Ogham inscription

Ogham stone CIIC 504 from the Isle of Man showing the droim in centre. Text reads BIVAIDONAS MAQI MUCOI CUNAVA[LI], or in English of Bivaidonas, son of the tribe Cunava[li]

There are roughly 400 known ogham inscriptions on stone monuments scattered around the Irish Sea, the bulk of them dating to the 5th and 6th centuries. Their language is predominantly Primitive Irish, but a few examples record fragments of the Pictish language. Ogham itself is an Early Medieval form of alphabet or cypher, sometimes known as the "Celtic Tree Alphabet".

There are a number of different numbering schemes. The most widespread is CIIC, after R. A. S. Macalister. This covers the inscriptions known by the 1940s. Another numbering scheme is that of the Celtic Inscribed Stones Project, CISP, based on the location of the stones; for example CIIC 1 = CISP INCHA/1. Macalister's (1945) numbers run from 1 to 507, including also Latin and Runic inscriptions, with three additional added in 1949. Ziegler lists 344 Gaelic ogham inscriptions known to Macalister (Ireland and Isle of Man), and seven additional inscriptions discovered later.

The inscriptions may be divided into "orthodox" and "scholastic" specimens. "Orthodox" inscriptions date to the Primitive Irish period, and record a name of an individual, either as a cenotaph or tombstone, or documenting land ownership. "Scholastic" inscriptions date from the medieval Old Irish period up to Modern times.

The vast bulk of the surviving ogham inscriptions stretch in arc from County Kerry (especially Corcu Duibne) in the south of Ireland across to Dyfed in south Wales. The remainder are mostly in south-eastern Ireland, eastern and northern Scotland, the Isle of Man, and England around the Devon/Cornwall border. The vast majority of the inscriptions consist of personal names, probably of the person commemorated by the monument.

Orthodox inscriptions

Ogham letters
  Aicme Beithe   Aicme Muine
ᚁBeith ᚋMuin
ᚂLuis ᚌGort
ᚃFearn ᚍnGéadal
ᚄSail ᚎStraif
ᚅNion ᚏRuis
  Aicme hÚatha   Aicme Ailme
ᚆUath ᚐAilm
ᚇDair ᚑOnn
ᚈTinne ᚒÚr
ᚉColl ᚓEadhadh
ᚊCeirt ᚔIodhadh
  Forfeda
ᚕÉabhadh
ᚖÓr
ᚗUilleann
ᚘIfín ᚚPeith
ᚙEamhancholl

In orthodox inscriptions the script was carved into the edge (droim or faobhar) of the stone, which formed the stemline against which individual characters are cut. The text of these "Orthodox Ogham" inscriptions is read beginning from the bottom left-hand side of a stone, continuing upward along the edge, across the top and down the right-hand side (in the case of long inscriptions).

MacManus (1991) lists a total of 382 known Orthodox inscriptions. They are found in most counties of Ireland, concentrated in Southern Ireland: County Kerry (130), Cork (84), Waterford (48), Kilkenny (14), Mayo (9), Kildare (8), Wicklow and Meath (5 each), Carlow (4), Wexford, Limerick, Roscommon (3 each), Antrim, Cavan, Louth, Tipperary (2 each), Armagh, Dublin, Fermanagh, Leitrim, Derry and Tyrone (1 each). Other specimens are known from Wales (ca. 40: Pembrokeshire (16), Breconshire and Carmarthenshire (7 each), Glamorgan (4), Cardiganshire (3), Denbighshire (2), Powys (1), and Caernarvonshire (1)), from England (Cornwall (5) Devon (2), elsewhere (1?)); the Isle of Man (5), and with some doubtful examples from Scotland (2?)

