (the shots that killed Finicum, and the earlier shots that struck his vehicle) when they discovered a bullet that struck the roof of the truck at a different trajectory. After ascertaining the bullet's existence with cell phone video taken by Shawna Cox, investigators modeled the bullet's trajectory using computers, and determined that the bullet was fired from the direction where two FBI agents were standing. They later determined that a FBI Hostage Rescue Team member fired twice at Finicum, missing and injuring militant Ryan Bundy in the process. The agent, whose identity was withheld, was under investigation, along with four other FBI agents who were suspected of attempting to conceal evidence of the gunshots. They reportedly told investigators that none of them fired a shot during the incident.[190][191]

During initial processing of the scene, the rifle cartridge casings purportedly fired by the FBI agent were reported not present. However, an OSP officer later described seeing two casings at the scene near where the FBI agents were positioned. FBI aerial surveillance video shows agents searching the area, then huddling together before breaking up moments later, with one agent bending over twice to pick up an unknown object. Law enforcement officials began the investigation into the gunshots after watching the full surveillance video and suspecting something was amiss. Two FBI pickup trucks were searched for casings, but none were found, while at least three OSP officers were interrogated about their initial processing of the scene.[124]

On March 8, officials revealed their findings to the public.[135] The U.S. Department of Justice launched an investigation into the conduct of the agents.[190]

Reactions

Throughout the occupation, statements were issued by anti-government activists and sympathetic residents, who criticized the militants' tactics.[192][193][194] Other statements of condemnation were issued by legal scholars;[195] and federal, state, local, and tribal governments.[196][197][198][199] In the first days, the takeover sparked a debate in the United States on the meaning of the word "terrorist" and on how the news media and law enforcement treat situations involving people of different ethnicities or religions.[200]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Bernstein, Maxine (April 25, 2016). "Ammon Bundy to challenge authority of feds to prosecute Oregon standoff defendants". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Zaitz, Les (January 3, 2016). "Militia takes over Malheur National Wildlife Refuge headquarters". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Archived from the original on January 3, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  3. ↑ Terhune, Katie (January 4, 2016). "Militia members speak out about occupation of wildlife refuge". Asheville Citizen-Times (Tysons Corner, VA: Gannett Company). Retrieved April 18, 2016.
  4. ↑ "NOTICE: Redress of Grievance". Bundy Ranch (Blog). December 11, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Zaitz, Les (January 5, 2016). "Militants continue occupation of Oregon refuge, police keep low profile". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Archived from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  6. 1 2 Stack, Liam; Fandos, Nicholas (January 3, 2016). "Wildlife Refuge Occupied in Protest of Oregon Ranchers' Prison Terms". The New York Times (New York: The New York Times Company). p. A13. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  7. 1 2 Taylor, Phil (January 6, 2016). "Ore. town fed up, but not afraid of militants". Greenwire (Washington, D.C.: Environment & Energy Publishing). Retrieved January 6, 2016.
  8. ↑ Flowers, Shaunee (January 8, 2016). "Ammon Bundy Met With Harney County Sheriff, Refuses To Leave Malheur National Wildlife Refuge". The Inquisitr. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
  9. ↑ Valdes, Manuel (January 9, 2016). "Armed Group Not Ready to End Wildlife Refuge Occupation". ABC News (New York: American Broadcasting Company). Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 9, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
  10. ↑ Moore, Wanda; Lerten, Barney (January 4, 2016). "Militia leader explains takeover, says group has name". Bend, OR: KTVZ. Archived from the original on January 4, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
  11. ↑ Moore, Wanda; Lerten, Barney (January 5, 2016). "Harney County sheriff urges others not to join refuge 'militants'". Bend, OR: KTVZ. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
  12. 1 2 Leeds, Tyler (January 4, 2016). "Central Oregon activists in Burns: Occupiers hijacked trust". The Bulletin (Bend, OR: Western Communications). Retrieved April 9, 2016.
  13. ↑ Sullivan, Andy (January 5, 2016). "Oregon activists picked the wrong battle, militia leaders say". Reuters. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
  14. ↑ Bult, Laura (January 5, 2016). "Ryan Bundy, one of the leaders of the armed activists occupying the Malheur Wildlife Refuge in Oregon, says locals support them". Daily News (New York). Retrieved January 8, 2016.
  15. 1 2 Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (January 4, 2016). "Meet the veterans who have joined the Oregon militiamen". The Washington Post (Arlington, VA: Nash Holdings LLC). ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
  16. ↑ Pamplin Media Group (January 6, 2016). "Sheriffs respond to Harney County's call for help". Portland Tribune (Portland, OR: Pamplin Media Group). Retrieved January 6, 2016.
