New Houlka, Mississippi
| New Houlka, Mississippi | |
|---|---|
| Town | |
 | |
 Location of New Houlka, Mississippi | |
  New Houlka, Mississippi Location in the United States | |
| Coordinates: 34°2′11″N 89°1′12″W / 34.03639°N 89.02000°WCoordinates: 34°2′11″N 89°1′12″W / 34.03639°N 89.02000°W | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Mississippi |
| County | Chickasaw |
| Area | |
| • Total | 1.2 sq mi (3.2 km2) |
| • Land | 1.2 sq mi (3.2 km2) |
| • Water | 0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2) |
| Population (2010)[1] | |
| • Total | 626 |
| • Density | 520/sq mi (200/km2) |
| Time zone | Central (CST) (UTC-6) |
| • Summer (DST) | CDT (UTC-5) |
| FIPS code | 28-51420 |
| GNIS feature ID | 671516[2] |
New Houlka is a town in Chickasaw County, Mississippi, United States. It was founded beginning in 1904 to take advantage of a railway line of the Gulf and Ship Island Railroad. Residents moved their buildings over from the original European-American settlement, now referred to as "Old Houlka", located to the west. The population of New Houlka was 626 at the 2010 census.
Started around a fur trading post prior to 1794, Old Houlka is the oldest surviving European-American settlement in north Mississippi.[3] In the 19th century, much of the land was developed for cotton plantations and the market town did good business.
History
This area was a well-established center of Chickasaw culture by the 1500s.[4]
A few European-American settlers arrived in the late 1700s and established a Chickasaw Agency House at Houlka for trading with the Natives.[4] Agency representatives called the settlement "Holkey" in their earliest correspondence, which dates from 1794 after the United States gained independence from Great Britain.[3]
Houlka was located at the crossroads of the ancient Native American pathways known as the Natchez Trace and the Gaines Trace.[5]
In 1805, Silas Dinsmoor hosted a ball at the Agency House. Attending were future U.S. Representative John McKee and former U.S. Vice-President Aaron Burr.[6] A post office was established in 1826.[3] The cultivation and processing of cotton became the basis of the economy, and enslaved African Americans were brought to the region through the domestic slave trade to serve as laborers. The production of cotton brought some wealth to white planters. By 1860, the population was xxxxx.
During the Civil War, Confederate forces led by General Samuel J. Gholson clashed with Federal troops at a swamp-crossing near Houlka.[7]
Houlka was incorporated in 1884.[5] Houlka High School was founded in 1890 "to establish a permanent and high grade institution for the education of white students of both sexes".:578[8] The Legislature also prohibited sales of "intoxicating liquors" within 4 mi (6.4 km) of the school.[8] That year the Mississippi legislature, dominated by white Democrats, passed a new constitution that effectively disenfranchised most blacks, a status that the state maintained well into the 1960s to exclude them from the state's political system.
In 1904, the Gulf and Ship Island Railroad built a line from New Albany to Pontotoc, passing 1 mi (1.6 km) east of Houlka. Soon after, residents began moving to "New Houlka", located near the railway line, which had become critical to commerce. Buildings were rolled on logs from Old Houlka to New Houlka, and pulled by teams of oxen.
By 1906, New Houlka had a bank, three churches, a saw mill, an academy, a plow factory, and a population of about 500. The town was incorporated that same year.[4][5][9][10]
During the mid to late 20th century, railroads conducted restructuring and closed many lines, even for freight, because of competition from trucking. In 2004, the railway running through New Houlka, by then owned by the Mississippi Tennessee Railroad, was abandoned between New Albany and Houston, a distance of 43.2 mi (69.5 km). Under the federal 'Rails to Trails' program overseen by the ICC, the track was removed and a rail trail called the "Tanglefoot Trail" was built on the right-of-way, creating a new recreational and public health resource.[11]
Name
The etymology of Houlka is unclear. Some hold it is derived from a Native American name meaning "low land" or "low water," while others believe it means "turkey".[12]
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.2 square miles (3.2 km²), all land.
Demographics
| Historical population | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1970 | 646 | — | |
| 1980 | 710 | 9.9% | |
| 1990 | 558 | −21.4% | |
| 2000 | 710 | 27.2% | |
| 2010 | 626 | −11.8% | |
| Est. 2014 | 613 | [13] | −2.1% |
As of the census[15] of 2000, there were 710 people, 285 households, and 186 families residing in the town. The population density was 581.7 people per square mile (224.7/km²). There were 319 housing units at an average density of 261.3 per square mile (101.0/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 74.23% White, 24.79% African American, 0.56% from other races, and 0.42% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.97% of the population.
There were 285 households out of which 34.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.5% were married couples living together, 18.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.7% were non-families. 31.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.16.
In the town the population was spread out with 29.4% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 88.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.9 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $20,417, and the median income for a family was $28,958. Males had a median income of $22,353 versus $18,542 for females. The per capita income for the town was $10,812. About 20.0% of families and 24.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.7% of those under age 18 and 26.4% of those age 65 or over.
Education
The Town of New Houlka is served by the Chickasaw County School District. It is the location of the Houlka Attendance Center, the only school in the district. The old Houlka High School building is still extant.
Notable people
- Charles Easley, Associate Justice on the Mississippi Supreme Court. Easley was a farmer and cattleman in Houlka before entering law.[16]
- Earl J. Hamilton, historian.[17]
- Jim Hood, Attorney General for Mississippi.[18]
References
- ↑ "2010 City Population and Housing Occupancy Status". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved May 14, 2012.
- ↑ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Houlka
- 1 2 3 Atkinson, James R. (2004). Splendid Land, Splendid People: The Chickasaw Indians to Removal. University of Alabama Press. p. 142.
- 1 2 3 Mississippi: The WPA Guide to the Magnolia State. Viking Press. 1938. p. 462.
- 1 2 3 Young Turner, Debbie (September 29, 2012). "Houlka, Miss.: 'Center of the Universe'". WN.com.
- ↑ Kennedy, Roger G. (1999). Burr, Hamilton, and Jefferson: A Study in Character. Oxford University Press.
- ↑ Foster, Buck T. (2006). Sherman's Mississippi Campaign. University of Alabama Press. p. 130.
- 1 2 Mississippi Session Laws. Mississippi Legislature. 1890. pp. 578, 579.
- ↑ "Interpreting the Trail". Rails-to-Trails Recreational District. Retrieved May 2015.
- ↑ Rowland, Dunbar (1907). Mississippi: Comprising Sketches of Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions, and Persons, Arranged in Cyclopedic Form 1. Southern Historical Publishing Association. p. 890.
- ↑ Howe, Tony. "(New) Houlka, Mississippi". Mississippi Rails. Retrieved May 2015.
- ↑ Baca, Keith A. (2007). Native American Place Names in Mississippi. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-60473-483-6.
- ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014". Retrieved June 4, 2015.
- ↑ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
- ↑ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ↑ Brumfield, Patsy R. (January 14, 2009). "State's Supreme Court Races Cost Nearly $1M". Northeast Mississippi Daily Journal.
- ↑ "Earl Jefferson Hamilton". Asociación Española de Historia Económica. Retrieved May 2015.
- ↑ Lehrer, Eli (December 15, 2014). "Revealed: Little-Known Mississippi Attorney General Go-To Man for Hollywood". Weekly Standard.
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