Formula words

The vast majority of inscriptions consist of personal names and use a series of formula words, usually describing the person's ancestry or tribal affiliation. The formula words used are MAQI ᚋᚐᚊᚔ – 'son' (Modern Irish mic); MUCOI ᚋᚒᚉᚑᚔ – 'tribe' or 'sept'; ANM ᚐᚅᚋ – 'name' (Modern Irish ainm); AVI ᚐᚃᚔ – 'descendant' (Modern Irish uí); CELI ᚉᚓᚂᚔ – 'follower' or 'devotee' (Modern Irish céile); NETA ᚅᚓᚈᚐ – 'nephew' (Modern Irish nia); KOI ᚕᚑᚔ – 'here is' (equivalent to Latin HIC IACIT). KOI is unusual in that the K is always written using the first supplementary letter Ebad. In order of frequency the formula words are used as follows:

Nomenclature

The nomenclature of the Irish personal names is more interesting than the rather repetitive formulae and reveals details of early Gaelic society, particularly its warlike nature. For example, two of the most commonly occurring elements in the names are CUNA ᚉᚒᚅᚐ – 'hound' or 'wolf' (Modern Irish cú) and CATTU ᚉᚐᚈᚈᚒ – 'battle' (Modern Irish cath). These occur in names such as (300) CUNANETAS ᚉᚒᚅᚐᚅᚓᚈᚐᚄ – 'Champion of wolves'; (501) CUNAMAGLI ᚉᚒᚅᚐᚋᚐᚌᚂᚔ – 'prince of wolves'; (107) CUNAGUSSOS – '(he who is) strong as a wolf'; (250) CATTUVVIRR ᚉᚐᚈᚈᚒᚃᚃᚔᚏᚏ – 'man of battle'; (303) CATABAR ᚉᚐᚈᚐᚁᚐᚏ – 'chief in battle'; IVACATTOS ᚔᚃᚐᚉᚐᚈᚈᚑᚄ – 'yew of battle'. Other warlike names include (39) BRANOGENI ᚁᚏᚐᚅᚑᚌᚓᚅᚔ – 'born of raven'; (428) TRENAGUSU ᚈᚏᚓᚅᚐᚌᚒᚄᚒ – 'strong of vigour'; and (504) BIVAIDONAS ᚁᚔᚃᚐᚔᚇᚑᚅᚐᚄ – 'alive like fire'. Elements that are descriptive of physical characteristics are also common, such as (368) VENDUBARI ᚃᚓᚅᚇᚒᚁᚐᚏᚔ – 'fair-headed'; (75) CASONI ᚉᚐᚄᚑᚅᚔ – 'curly headed one'; (119) DALAGNI ᚇᚐᚂᚐᚌᚅᚔ – 'one who is blind'; (46) DERCMASOC ᚇᚓᚏᚉᚋᚐᚄᚑᚉ – 'one with an elegant eye'; (60) MAILAGNI ᚋᚐᚔᚂᚐᚌᚅᚔ – 'bald/short haired one' and (239) GATTAGLAN ᚌᚐᚈᚈᚐᚌᚂᚐᚅ – 'wise and pure'.

Other names indicate a divine ancestor. The god Lugh features in many names such as (4) LUGADDON ᚂᚒᚌᚌᚐᚇᚑᚅ, (286) LUGUDECA ᚂᚒᚌᚒᚇᚓᚉᚐ and (140) LUGAVVECCA ᚂᚒᚌᚐᚃᚃᚓᚉᚉᚐ, while the divine name ERC (meaning either 'heaven or 'cow') appears in names such as (93) ERCAIDANA ᚓᚏᚉᚐᚔᚇᚐᚅᚐ and (196) ERCAVICCAS ᚓᚏᚉᚐᚃᚔᚉᚉᚐᚄ . Other names indicate sept or tribal name, such as (156) DOVVINIAS ᚇᚑᚃᚃᚔᚅᚔᚐᚄ from the Corcu Duibne sept of the Dingle and Iveragh peninsulas in Co. Kerry (named after a local goddess); (215) ALLATO ᚐᚂᚂᚐᚈᚑ from the Altraige of North Kerry and (106) CORIBIRI ᚉᚑᚏᚔᚁᚔᚏᚔ from the Dál Coirpri of Co. Cork. Finally of particular interest is the fact that quite a few names denote a relationship to trees, names like (230) MAQI-CARATTINN ᚋᚐᚊᚔ ᚉᚐᚏᚐᚈᚈᚔᚅᚅ – 'son of rowan'; (v) MAQVI QOLI ᚋᚐᚊᚃᚔ ᚊᚑᚂᚔ – 'son of hazel' and (259) IVOGENI ᚔᚃᚑᚌᚓᚅᚔ – 'born of yew'.

