Omar Mukhtar
| Omar Mukhtar | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Native name | عمر المختار |
| Born |
20 August 1858 Zawiyat Zanzur, Nahiyah Tobruk, Kaza Derna, Sanjak Benghazi, Eyālet-i Trâblus Gârb, Ottoman Empire |
| Died |
16 September 1931 (aged 73) Suluq, Italian Libya |
| Occupation | teacher of the Qur'an |
| Known for | led native resistance to Italian colonization of Libya |
| Religion | Islam[1] |
Omar Mukhtar (Arabic: عمر المختار; Omar Al-Mukhtār; 20 August 1858 – 16 September 1931), of the Mnifa,[2] was born in the small village of Zanzour, near Tobruk in eastern Barqa (Cyrenaica) in Libya. Beginning in 1912, he organized and, for nearly twenty years, led native resistance to Italian colonization of Libya. Italian armed forces captured and hanged him in 1931.
Early life
Omar Almukhtar was born in eastern Cyrenaica, Butnan District, in the village of Zawiyat Zanzur (Zanzour) east of Tobruk, in the Tripolitanian Province of the Ottoman Empire. He was orphaned early and was adopted by Sharif El Gariani, nephew of Hussein Ghariani, a political-religious leader in Cyrenaica. He received his early education at the local mosque and then studied for eight years at the Senussi university at Jaghbub, which was also the headquarters of the Senussi Ibadi Movement. In 1899 he was sent with other Senussi to assist the warlord and slave trader Rabih az-Zubayr in Chad.
Italian invasion
In October 1911, during the Italo-Turkish War, an Italian naval contingent under the command of Admiral Luigi Faravelli reached the shores of Libya, then a territory subject to Ottoman Turkish control. The admiral demanded that the Turkish administration and garrison surrender their territory to the Italians or incur the immediate destruction of the city of Tripoli and Benghazi. The Turks and their Libyan allies withdrew to the countryside instead of surrendering, and the Italians bombarded the cities for three days, then proclaimed the Tripolitanians to be "committed and strongly bound to Italy." This marked the beginning of a series of battles between the Italian colonial forces and the Libyan armed opposition in the East of Libya (Cyrenaica) under Omar Mukhtar for 22 years.[3]
Guerrilla warfare
A teacher of the Qur'an by profession, Mukhtar was also skilled in the strategies and tactics of desert warfare. He knew local geography well and used that knowledge to advantage in battles against the Italians, who were unaccustomed to desert warfare. Mukhtar repeatedly led his small, highly alert groups in successful attacks against the Italians, after which they would fade back into the desert terrain. Mukhtar’s men skillfully attacked outposts, ambushed troops, and cut lines of supply and communication. The Italian army was left astonished and embarrassed by his guerrilla tactics.[4]
In the mountainous region of Jebel Akhdar ("Green Mountain") in 1924, Italian Governor Ernesto Bombelli created a counter-guerrilla force that inflicted a severe setback to rebel forces in April 1925. Mukhtar then quickly modified his own tactics and was able to count on continued help from Egypt. In March, 1927, despite occupation of Giarabub from February 1926 and increasingly stringent rule under Governor Attilio Teruzzi, Mukhtar surprised Italian troops at Raheiba. Between 1927 and 1928, Mukhtar reorganized the Senusite forces, who were being hunted constantly by the Italians. Even General Teruzzi recognized Omar's qualities of "exceptional perseverance and strong will power."
Pietro Badoglio, governor of Libya from January 1929, after extensive negotiations concluded a compromise with Mukhtar (described by the Italians as his complete submission) similar to previous Italo-Senusite accords. At the end of October, 1929, Mukhtar denounced the compromise and re-established a unity of action among Libyan forces, preparing himself for the ultimate confrontation with General Rodolfo Graziani, the Italian military commander from March 1930. A massive offensive in June against Mukhtar's forces having failed, Graziani, in full accord with Badoglio, Emilio De Bono (minister of the colonies), and Benito Mussolini, initiated a plan to break the Cyrenian resistance: the 100,000 population of Gebel would be relocated to concentration camps on the coast, and the Libyan-Egyptian border from the coast at Giarabub would be closed, preventing any foreign help to the fighters and depriving them of support from the native population. These measures, which Graziani initiated early in 1931, took their toll on the Senusite resistance. The rebels were deprived of help and reinforcements, spied upon, hit by Italian aircraft, and pursued on the ground by the Italian forces aided by local informers and collaborators. Mukhtar continued to struggle despite increased hardships and risks, but on 11 September 1931, he was ambushed near Slonta.