  17. ↑ Roberts, Heather (January 6, 2016). "DCSO Responds to Harney County Request". Bend, OR: KBND. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
  18. 1 2 3 Jamieson, Alastair; Johnson, Alex; Calabrese, Erin; Lamarre, Gisele; Williams, Pete; Blankstein, Andrew; Walters, Shamar (January 27, 2016). "Oregon Occupation Leaders Ammon and Ryan Bundy Arrested, One Dead". NBC News (New York: NBC). Retrieved February 2, 2016.
  19. 1 2 "1 killed as Ammon Bundy, 4 others arrested in Oregon amid shots fired – FBI". RT (Moscow, Russia: Autonomous Nonprofit Organization (ANO) "TV-Novosti"). January 27, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
  20. ↑ Thomas, Judy L. (January 6, 2016). "Experts: Oregon standoff may be small, but it's just the tip of a growing militia iceberg". The Kansas City Star (Sacramento, CA: The McClatchy Company). ISSN 0745-1067. Retrieved January 20, 2016. The rally was peaceful, authorities said....But afterward, a group of armed militants split off, went to the wildlife refuge 30 miles away and took it over. Ammon Bundy has been acting as the group's leader, and they say they won't back down until the government relinquishes the federal refuge to the people.
  21. ↑ Norcross, Geoff; Sepulvado, John (January 26, 2016). "How Militants May 'Indict' Non-Believers". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
  22. ↑ Foden-Vencil, Kristian (January 24, 2016). "Armed Occupiers Convene Common Law Grand Jury Against Local Officials". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
  23. ↑ Chappell, Bill (February 18, 2016). "Oregon Occupier Countersues For $666 Billion, Citing 'Works Of The Devil'". The Two-Way (Washington, D.C.: NPR). Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  24. ↑ Terhune, Katie (January 6, 2016). "Inside the Hammonds' arson case at the center of the Oregon occupation". Portland, OR: KGW. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
  25. ↑ Bailey, Everton Jr. (January 5, 2016). "Oregon ranchers begin new prison term, hope to receive rare presidential clemency". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
  26. ↑ Nagourney, Adam (April 24, 2014). "A Defiant Rancher Savors the Audience That Rallied to His Side". The New York Times (New York: The New York Times Company). p. A1. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
  27. ↑ Binder, Melissa (January 5, 2016). "Oregon militants: Why the Bundys' Mormonism matters". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
  28. ↑ Sepulvado, John (January 4, 2016). "Mormon Faith Serves As Powerful Symbol For Oregon Protesters". Interview with Audie Cornish. All Things Considered. NPR. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
  29. ↑ Petty, Terrence; Valdes, Manuel (January 7, 2016). "Oregon Tribe: Armed Group 'Desecrating' Their Land". ABC News (New York: American Broadcasting Company). Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
  30. ↑ Williams, Jennifer (January 26, 2016). "The Oregon militia standoff, explained". Vox (Washington, D.C.; New York: Vox Media). Retrieved February 5, 2016.
  31. ↑ Altman, Alex (January 4, 2016). "Why the Feds Have Not Ended the Oregon Militia Standoff". Time (New York: Time Inc.). ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
  32. ↑ "Oregon ranchers reject Cliven Bundy family occupation". CBS News (New York: CBS). Associated Press. January 3, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
  33. 1 2 Smith, Emily (January 28, 2016). "Malheur refuge occupation arrests: What happened and what happens next?". CNN (Atlanta, GA: Turner Broadcasting System). Retrieved February 5, 2016.
  34. ↑ Zoroya, Gregg (January 30, 2016). "Oregon standoff grinds on as Bundy brothers denied bail". USA Today (New York, NY: Gannett Company). Retrieved March 21, 2016.
  35. 1 2 Zaitz, Les (January 31, 2016). "Oregon standoff spokesman Robert 'LaVoy' Finicum killed, Bundys in custody after gunfight near Burns". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
  36. 1 2 3 4 Perez, Evan (January 28, 2016). "Oregon occupiers: What officials say happened at traffic stop". CNN (Atlanta, GA: Turner Broadcasting System). Retrieved January 27, 2016.