The content of the inscriptions has led scholars such as McNeill and Macalister to argue that they are explicitly pagan in nature. They argue that the inscriptions were later defaced by Christian converts, who deliberately attacked them by removing the word MUCOI ᚋᚒᚉᚑᚔ on account of its supposedly tribal, pagan associations, and adding crosses next to them to Christianize them. Other scholars, such as McManus argue that there is no evidence for this, citing inscriptions such as (145) QRIMITIR RONANN MAQ COMOGANN ᚛ᚊᚏᚔᚋᚔᚈᚔᚏ ᚏᚑᚅᚐᚅᚅ ᚋᚐᚊ ᚉᚑᚋᚑᚌᚐᚅᚅ᚜, where QRIMITIR is a loan word from Latin presbyter or 'priest'. McManus argues that the supposed vandalism of the inscriptions is simply wear and tear, and due to the inscription stones being reused as building material for walls, lintels, etc. (McManus, §4.9). McManus also argues that the MUCOI formula word survived into Christian manuscript usage. There is also the fact the inscriptions were made at a time when Christianity had become firmly established in Ireland. Whether those who wrote the inscriptions were pagans, Christians, or a mixture of both remains unclear.

Ireland

Ireland has the vast majority of inscriptions, with 330 out of 382. One of the most important collections of orthodox ogham inscriptions in Ireland can be seen in University College Cork (UCC) on public display in 'The Stone Corridor'. The inscriptions were collected by antiquarian Abraham Abell 1783–1851 and were deposited in the Cork Institution before being put on display in UCC. He was a member of the Cuvierian Society of Cork whose members, including John Windele, Fr. Matt Horgan and R.R. Brash, did extensive work in this area in the mid-19th century. Another well-known group of inscriptions can be seen at Dunloe, near Killarney in Co. Kerry. The inscriptions are arranged in a semicircle at the side of the road and are very well preserved.

