Auditor of the imprests
Auditor of the Imprests was a profitable office of the Exchequer, responsible for auditing the accounts of officers of the English crown to whom money was issued for government expenditure, from 1559 to 1785.
Foundation
Prior to 1559 this duty was carried out, sometimes by auditors specially appointed, at other times by the auditors of the land revenue, or by the auditor of the exchequer, an office established as early as 1314. But in 1559 an endeavour was made to systematize the auditing of the public accounts, by the appointment of two auditors of the imprests.[1]
Work
Substantial sums of money had to be issued to officers such as the Treasurer of the Navy and the Paymaster-General of HM Forces. The auditors were responsible for seeing that these officers expended the money issued to them for the purposes intended.
The system operated was defective. The auditors did not audit the actual expenditure of the departments administering the army and navy. Nor was there any mechanism for ensuring that accounts were presented and passed promptly. Indeed the system actually encouraged abuses. The officers accounting frequently had large sums of money in hand, which they were able to invest until it needed to be spent. Thus a person no longer in office, but with a balance in hand had no incentive to pay it back in to the Exchequer. Furthermore, an ancient Statute (51 Henry III, c.5) required that accounts should be cleared in order. This meant that work on auditing a later officer's account could not even begin until that of his predecessor had received its acquittance (Quietus).
The result was that Henry Fox (Lord Holland from 1763), who had been Paymaster-General of Forces between 1757 and 1765 did not have his accounts audited until 1778, 23 years later, during which time he was estimated to have received £250,000 in interest.[2]
Remuneration and tenure
The auditors were paid by fees. This made the offices extremely profitable.[2] In 1703, the office had a salary of £300, but the fees were worth at least £700 more.[3] Its value is demonstrated by the need to pay £7000 compensation to John Stuart, Lord Mount Stuart when the office was abolished in 1784.[4]
Until the end of the 17th century, auditors were appointed for life by letters patent. During the 17th century reversionary grants of the office were sometimes made. However Edward Harley and most subsequent auditors only held office during pleasure, though in practice, it amounted to the same thing.
Sinecure
By 1745, the office was a sinecure, where all the work was undertaken by the auditor's deputies. In the 1780s, the Commissioners for Examining the Public Accounts 'able to discover ... any solid Advantage derived to the Public from the Examination given to ... [the public accounts] by the Auditor of Imprests, and, for that Reason, we have suggested the Propriety of exempting them from his Jurisdiction, and the urgent Necessity of relieving the Nation from so heavy, and, to all Appearance, so unnecessary an Expense'.[5]
Abolition
During the American War of Independence, the government came under great pressure to ensure that its revenue was properly spent, particularly curbing Civil list expenditure. This led to the passing in 1782 of an Act concerning the office of Paymaster-General and a Civil Establishments Act (22 Geo. III, c.81 - The Paymaster General Act 1782 - and c.82 - The Civil List and Secret Service Money Act 1782 (also known as Burke's Civil Establishment Act)),[6] the latter abolishing 134 sinecures in the Royal Household. The following year acts required balances to be deposited in the Bank of England. These officers were paid by fee and did their work by deputy, and a further 144 sinecures abolished. This movement ended with the abolition of the auditors of the imprests in 1785 and their replacement by five Commissioners for Auditing the Public Accounts.[2]
List of auditors
| Date | In reversion | One | In reversion | Two |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1560 | John Coddenham | John Hamby | ||
| 1570 | William Dodington | |||
| 1573 | John Conyers[7] | |||
| 1595 | Charles Wednester | |||
| 1597 | Sir Francis Gofton.[8] | |||
| 1604 | 1600 | Sir Richard Sutton | ||
| 1628 | 1621 | Sir Ralph Freeman[9] | ||
| 1632 | John Worfield (to 1643) | |||
| 1634 | 1632 | George Bingley (died 1656) | ||
| 1650 | 1641 | Bartholomew Beale (died 1674) | ||
| 1660 | 1640 | John Wood | ||
| 1670 | 1643 | Robert Wilde | ||
| 1672 | Brook Bridges | |||
| 1674 May | 1672 | Francis Godolphin | ||
| 1674 Sep | Roger Twisden | |||
| 1675 | Sir Richard Langley | |||
| 1677 | Thomas Done | |||
| 1703 | Edward Harley[10] | |||
| 1705 | Arthur Mainwaring[11] (died 1712) | |||
| 1713 | Thomas Foley | |||
| 1735 | 1717 | William Benson[12] | ||
| 1737 | 1720 | William Aislabie | ||
| 1754 | Lewis Watson, 1st Baron Sondes[13] | |||
| 1781 | 1781 | John Stuart, Lord Mount Stuart[4] |
References
- Francis Sheppard Thomas, The ancient Exchequer of England; the Treasury; and origin of the present ... (1848), 124.
- J. C. Sainty (comp.), Officers of the Exchequer (List and Index Society, Special Series 18, 1983), 135–39.
- ↑
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Audit and Auditor". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. - 1 2 3 W. Funnell, 'The "Proper Trust of Liberty": economical reform, the English constitution and the protections of accounting during the American War of Independence', Accounting History, February 2008 .
- ↑ David W Hayton et al., The House of Commons, 1690-1715 (Cambridge University Press for History of Parliament Trust), 236.
- 1 2 Roland Thorne, ‘Stuart, John, first marquess of Bute (1744–1814)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, Jan 2008) accessed 5 May 2008
- ↑ Funnell, citing E. Cohen, The Growth of the British Civil Service 1780-1939 (London: Frank Cass and Co.1965), p.37
- ↑ Chester (1981) The English Administrative System 1780-1870 pp.125-8
- ↑ R. B. Outhwaite, 'The Price of Crown Land at the Turn of the Sixteenth Century', Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 20, No. 2, (Aug., 1967), p.231n. subscription required
- ↑ L. H. Holt, 'Ben Jonson's Volpone' Modern Language Notes, Vol. 20, No. 6, (Jun., 1905), p. 164 (citing Stow's Annales from 1604-5) subscription required.
- ↑ Victoria County History, Surrey III (1911)
- ↑ David W Hayton et al. The House of Commons, 1690-1715 (Cambridge University Press for History of Parliament Trust), pp. 236-9
- ↑ Theophilus Cibber, The Lives of the Poets of Great Britain and Ireland ; The Tatler, Volume 1, 1899
- ↑ D. Lysons, The Environs of London: volume 1 (1792) ; Survey of London 39
- ↑ North American Studies Group