  37. ↑ "Oregon standoff: 4 holdouts all in FBI custody as occupation ends". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). February 11, 2016. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
  38. ↑ Berman, Mark; Sottile, Leah (February 24, 2016). "Oregon refuge occupiers plead not guilty as prosecutors say more people could be charged". The Washington Post (Arlington, VA: Nash Holdings LLC). ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  39. ↑ Bernstein, Maxine (March 10, 2016). "New six-count indictment unsealed in Malheur refuge occupation case". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
  40. ↑ "FBI Arrests Another Defendant In Oregon Standoff". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Associated Press. April 6, 2016. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
  41. ↑ Scott, Haven (April 19, 2016). "Oregon standoff suspect arrested in Cedar City". The Spectrum (Tysons Corner, VA: Gannett Company). Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  42. ↑ "Harney sheriff details recent incidents; law enforcement, hospital preps". Bend, OR: KTVZ. January 19, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
  43. ↑ Manning, Rob (January 20, 2016). "Oregon Gov. Brown On Burns: 'Spectacle Must End'". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 Crombie, Noelle (January 3, 2016). "Where is Burns? Harney County home to more cattle than people". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Archived from the original on January 4, 2016.
  45. 1 2 "Harney County Transportation System Plan: Revised Final Draft" (PDF). Burns, OR: Harney County Planning Department. June 2001. pp. 9–10. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  46. ↑ "Harney County with Township 8.5 x 11" (PDF). Harney County GIS Program. Burns, OR: Harney County Government. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
  47. ↑ Roosevelt, Theodore (August 18, 1908). Wikisource link to Executive Order 929. Wikisource.
  48. ↑ "Malheur National Wildlife Refuge". Portland, OR: Audubon Society of Portland. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
  49. ↑ Donahue, Bill (January 7, 2016). "How the West Wasn't Won". Bloomberg Businessweek (New York: Bloomberg L.P.). ISSN 0007-7135. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
  50. ↑ Lee-Ashley, Matt (March 24, 2016). "Congress Should Confront the Rise of Violent Extremism on America’s Public Lands". Washington, D.C.: Center for American Progress. Retrieved March 26, 2016.
  51. ↑ "Eastern Oregon Ranchers Convicted of Arson Resentenced to Five Years in Prison". United States District Attorney for the District of Oregon. October 7, 2015. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
  52. ↑ Denson, Bryan (October 7, 2015). "Controversial Oregon ranchers in court Wednesday, likely headed back to prison in arson case". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  53. 1 2 3 4 Zaitz, Les (December 31, 2015). "Militiamen, ranchers in showdown for soul of Burns". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Archived from the original on January 3, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  54. ↑ "HammondGovBrief.pdf" (PDF). Retrieved February 8, 2016. United States' Supplemental Sentencing Memorandum (filed September 21, 2015), United States v. Hammond, Case No. 6:10-cr-60066-AA (D. Ore.).
  55. ↑ Manning, Jeff (January 16, 2016). "A harsh toll: How tough mandatory sentences inspired Harney County occupation". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
  56. ↑ Berman, Douglas A. (October 31, 2012). "Federal district judge refuses to apply arson mandatory minimum (on constitutional grounds?)". Sentencing Law and Policy (Blog). Retrieved January 12, 2016.
  57. 1 2 Perkowski, Mateusz (October 7, 2015). "Judge sends Oregon ranchers back to prison". Capital Press (Salem, OR: EO Media Group). Retrieved January 6, 2016.
  58. ↑ "hammond-cert2-br_in_opp-osg_aay_v2b.pdf" (PDF). Retrieved February 8, 2016. Brief for the United States in Opposition, Hammond v. United States, Docket No. 13-1512. Petition for certiorari denied on March 23, 2015. See: "Hammond v. United States : SCOTUSblog" and "Bloomberg Law - Document - United States v. Hammond, 742 F.3d 880 (9th Cir. 2014), Court Opinion" for related documents.
  59. 1 2 "The feds' case: What they said of Hammonds' resentencing: Full text of U.S. Department of Justice news release". Bend, OR: KTVZ. January 4, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
  60. ↑ "Sign petition to #SaveTheHammonds". Oregon Farm Bureau. Salem, OR. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
  61. ↑ Bundy, Ammon (November 12, 2015). "Facts & Events in the Hammond Case". Bundy Ranch (Blog). Retrieved January 26, 2016.
  62. ↑ Santilli, Peter (host) (November 12, 2015). "Ammon Bundy – BLM Terrorizes Oregon Family". The Pete Santilli Show. Episode 1101. Retrieved January 26, 2016. On YouTube.