ID Text Translation / Personal names Location Notes
CIIC 1 ᚛ᚂᚔᚓ ᚂᚒᚌᚅᚐᚓᚇᚑᚅ ᚋᚐᚉᚉᚔ ᚋᚓᚅᚒᚓᚆ᚜
LIE LUGNAEDON MACCI MENUEH		"The stone of Lugnaedon son of Limenueh". Inchagoill Island, Co Galway CISP INCHA/1[1]
CIIC 2 ᚛ᚊᚓᚅᚒᚃᚓᚅᚇᚔ᚜
QENUVEN[DI] 		Qenuvendi, "white head", corresponding to early names Cenond, Cenondÿn, Cenindÿn[2]Cloonmorris, Mohill, Co Leitrim CISP CLOOM/1[3]
CIIC 3 ᚛ᚉᚒᚅᚐᚂᚓᚌᚔ ᚐᚃᚔ ᚊᚒᚅᚐᚉᚐᚅᚑᚄ᚜
CUNALEGI AVI QUNACANOS		"Cunalegi, descendant of Qunacanos" Island, Costello, Co Mayo CISP ISLAN/1[4]
CIIC 4 ᚛ᚂᚒᚌᚐᚇᚇᚑᚅ ᚋᚐᚊᚔ ᚂᚒᚌᚒᚇᚓᚉ᚜
᚛ᚇᚇᚔᚄᚔ ᚋᚑ[--]ᚉᚊᚒᚄᚓᚂ᚜
LUGADDON MA[QI] L[U]GUDEC
DDISI MO[--]CQU SEL 		Lugáed son of Luguid Kilmannia, Costello, Co Mayo CISP KILMA/1[5]
CIIC 5 ᚛ᚐᚂᚐᚈᚈᚑᚄ ᚋᚐᚊᚔ ᚁᚏ᚜
ALATTOS MAQI BR[ 		Alattos son of Br... Rusheens East, Kilmovee, Costello, Co Mayo CISP RUSHE/1[6]
CIIC 6 ᚛ᚊᚐᚄᚔᚌᚔᚅᚔᚋᚐᚊᚔ᚜
QASIGN[I]MAQ[I] 		Qasignias son of ... Tullaghaun, Costello, Co Mayo CISP TULLA/1[7]
CIIC 7 ᚛ᚋᚐᚊ ᚉᚓᚏᚐᚅᚔ ᚐᚃᚔ ᚐᚈᚆᚓᚉᚓᚈᚐᚔᚋᚔᚅ᚜
MAQ CERAN[I] AVI ATHECETAIMIN 		Son of Ciarán, descendant of the Uí RiaghanCorrower, Gallen, Co Mayo CISP CORRO/1[8]
CIIC 8 ᚛ᚋᚐᚊᚔ ᚋᚒᚉᚑᚔ ᚉᚑᚏᚁᚐᚌᚅᚔ ᚌᚂᚐᚄᚔᚉᚑᚅᚐᚄ᚜
MA[QUI MUCOI] CORBAGNI GLASICONAS 		Son of the tribe Corbagnus Glasiconas Dooghmakeon, Murrisk, Co Mayo CISP DOOGH/1[9]
CIIC 9 ᚛ᚋᚐᚊᚐᚉᚈᚑᚋᚐᚊᚌᚐᚏ᚜
MAQACTOMAQGAR 		Son of Acto, son of Gar Aghaleague, Tirawley, Co Mayo CISP AGHAL/1[10] Almost illegible
CIIC 10 ᚛ᚂᚓᚌᚌ[--]ᚄᚇ[--]ᚂᚓᚌᚓᚄᚉᚐᚇ᚜ / ᚛ᚋᚐᚊ ᚉᚑᚏᚏᚁᚏᚔ ᚋᚐᚊ ᚐᚋᚋᚂᚂᚑᚌᚔᚈᚈ᚜