Mukhtar's final adversary, Italian General Rodolfo Graziani, has given a description of the Senusite leader that is not lacking in respect: "Of medium height, stout, with white hair, beard and mustache. Omar was endowed with a quick and lively intelligence; was knowledgeable in religious matters, and revealed an energetic and impetuous character, unselfish and uncompromising; ultimately, he remained very religious and poor, even though he had been one of the most important Senusist figures."
Capture and execution
Mukhtar's struggle of nearly twenty years came to an end on 11 September 1931, when he was wounded in battle near Slonta, then captured by the Italian army. The Italians treated the native leader hero as a prize catch. His resilience had an impact on his jailers, who later remarked upon his steadfastness. His interrogators stated that Mukhtar recited verses of peace from the Qur'an.
In three days, Mukhtar was tried, convicted, and, on 14 September 1931, sentenced to be hanged publicly (historians and scholars have questioned whether his trial was fair or impartial). When asked if he wished to say any last words, Mukhtar replied with a Qur'anic phrase: "Inna lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un."We surely belong to Allah and to Him we shall return". On 16 September 1931, on the orders of the Italian court and with Italian hopes that Libyan resistance would die with him, Mukhtar was hanged before his followers in the POW camp of Suluq at the age of 73 years.
Legacy
- Mukhtar's face appears on the Libyan ten-dinar bill.
- His final years were depicted in the movie Lion of the Desert (1981), starring Anthony Quinn, Oliver Reed, and Irene Papas. It was based on the struggles of Mukhtar against Rodolfo Graziani's forces.
Omar Al-Mukhtar University (1961)
- In 2009, Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi wore a photograph of Mukhtar in Italian captivity on his chest while on a state visit to Rome, and brought along Mukhtar's elderly son during the visit.[5]
- With the Libyan Civil War beginning 17 February 2011, Omar Mukhtar again became a symbol for a united, free Libya and his picture is depicted on various flags and posters of the Free Libya movement. Rebel forces named one of their brigades the "Omar Mukhtar brigade" after him.[6]
- A masjid is named after Mukhtar in Tampa, Florida, USA, known as Masjid Omar Al Mokhtar
- A street is named after Mukhtar in Gaza City, known as Omar Mukhtar Street.
- A street is named after Mukhtar in Cairo, Egypt, known as Omar Al Mukhtar Street.
- A street is named after Mukhtar in the West Bay area of Doha, Qatar known as "Omar Al Mukhtar Street".
- A street is named after Mukhtar in Tunisia, in the city of Bizerta.
- A Road is named after Mukhtar in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, "Omar Al Mukhtar Road".
References
- ↑ الشريف, ناصر الدين محمد (1999). الجواهر الإكليلية في أعيان علماء ليبيا من المالكية. دار البيارق. p. 348. ISBN 9957-13-050-1.
- ↑ Mnifa is "a generic name for many groups of 'Clients of the Fee' (Marabtin al-sadqan)." These are client tribes having no sacred associations and are known as Marabtin al-sadqan because they pay sadaqa, a fee paid to a free tribe for protection. Peters, Emrys L. (1998) "Divine goodness: the concept of Baraka as used by the Bedouin of Cyrenaica", page 104, In Shah, A. M.; Baviskar, Baburao Shravan and Ramaswamy, E. A. (editors) (1998) Social Structure and Change: Religion and Kinship (Volume 5 of Social Structure and Change) Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, California, ISBN 0-7619-9255-3; Sage Publications, New Delhi, India, ISBN 81-7036-713-1
- ↑ Encyclopedia of World Biography on Omar al-Mukhtar, BookRags.com
- ↑ Libya profile - Timeline, BBC News Africa, 1 November 2011
- ↑ More make-up (and hair dye) than his 40 virgin bodyguards, but Libyan leader Gaddafi is still a murderous menace, Mark Almond, Daily Mail, 12 June 2009
- ↑
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Omar Mukhtar. |
- Italian occupation and resistance
- Secret proceedings in the Benghazi trial
- Why Libya Commemorates the 'Black Day'
- Lion of the Desert (1981) at the Internet Movie Database
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