  63. 1 2 3 4 Wilson, Jason (January 3, 2016). "Oregon militia threatens showdown with US agents at wildlife refuge". The Guardian (London: Guardian News and Media Limited). ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  64. 1 2 3 Brosseau, Carli (January 12, 2016). "Oregon occupation planned for months by Ammon Bundy and Montana militia leader". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  65. ↑ "Harney County Committee of Safety". Burns, OR. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  66. ↑ Breen 2010, pp. 162, 186–189
  67. ↑ Zaitz, Les (January 13, 2016). "'Every gun in house is loaded' – scare tactics rattle residents near Oregon occupation". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  68. ↑ Zaitz, Les (January 2, 2016). "Burns residents confront the militia over fears of violence". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Archived from the original on January 3, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  69. 1 2 Peacher, Amanda (January 10, 2016). "There's Another Armed Group In Burns And It's Not The Bundys". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
  70. ↑ Dowling, Jennifer (January 4, 2016). "Anti-gov't protesters march through Burns". Portland, OR: KOIN. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  71. 1 2 Zaitz, Les (January 5, 2016). "Oregon militant leader Ammon Bundy exudes calm as he presides over occupation". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Archived from the original on January 11, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  72. 1 2 House, Kelly (January 5, 2016). "As militant occupation continues in Oregon, sheriff says 'go home'". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  73. ↑ Wilson, Conrad (January 8, 2016). "Law Enforcement Prepares For Possible Protest Outside Harney County Courthouse". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Associated Press. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
  74. ↑ Whitnall, Adam (January 3, 2016). "'Oregon Under Attack': Anger over limited response to hostile militia takeover of US government building". The Independent (London: Independent Print Limited). ISSN 0951-9467. Archived from the original on January 3, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  75. ↑ Mesh, Aaron (January 4, 2016). "Militia Group Takes Over Federal Building in Eastern Oregon Because 'The Lord Was Not Pleased'". Willamette Week (Portland, OR: City of Roses Newspapers). Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  76. 1 2 "Militant leader explains intentions on Oregon refuge takeover" on YouTube
  77. 1 2 Berry, Harrison (January 3, 2016). "Militia Group Seizes Malheur National Wildlife Refuge Headquarters". Boise Weekly (Boise, ID). Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  78. ↑ House, Kelly (February 22, 2016). "At Bundy encampment, outsider says militants 'attacked' his group". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  79. ↑ "Faces of the Malheur occupation: Meet the militants and their visitors". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). January 22, 2016. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
  80. ↑ "Oregon militia in standoff with feds names themselves". CBS News (New York: CBS). Associated Press. January 4, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  81. ↑ Sepulvado, John (January 5, 2016). "Bundy: We'll Leave Occupied Buildings If Community Wants Us To". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  82. ↑ Wilson, Conrad; Haas, Ryan (January 8, 2016). "Harney County Sheriff: Who Wants The Bundys To Go?". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  83. ↑ Zaitz, Les (January 7, 2016). "Sheriff, Bundy meet on neutral ground to discuss ending refuge occupation". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
  84. ↑ Bailey, Everton Jr. (January 5, 2016). "Oregon ranchers at center of militant standoff report to federal prison in California". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  85. 1 2 Hammill, Luke (February 22, 2016). "Oregon standoff: Unsolicited help flocks to Burns to 'assist' law enforcement". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
  86. ↑ Sepulvado, John (March 16, 2016). "GOP Politicians Planned And Participated In Key Aspects Of Refuge Occupation". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
  87. ↑ Allen, Jonathan (January 9, 2016). "Militia groups meet with leaders of Oregon occupation, pledge support". Reuters. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  88. ↑ Levin, Sam (January 10, 2016). "Oregon standoff tension mounts as so-called '3%' groups refuse to leave". The Guardian (London: Guardian News and Media Limited). ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
  89. 1 2 Hammill, Luke (January 8, 2016). "Oregon standoff: Idaho group arrives to 'secure perimeter, prevent Waco-style situation'". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
  90. ↑ House, Kelly (February 22, 2016). "Heavily armed 'security detail' shows up at Oregon standoff encampment". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
  91. ↑ Levin, Sam (January 9, 2016). "Heavily armed men offer 'security' for Oregon militia at wildlife refuge". The Guardian (London: Guardian News and Media Limited). ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
  92. ↑ Zarkhin, Fedor (January 15, 2016). "'Buffer zone' in Oregon standoff: Ex-cop Brandon Curtiss says he's a peacemaker". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
  93. ↑ Levin, Sam (January 11, 2016). "Pressure grows on Oregon militia as former Bundy backers call for retreat". The Guardian (London: Guardian News and Media Limited). ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
  94. ↑ Terkewitz, Julie (January 11, 2016). "Protesters rip out fence at refuge in Oregon". The New York Times (New York: The New York Times Company). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 12, 2016. "A version of this article appears in print on January 12, 2016, on page A12 of the New York edition with the headline: Protesters Rip Out Fence at Refuge in Oregon."