L[E]GG[--]SD[--] LEGwESCAD / MAQ CORRBRI MAQ AMMLLOGwITT 		Legwescad, son of Corrbrias, son of Ammllogwitt Breastagh, Tirawley, Co Mayo CISP BREAS/1[11]
CIIC 141 ᚛ᚋᚐᚊᚔ ᚋᚐᚊᚔ..ᚑᚌᚌᚑᚇᚔᚉᚐ᚜
MAQI MAQ[I..O]GGODIKA 		Son of the son of Oggodika Aglish, Corkaguiney, Co Kerry CISP AGLIS/1[12] The ogham stone was cut into an early Christian gravestone, at which time were added a cross pattée and an arrow-like motif flanked by two swastikas
CIIC 193 ᚛ᚐᚅᚋ ᚉᚑᚂᚋᚐᚅ ᚐᚔᚂᚔᚈᚆᚔᚏ᚜
ANM COLMAN AILITHIR 		"[written in] the name of Colmán, the pilgrim"Maumanorig, Co Kerry CISP MAUIG/1[13]
CIIC 200 ᚛ᚋᚐᚊᚔ ᚈᚈᚐᚂ ᚋᚐᚊᚔ ᚃᚑᚏᚌᚑᚄ ᚋᚐᚊᚔ ᚋᚒᚉᚑᚔᚉᚐᚉ᚜
MAQI-TTAL MAQI VORGOS MAQI MUCOI TOICAC 		Son of Dal, son of Vergosus (Fergus), son of the tribe of Toica Coolmagort, Dunkerron North, Co KerryCISP COOLM/4[14]
CIIC 300 ᚛ᚉᚒᚅᚅᚓᚈᚐᚄ ᚋᚐᚊᚔ ᚌᚒᚉᚑᚔ ᚅᚓᚈᚐ ᚄᚓᚌᚐᚋᚑᚅᚐᚄ᚜
CUNNETAS MAQI GUC[OI] NETA-SEGAMONAS 		Cunnetas, Neta-SegamonasOld Island, Decies without Drum, Co WaterfordCISP OLDIS/1[15]
CIIC 317 ᚛ᚇᚑᚈᚓᚈᚈᚑ ᚋᚐᚊᚔ ᚋᚐᚌᚂᚐᚅᚔ᚜
DOTETTO MAQ[I MAGLANI] 		Dotetto, Maglani(?) Aghascrebagh, Upper Strabane, Co TyroneCISP AGHAS/1[16]
CIIC 1082 ᚛ᚌᚂᚐᚅᚅᚐᚅᚔ ᚋᚐᚊᚔ ᚁᚁᚏᚐᚅᚅᚐᚇ᚜
GLANNANI MAQI BBRANNAD 		Ballybroman, Co KerryCISP BALBR/1[17]
CIIC 1083 ᚛ᚉᚑᚋᚋᚐᚌᚌᚐᚌᚅᚔ ᚋᚒᚉᚑᚔ ᚄᚐᚋᚋᚅᚅ᚜
COMMAGGAGNI MU[CO]I SAMMNN 		Rathkenny, Ardfert, Corkaguiney, Co KerryCISP RTHKE/1[18]
— [A]NM SILLANN MAQ FATTILLOGG Ratass Church, Tralee, Co KerryCISP RATAS/1[19]

Wales

The orthodox inscriptions in Wales are noted for containing names of a Latin origin and some names in Brythonic (or early Welsh), and are mostly accompanied by a Latin inscription in the Roman alphabet. Examples of Brythonic names include (446) MAGLOCUNI ᚋᚐᚌᚂᚑᚉᚒᚅᚔ (Welsh Maelgwn) and (449) CUNOTAMI ᚉᚒᚅᚑᚈᚐᚋᚔ (Welsh cyndaf). Wales has the distinction of the only ogham stone inscription that bears the name of an identifiable individual. The stone commemorates Vortiporius, a 6th-century king of Dyfed (originally located in Clynderwen).[20] Wales also has the only ogham inscription known to commemorate a woman. At Eglwys Cymmin (Cymmin church) in Carmarthenshire is the inscription (362) AVITORIGES INIGENA CUNIGNI ᚛ᚐᚃᚔᚈᚑᚏᚔᚌᚓᚄ ᚔᚅᚔᚌᚓᚅᚐ ᚉᚒᚅᚔᚌᚅᚔ᚜ or 'Avitoriges daughter of Cunigni'. Avitoriges is an Irish name while Cunigni is Brythonic (Welsh Cynin), reflecting the mixed heritage of the inscription makers. Wales also has several inscriptions which attempt to replicate the supplementary letter or forfeda for P (inscriptions 327 and 409).