  95. ↑ Conrad, Wilson (January 12, 2016). "Federal Agency Condemns Militants Removing Refuge Fences". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  96. ↑ "Oregon rancher says he didn't let armed group remove fence". Yahoo! News (Sunnyvale, CA: Yahoo!). Associated Press. January 13, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  97. ↑ Hammill, Luke (January 18, 2016). "Rancher: 'I didn't know anything' about Bundy entering property, destroying fence". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
  98. ↑ "Armed militia says it has accessed government files at Oregon refuge". CBS News (New York: CBS). Associated Press. January 11, 2016. Retrieved January 11, 2016.
  99. ↑ "Oregon sheriff accuses armed protesters of intimidating federal employees". Fox News Channel (Los Angeles, CA: Fox Entertainment Group). Associated Press. January 12, 2016. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
  100. ↑ Holmstrom, Chris (January 12, 2016). "Malheur militia plans to meet with community this week". Portland, OR: KOIN. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  101. ↑ Hammond, Betsy (January 12, 2016). "Self-appointed 'judge' arrives in Burns to ask local residents to charge government officials with crimes". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
  102. ↑ McGee, Tom (November 8, 2015). "Operation Patriot Rally founder made promises, raised concerns". The Denver Post (New York: Digital First Media). Retrieved January 12, 2016.
  103. ↑ Morlin, Bill (January 13, 2016). "Antigovernment Extremists in Oregon Now Plan Their Own Justice System". Montgomery, AL: Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
  104. ↑ Gettys, Travis (January 15, 2016). "BUSTED: Nevada Republican lied about FBI agents posing as militants at Oregon standoff". The Raw Story (Washington, D.C.: Raw Story Media, Inc.). Retrieved January 15, 2016.
  105. ↑ Helsel, Phil; Dokoupil, Tony (January 15, 2016). "Oregon Police Arrest Man Over Federal Vehicles Stolen From Refuge". NBC News (New York: NBC). Retrieved January 15, 2016.
  106. ↑ "Authorities make first arrest in Bundy standoff by nabbing militant driving a federal vehicle to grocery store". The Raw Story (Washington, D.C.: Raw Story Media, Inc.). January 15, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
  107. 1 2 Heim, Joe (January 16, 2016). "'These buildings will never, ever return to the federal government'". The Washington Post (Arlington, VA: Nash Holdings LLC). ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  108. ↑ Yardley, William (January 16, 2016). "Two weeks in, the Oregon refuge standoff is stuck 'in limbo'". Los Angeles Times (Chicago, IL: Tribune Publishing). ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  109. ↑ Boggioni, Tom (January 16, 2016). "Militia head warns feds: Don't 'Waco' the Oregon occupiers unless you want a 'bloody, brutal civil war'". The Raw Story (Washington, D.C.: Raw Story Media, Inc.). Retrieved January 16, 2016.
  110. ↑ Moore, Wanda (January 17, 2016). "Takeover Day 15: Clash with environmentalists, arrest update". Bend, OR: KTVZ. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
  111. 1 2 3 Levin, Sam (January 16, 2016). "Oregon militia's behavior increasingly brazen as public property destroyed". The Guardian (London: Guardian News and Media Limited). ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
  112. ↑ O'Connor, Brendan (January 20, 2016). "Oregon Wildlife Refuge Occupiers Rifle Through Native American Artifacts". Gawker (Blog). New York: Gawker Media. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
  113. ↑ Keeler, Jacqueline (January 26, 2016). "Burns Paiute Tribe Responds to Oregon Militia Video". Indian Country Today Media Network (Verona, NY). Retrieved January 26, 2016.
  114. ↑ Baumann, Lisa (January 20, 2016). "Malheur standoff leader attends meeting, hears chants of 'go'". Statesman Journal (Tysons Corner, VA: Gannett Company). Associated Press. ISSN 0739-5507. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
  115. ↑ Bernton, Hal (January 22, 2016). "Leader of armed takeover at Oregon refuge meets with the FBI". The Seattle Times (Seattle, WA: The Seattle Times Company). Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  116. ↑ Ridler, Keith; Wozniacka, Gosia (January 23, 2016). "Armed group plans event to renounce federal land policy". Associated Press. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
  117. 1 2 Ridler, Keith (January 23, 2016). "1 rancher renounces federal grazing contract at Bundy event". Yahoo! News (Sunnyvale, CA: Yahoo!). Associated Press. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
  118. ↑ Zaitz, Les (February 22, 2016). "Oregon standoff: Ranchers, including ex-con, renounce grazing permits". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  119. ↑ Terry, Lynne (January 27, 2016). "Inside the John Day meeting where Oregon standoff leaders were headed before arrest". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  120. ↑ Hart, Sean (January 25, 2016). "Refuge occupier expected to speak at John Day meeting Tuesday". Blue Mountain Eagle (John Day, OR). Retrieved March 22, 2016.