ID Text Translation / Personal names Location Notes
CIIC 423 ᚛ᚊ[--]ᚊᚐ[--]ᚌᚈᚓ᚜
Q[--]QA[--]GTE 		Castle Villa, Brawdy, Pembrokeshire CISP BRAW/1[21]
CIIC 426᚛ᚅᚓᚈᚈᚐᚄᚐᚌᚏᚔ ᚋᚐᚊᚔ ᚋᚒᚉᚑᚓ ᚁᚏᚔᚐᚉᚔ᚜
NETTASAGRI MAQI MUCOE BRIACI 		Nettasagri, BriaciBridell, Pembrokeshire CISP BRIDL/1[22]
CIIC 427 ᚛ᚋᚐᚌᚂᚔᚇᚒᚁᚐᚏ[--]ᚊᚔ᚜
MAGL[I]DUBAR [--]QI 		Magl[ia], Dubr[acunas] Caldey Island, Penally, Pembrokeshire CISP CALDY/1[23]
CIIC 456 ᚛ᚌᚓᚅᚇᚔᚂᚔ᚜
GENDILI 		Steynton, Pembrokeshire CISP STNTN/1[24] Latin "GENDILI"

England, Isle of Man, Scotland

England has seven or eight ogham inscriptions, five in Cornwall and two in Devon near the Cornish border, which are the product of early Irish settlement in the area. A further inscription in Silchester in Hampshire is presumed to be the work of a lone Irish settler. Perhaps surprisingly, Scotland has only three orthodox inscriptions, as the rest are scholastic inscriptions made by the Picts (see below). The Isle of Man has five inscriptions. One of these is the famous inscription at Port St. Mary (503) which reads DOVAIDONA MAQI DROATA ᚛ᚇᚑᚃᚐᚔᚇᚑᚅᚐ ᚋᚐᚊᚔ ᚇᚏᚑᚐᚈᚐ᚜ or 'Dovaidona son of the Druid'.

ID Text Translation / Personal names Location Notes
CIIC 466 ᚛ᚔᚌᚓᚅᚐᚃᚔ ᚋᚓᚋᚑᚏ᚜
IGENAVI MEMOR 		Lewannick, Cornwall CISP LWNCK/1[25] Latin text "INGENVI MEMORIA"
CIIC 467 ᚛ᚒᚂᚉᚐᚌᚅᚔ᚜
U[L]CAG[.I] / [.L]CAG[.]I 		Ulcagni Lewannick, Cornwall CISP LWNCK/2[26] Latin text "[HI]C IACIT VLCAGNI"
CIIC 470 ᚛ᚂᚐᚈᚔᚅᚔ᚜
LA[TI]NI 		Worthyvale, Slaughterbridge, Minster, Cornwall CISP WVALE/1[27] Latin text "LATINI IC IACIT FILIUS MACARI"
CIIC 484 ᚛ᚔᚒᚄᚈᚔ᚜
[I]USTI 		St. Kew, Cornwall CISP FARDL/1[28] A block of granite, Latin "IVSTI" in a cartouche
CIIC 489 ᚛ᚄᚃᚐᚊᚊᚒᚉᚔ ᚋᚐᚊᚔ ᚊᚔᚉᚔ᚜
SVAQQUCI MAQI QICI 		"[The stone] of Safaqqucus, son of Qicus" Ivybridge, Fardel, Devon CISP FARDL/1[29]
CIIC 488 ᚛ᚓᚅᚐᚁᚐᚏᚏ᚜
ENABARR 		To compare with the name of the horse of Manannan Mac Lir (Enbarr)[30] Roborough Down, Buckland Monachorum, Devon CISP TVST3/1[31]
CIIC 496 ᚛ᚓᚁᚔᚉᚐᚈᚑᚄ ᚋᚐᚊᚔ ᚋᚒᚉᚑᚔ᚜
EBICATO[S] [MAQ]I MUCO[I] [ 		Silchester, Hampshire CISP SILCH/1[32] Excavated 1893
CIIC 500 FILIVS-ROCATI | HIC-IACIT
᚛ᚒᚁᚔᚉᚐᚈᚑᚄᚋᚐᚊᚔᚏᚑᚉᚐᚈᚑᚄ᚜
[.]b[i]catos-m[a]qi-r[o]c[a]t[o]s 		"Ammecatus son of Rocatus lies here"
"[Am]bicatos son of Rocatos" 		Knoc y Doonee, Kirk Andreas CISP ANDRS/1[33] Combined Latin and Ogam
CIIC 501 ᚛ᚉᚒᚅᚐᚋᚐᚌᚂᚔ ᚋᚐᚉ᚜
CUNAMAGLI MAC[ 		CISP ARBRY/1[34]
CIIC 502 ᚛ᚋᚐᚊ ᚂᚓᚑᚌ᚜
MAQ LEOG 		CISP ARBRY/2[35]
CIIC 503 ᚛ᚇᚑᚃᚐᚔᚇᚑᚅᚐ ᚋᚐᚊᚔ ᚇᚏᚑᚐᚈᚐ᚜
DOVAIDONA MAQI DROATA 		"Dovaido son of the Druid."Ballaqueeney, Port St Mary, Rushen CISP RUSHN/1[36]
CIIC 504 ᚛ᚁᚔᚃᚐᚔᚇᚑᚅᚐᚄᚋᚐᚊᚔᚋᚒᚉᚑᚔ᚜ ᚛ᚉᚒᚅᚐᚃᚐᚂᚔ᚜
BIVAIDONAS MAQI MUCOI CUNAVA[LI] 		"Of Bivaidonas, son of the tribe Cunava[li]" Ballaqueeney, Port St Mary, Rushen CISP RUSHN/2[37]
CIIC 506 ᚛ᚃᚔᚉᚒᚂᚐ ᚋᚐᚊ ᚉᚒᚌᚔᚅᚔ᚜
VICULA MAQ CUGINI 		Vicula, Cugini Gigha, Argyll CISP GIGHA/1[38]
CIIC 507 ᚛ᚉᚏᚑᚅ[-]ᚅ᚜
CRON[-][N][ 		Poltaloch, Kilmartin, Argyll CISP POLCH/1[39] Fragment, recognised in 1931
CIIC 1068 ᚛ᚂᚒᚌᚅᚔ᚜
LUGNI 		Ballavarkish, Bride CISP BRIDE/1[40] Recognized 1911; crosses and animals, 8th or 9th century

Scholastic inscriptions

The term 'scholastic' derives from the fact that the inscriptions are believed to have been inspired by the manuscript sources, instead of being continuations of the original monument tradition. Scholastic inscriptions typically draw a line into the stone's surface along which the letters are arranged, rather than using the stone's edge. They begin in the course of the 6th century, and continue into Old and Middle Irish, and even into Modern times. From the High Middle Ages, contemporary to the Manuscript tradition, they may contain Forfeda. The 30 or so Pictish inscriptions qualify as early Scholastic, roughly 6th to 9th century. Some Viking Age stones on Man and Shetland are in Old Norse, or at least contain Norse names.

Scotland

ID Text Translation / Personal names Location Notes
CISP BRATT/1᚛ᚔᚏᚐᚈᚐᚇᚇᚑᚐᚏᚓᚅᚄ᚜
IRATADDOARENS[ 		Addoaren (Saint Ethernan?)Brandsbutt, Inverurie, AberdeenshireCISP BRATT/1[41] Pictish(?), dated 6th to 8th century
CISP BREAY/1 ᚛ᚉᚏᚏᚑᚄᚄᚉᚉ᚜ : ᚛ᚅᚐᚆᚆᚈᚃᚃᚇᚇᚐᚇᚇᚄ᚜ : ᚛ᚇᚐᚈᚈᚏᚏ᚜ : ᚛ᚐᚅᚅ[--] ᚁᚓᚅᚔᚄᚓᚄ ᚋᚓᚊᚊ ᚇᚇᚏᚑᚐᚅᚅ[--]᚜
CRRO[S]SCC : NAHHTVVDDA[DD]S : DATTRR : [A]NN[--] BEN[I]SES MEQQ DDR[O]ANN[-- 		Nahhtvdd[add]s, Benises, Dr[o]annBressay, Shetland CISP BREAY/1[42] Norse or Gaelic, contains five forfeda
? ᚛ᚁᚓᚅᚇᚇᚐᚉᚈᚐᚅᚔᚋᚂ᚜
[B]ENDDACTANIM[L] 		a blessing on the soul of L. Birsay, Orkney Excavated in 1970.[43] See Buckquoy spindle-whorl
? ᚛ᚐᚃᚒᚑᚐᚅᚅᚒᚅᚐᚑᚒᚐᚈᚓᚇᚑᚃᚓᚅᚔ᚜
AVUOANNUNAOUATEDOVENI 		Avuo Anuano soothsayer of the Doveni Auquhollie, near Stonehaven CISP AUQUH/1[44]
Newton Stone ᚐᚔᚇᚇᚐᚏᚉᚒᚅ ᚃᚓᚐᚅ ᚃᚑᚁᚏᚓᚅᚅᚔ ᚁᚐᚂᚄ[ᚁᚐᚉᚄ] ᚔᚑᚄᚄᚐᚏ
AIDDARCUN FEAN FOBRENNI BA(L or K)S IOSSAR[45] 		? Shevock toll-bar, Aberdeenshire Contains 2(?) lines of Ogham inscriptions and an undeciphered secondary inscription[46]

Isle of Man

Ireland

Manuscript tradition

Literature

References

  1. ↑ "INCHA/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  2. ↑
  3. ↑ "CLOOM/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  4. ↑ "ISLAN/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  5. ↑ "KILMA/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  6. ↑ "RUSHE/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  7. ↑ "TULLA/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  8. ↑ "CORRO/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  9. ↑ "DOOGH/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  10. ↑ "AGHAL/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  11. ↑ "BREAS/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  12. ↑ "AGLIS/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  13. ↑ "MAUIG/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  14. ↑ "COOLM/4". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  15. ↑ "OLDIS/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  16. ↑ "AGHAS/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  17. ↑ "BALBR/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  18. ↑ "RTHKE/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  19. ↑ Discovered in 1975. Thomas Fanning and Donncha Ó Corráin, "An Ogham stone and cross-slab from Ratass Church, Tralee", JKAHS 10 (1977), pp. 14–18.
  20. ↑ Davies, John (2008). The Welsh Academy Encyclopedia of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-1953-X.
  21. ↑ "BRAW/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  22. ↑ "BRIDL/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  23. ↑ "CALDY/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  24. ↑ "STNTN/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  25. ↑ "LWNCK/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  26. ↑ "LWNCK/2". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  27. ↑ "WVALE/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  28. ↑ "STKEW/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  29. ↑ "FARDL/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  30. ↑ J. A. MacCulloch, The Religion of the Ancient Celts
  31. ↑ "TVST3/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  32. ↑ "SILCH/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  33. ↑ "ANDRS/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  34. ↑ "ARBRY/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  35. ↑ "ARBRY/2". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  36. ↑ "RUSHN/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  37. ↑ "RUSHN/2". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  38. ↑ "GIGHA/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  39. ↑ "POLCH/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  40. ↑ "BRIDE/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  41. ↑ "BRATT/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  42. ↑ "BREAY/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  43. ↑ Forsyth, Katherine (1995). "The ogham-inscribed spindle-whorl from Buckquoy: evidence for the Irish language in pre-Viking Orkney?". Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 125: 677–696. ISSN 0081-1564.
  44. ↑ "AUQUH/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.
  45. ↑ Brash, Richard Rolt (10 March 1873). "ON THE OGHAM INSCRIPTION OF THE NEWTON PILLAR-STONE" (PDF). Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland: 139.
  46. ↑ "Site Record for Newton House, The Newton Stone Newton in the Garioch". RCAHMS. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
  47. ↑ "KMICH/1". Celtic Inscribed Stones Project. University College London.

External links

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