  121. ↑ Zaitz, Les (February 22, 2016). "Oregon standoff: Grant County sheriff urges release of Hammonds". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved March 22, 2016.
  122. ↑ "Complete, Unedited Video of Joint FBI and OSP Operation 01/26/2016" on YouTube
  123. 1 2 "Chaotic scene of LaVoy Finicum shooting, explained (graphic animation)". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). March 23, 2016. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved April 4, 2016.
  124. 1 2 3 Zaitz, Les (March 18, 2016). "Bullet casings disappear from LaVoy Finicum shooting scene, sources say". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
  125. 1 2 3 Gunderson, Laura (March 8, 2016). "LaVoy Finicum shooting: What happened when". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  126. 1 2 Zaitz, Les (March 8, 2016). "LaVoy Finicum shot 3 times as he reached for gun, investigators say". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  127. ↑ Zaitz, Les (March 8, 2016). "FBI agents under investigation for possible misconduct in LaVoy Finicum shooting". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  128. ↑ "Ryan Bundy's cell phone video of moments before and after Finicum shooting released". Portland, OR: KATU. April 5, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
  129. ↑ Rollins, Michael (April 6, 2016). "New video of Lavoy Finicum stop released". Portland, OR: KATU. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
  130. 1 2 "FBI footage shows LaVoy Finicum reaching for waistband". Portland, OR: KOIN. January 29, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  131. 1 2 Perez, Evan; Yan, Holly (January 27, 2016). "Oregon: Ammon Bundy, others arrested; LaVoy Finicum killed". CNN (Atlanta, GA: Turner Broadcasting System). Retrieved January 27, 2016.
  132. ↑ "What we know about the Malheur Wildlife Refuge arrests". Portland, OR: KATU. Associated Press. January 27, 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2016.
  133. ↑ "Sheriff: FBI agents didn't tell investigators about 2 shots fired at Finicum's truck". Eugene, OR: KVAL-TV. March 8, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  134. 1 2 Njus, Elliot (March 8, 2016). "LaVoy Finicum's widow disputes police findings, says husband's shooting was 'assassination'". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved March 14, 2016.
  135. 1 2 Zaitz, Les (March 8, 2016). "What LaVoy Finicum shooting investigation found". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
  136. ↑ Petty, Terrence; DuBois, Steven (January 29, 2016). "Prosecutors use refuge occupiers' own words against them". The Seattle Times (Seattle, WA: The Seattle Times Company). Retrieved January 29, 2016.
  137. 1 2 "Tri-County Major Incident Team Released Reports (Redacted), Officer Involved Shooting (2) January 26, 2016 — Robert "LaVoy" Finicum" (PDF). Deschutes County Sheriff's Office. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
  138. ↑ "Newly released documents show Finicum’s 9-mm was a gift from stepson". Blue Mountain Eagle (John Day, OR). March 14, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
  139. ↑ Friedman, Gordon; Eversley, Melanie (January 27, 2016). "1 killed as feds move in, arrest protest leader Ammon Bundy". USA Today (Tysons Corner, VA: Gannett Company). Retrieved February 1, 2016.
  140. ↑ Mimica, Mila (January 28, 2016). "FBI: Finicum nearly struck agent, reached for loaded weapon before he was shot and killed". Portland, OR: KATU. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
  141. ↑ Miller, Michael E. (January 27, 2016). "LaVoy Finicum, Ore. occupier who said he'd rather die than go to jail, did just that". The Washington Post (Arlington, VA: Nash Holdings LLC). ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved January 27, 2016.
  142. ↑ Farrell, Paul (January 28, 2016). "LaVoy Finicum Dead: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know". Heavy.com. New York: Heavy Inc. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
  143. ↑ Turkewitz, Julie; Seminara, Dave; Johnson, Kirk (January 27, 2016). "3 More Arrests in Oregon as Protest Leader Says 'Go Home'". The New York Times (New York: The New York Times Company). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 28, 2016. "A version of this article appears in print on January 28, 2016, on page A1 of the New York edition with the headline: Jailed Oregon Protest Leader Urges Followers: ‘Please Go Home’."
  144. ↑ Pierce, Matt (January 28, 2016). "FBI releases video of Oregon occupier's fatal shooting by state police". Los Angeles Times (Chicago, IL: Tribune Publishing). ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
  145. ↑ Kaplan, Sarah (January 28, 2016). "FBI releases video, explains how police fatally shot Oregon refuge occupier". The Washington Post (Arlington, VA: Nash Holdings LLC). ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
  146. ↑ Henderson, Peter (January 29, 2016). "Family of slain Oregon protester challenges FBI account of his death". Yahoo! News (Sunnyvale, CA: Yahoo!). Reuters. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
  147. ↑ "Finicum autopsy report" (PDF). Retrieved March 16, 2016.
  148. ↑ Barr, Max (January 27, 2016). "Eight Oregon protesters arrested, one killed during confrontation with police". Portland, OR: KGW. Retrieved January 27, 2016.
  149. ↑ "Oregon standoff could have ended peacefully, police say". CBC News (Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation). Associated Press. January 27, 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2016.
  150. ↑ Williams, Carol J.; Dake, Lauren; Levin, Sam (January 27, 2016). "Remaining members of Oregon militia standoff debating whether to surrender". The Guardian (London: Guardian News and Media Limited). ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved January 27, 2016.
  151. ↑ "Ammon Bundy Tells Supporters to 'Go Home and Hug Your Families'". Los Angeles, CA: KNBC. January 27, 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2016.
  152. ↑ Bernstein, Maxine (January 28, 2016). "Ammon Bundy's wife makes a recorded plea, telling those at Malheur refuge to go home". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
  153. ↑ "Ammon Bundy tells remaining occupiers to stand down, convoy seen leaving refuge". Portland, OR: KATU. January 27, 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2016.
  154. ↑ Friedman, Gordon; Stanglin, Doug (January 28, 2016). "FBI arrests 3 more Oregon protesters as standoff winds down". Cleveland, OH: WKYC. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
  155. ↑ Boydston, Morgan (January 28, 2016). "More arrests made in refuge takeover". Boise, ID: KTVB. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
  156. 1 2 3 "Militants Say Negotiations With FBI Stall At Malheur Refuge". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. January 29, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
  157. ↑ Rauzi, David (February 3, 2016). "Fear restrains Riggins couple at standoff site". Idaho County Free Press (Grangeville, ID: Eagle Newspapers, Inc.). Retrieved February 4, 2016.
  158. ↑ "Trapped Inside Malheur Refuge, Militants Desperate For Way Out". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. January 28, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
  159. ↑ Ridler, Keith; Sonner, Scott (February 4, 2016). "Who are the 4 still holding out at Malheur refuge?". Portland, OR: KGW. Associated Press. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
  160. ↑ Chappell, Bill (January 28, 2016). "4 Militants Remain In Oregon Wildlife Refuge, As FBI Negotiations Go On". The Two-Way (Washington, D.C.: NPR). Retrieved January 28, 2016.
  161. ↑ Templeton, Amelia (January 28, 2016). "4 Remaining Militants Tell OPB They Are Ready To Leave Refuge". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
  162. ↑ "FBI Keeps Negotiating With Defiant Oregon Refuge Holdouts". Lawyer Herald. February 1, 2016. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
  163. ↑ Freda, Kimberley; Vance, Bryan M. (January 31, 2016). "FBI Blocking Most Lines Of Communication, Militants Say". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
  164. ↑ Urquhart, Jimmy (February 2, 2016). "Oregon town tense amid dueling protests after wildlife refuge takeover". New York: AOL. Reuters. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
  165. ↑ Sepulvado, John (February 4, 2016). "Last Line Of Communication With Militants Cut". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  166. ↑ Dowling, Jennifer (February 8, 2016). "Malheur occupier says they have booby traps near camp". Portland, OR: KOIN. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
  167. ↑ DuBois, Steven (February 4, 2016). "4 holdout occupiers at Malheur wildlife refuge are indicted". Statesman Journal (Tysons Corner, VA: Gannett Company). Associated Press. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
  168. ↑ Vance, Bryan M. (February 8, 2016). "Oregon Refuge Occupation Enters Day 38: 6 Things To Know". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
  169. ↑ "Last refuge occupiers jailed in Portland". Portland, OR: KGW. February 11, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2016.
  170. 1 2 "FBI surrounds last occupiers at Malheur Wildlife Refuge". Portland, OR: KOIN. February 11, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2016.
  171. 1 2 3 Bernstein, Maxine (February 23, 2016). "Nevada lawmaker Michele Fiore thrust into role as Oregon standoff negotiator". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved February 18, 2016.
  172. ↑ Phipps, Claire; Levin, Sam (February 11, 2016). "Last Oregon militia members say they will turn themselves over to FBI – as it happened". The Guardian (London: Guardian News and Media Limited). ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  173. ↑ Smith, Alexander; Ortiz, Erik; Johnson, Alex (February 11, 2016). "Four Remaining Oregon Occupiers, Surrounded by FBI, Surrender". NBC News (New York: NBC). Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  174. ↑ Graham, David A. (February 12, 2016). "Patience: The FBI's Strategy to End the Oregon Standoff and Nab Cliven Bundy". The Atlantic (Washington, D.C.: Atlantic Media). ISSN 1072-7825. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
  175. ↑ Wilson, Conrad (February 12, 2016). "FBI Begins Processing Malheur Refuge Crime Scene". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
  176. ↑ Bernstein, Maxine (February 18, 2016). "Firearms, explosives and trench of human feces found at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, feds say". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
  177. 1 2 Dymburt, Andrew (March 23, 2016). "First look: How the occupiers left Malheur Refuge". Portland, OR: KOIN. Retrieved March 26, 2016.
  178. ↑ "'Trench of human feces' found near Malheur artifacts". Portland, OR: KOIN. February 16, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  179. 1 2 Burns, Jes (February 4, 2016). "Northwest Volunteers Want To Help Restore Malheur Refuge". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  180. ↑ Skinner, Curtis (February 17, 2016). "FBI finds trench of human feces at cultural site on Oregon refuge". Reuters. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  181. ↑ Ford, Dana (February 18, 2016). "Feces, firearms and explosives found at site of Oregon standoff". CNN (Atlanta, GA: Turner Broadcasting System). Retrieved February 18, 2016.
  182. 1 2 Seminara, Dave (March 21, 2016). "After Oregon Standoff, Birding Is Back". Travel. The New York Times (New York: The New York Times Company). ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 26, 2016. "A version of this article appears in print on March 27, 2016, on page TR11 of the New York edition with the headline: After a 41-Day Standoff, Birding Is Back."
  183. ↑ "New charges added for Bundys, other militia". Portland, OR: KOIN. March 9, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
  184. ↑ Green, Aimee (March 21, 2016). "Occupier who feds say dug trench for feces, disturbed sacred artifacts faces charges". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
  185. ↑ Zaitz, Les (February 26, 2016). "Wildlife refuge hosts lawyers, birds and more armed guards". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
  186. ↑ Peacher, Amanda (March 2, 2016). "Malheur Refuge Manager: 'It's 1 Big Mess'". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  187. ↑ Zaitz, Les (March 24, 2016). "$6 million will go to restore Malheur refuge, cover other costs of standoff". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved March 26, 2016.
  188. 1 2 Hammill, Luke (February 23, 2016). "$3.3 million and counting: The cost of the Malheur occupation". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
  189. ↑ Levin, Sam (March 25, 2016). "New photos of Oregon wildlife refuge reveal damage done by Bundy standoff". The Guardian. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
  190. 1 2 Zaitz, Les. "Mystery shots fired at LaVoy Finicum: 7 key questions and answers (video)". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved March 9, 2016.
  191. ↑ Zaitz, Les (March 10, 2016). "Bullet hole on LaVoy Finicum's truck traced to elite FBI team". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved March 14, 2016.
  192. ↑ Rhodes, Stewart (January 1, 2016). "The Hammond Family Does NOT Want an Armed Stand Off, and Nobody Has a Right to Force One On Them". Oath Keepers. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  193. ↑ Johnson, Kirk; Healy, Jack; Turkewitz, Julie; Stack, Liam; Padnani, Amisha; Fandos, Nicholas (January 3, 2016). "Armed Group Vows to Continue Occupation at Oregon Refuge". The New York Times (New York: The New York Times Company). Retrieved February 9, 2016. "A version of this article appears in print on January 4, 2016, on page A1 of the New York edition with the headline: Armed Protesters Vow to Stay on Oregon Refuge Indefinitely."
  194. ↑ Wilson, Conrad; Haas, Ryan (January 7, 2016). "Oregon residents in packed town hall want armed militia to leave". PBS NewsHour (Arlington, VA: PBS). Retrieved January 8, 2016.
  195. ↑ Zaitz, Les (February 22, 2016). "Demands by Oregon standoff leaders defy logic and law, authorities say". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com (Advance Publications). ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
  196. ↑ Fabian, Jordan (January 4, 2016). "White House calls Oregon standoff a 'local law enforcement matter'". The Hill (Blog) (Washington, D.C.: Capitol Hill Publishing Corp.). ISSN 1521-1568. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  197. ↑ Ford, Dana (January 7, 2016). "Oregon governor tells armed protesters to leave". CNN (Atlanta, GA: Turner Broadcasting System). Retrieved January 11, 2016.
  198. ↑ Grasty, Steve (January 4, 2016). "January 4, 2016, Press Release-Malheur National Wildlife Refuge" (Press release). Burns, OR: Harney County Government. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  199. ↑ Peacher, Amanda (February 16, 2016). "Tribe Denounces Malheur Refuge Occupation". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  200. ↑ "Armed militia takeover in Oregon sparks debate on meaning of 'terrorist'". CBS News (New York: CBS). Associated Press. January 3, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2016.

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