One Day International

This article is about the format for international cricket. For the similar format used for women's cricket, see Women's One Day International cricket.
Reliance ICC ODI Rankings
Rank Team Matches Points Rating
1  Australia 34 4226 124
2  New Zealand 41 4631 113
3  South Africa 41 4575 112
4  India 45 4919 109
5  Sri Lanka 45 4698 104
6  England 42 4324 103
7  Bangladesh 24 2347 98
8  West Indies 23 2033 88
9  Pakistan 42 3644 87
10  Afghanistan 19 961 51
11  Zimbabwe 43 2033 47
12  Ireland 11 467 42
Reference: ICC Rankings, 4 May 2016
"Matches" is the no. matches played in the 12-24 months since the May before last, plus half the number in the 24 months before that.

A One Day International (ODI) is a form of limited overs cricket, played between two teams with international status, in which each team faces a fixed number of overs, usually 50. The Cricket World Cup is played in this format. One Day International matches are also called Limited Overs Internationals (LOI), although this generic term may also refer to Twenty20 International matches. They are major matches and considered the highest standard of limited overs competition.

The international one-day game is a late twentieth-century development. The first ODI was played on 5 January 1971 between Australia and England at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. When the first three days of the third Test were washed out officials decided to abandon the match and, instead, play a one-off one day game consisting of 40 eight-ball overs per side. Australia won the game by 5 wickets. ODIs were played in white kits with a red ball.[1]

In the late 1970s, Kerry Packer established the rival World Series Cricket competition, and it introduced many of the features of One Day International cricket that are now commonplace, including coloured uniforms, matches played at night under floodlights with a white ball and dark sight screens, and, for television broadcasts, multiple camera angles, effects microphones to capture sounds from the players on the pitch, and on-screen graphics. The first of the matches with coloured uniforms was the WSC Australians in wattle gold versus WSC West Indians in coral pink, played at VFL Park in Melbourne on 17 January 1979. This led not only to Kerry Packer's Channel 9 getting the TV rights to cricket in Australia but also led to players worldwide being paid to play, and becoming international professionals, no longer needing jobs outside of cricket. Matches played with coloured kits and a white ball became more commonplace over time, and the use of white flannels and a red ball in ODIs was finally abandoned in 2001.

The Melbourne Cricket Ground hosts an ODI match between Australia and India. The Australians, wearing yellow, are the batsmen, while India, wearing blue, are the fielding team.
An ODI match at the MCG, being played under floodlights.

Rules

In the main the Laws of cricket apply. However, in ODIs, each team bats for a fixed number of overs. In the early days of ODI cricket, the number of overs was generally 60 overs per side, and matches were also played with 40, 45 or 55 overs per side, but now it has been uniformly fixed at 50 overs.

Simply stated, the game works as follows:[2]

Where a number of overs are lost, for example due to inclement weather conditions, then the total number of overs may be reduced. In the early days of ODI cricket, the team with the better run rate won, but this favoured the second team.[3] For the 1992 World Cup, an alternate method was used of simply omitting the first team's worst overs, but that favoured the first team.[3][4] Since the late 1990s, the target or result is usually determined by the Duckworth-Lewis method.[3] Where insufficient overs are played to apply the Duckworth-Lewis method, a match is declared no result. Important one-day matches, particularly in the latter stages of major tournaments, may have two days set aside, such that a result can be achieved on the "reserve day" if the first day is washed out – either by playing a new game, or by resuming the match which was rain-interrupted.

Because the game uses a white ball instead of the red one used in First-class cricket, the ball can become discoloured and hard to see as the innings progresses, so the ICC has used various rules to help keep the ball playable. Most recently, ICC has made the use of two new balls (one from each end), the same strategy that was used in the 1992 and 1996 World Cups so that each ball is used for only 25 overs.[5] Previously, in October 2007, the ICC sanctioned that after the 34th over, the ball would be replaced with a cleaned previously-used ball.[6] Before October 2007 (except 1992 and 1996 World Cups), only one ball would be used during an innings of an ODI and it was up to the umpire to decide whether to change the ball.[2]

Fielding restrictions and powerplays

Main article: Powerplay (cricket)
A limited number of fielders are allowed in outfield during powerplays.

The bowling side is subjected to fielding restrictions during an ODI, in order to prevent teams from setting wholly defensive fields. Fielding restrictions dictate the maximum number of fieldsmen allowed to be outside the thirty-yard circle.

Under current ODI rules, there are three levels of fielding restrictions:

Where a match is shortened by rain, the duration of the powerplays is adjusted to equal 30% of the team's overs wherever possible (20% for the first powerplay, 10% for the second).

History

Fielding restrictions were first introduced in the Australian 1980-81 season.[11] By 1992, only two fieldsmen were allowed outside the circle in the first fifteen overs, then five fieldsmen allowed outside the circle for the remaining overs.[12] This was shortened to ten overs in 2005, and two five-over powerplays were introduced, with the bowling team having discretion over the timing for both. In 2008, the batting team was given discretion for the timing of one of the two powerplays. In 2011, the teams were restricted to completing the discretionary powerplays between the 16th and 40th overs; previously, the powerplays could take place at any time between the 11th and 50th overs. Finally, in 2012, the bowling powerplay was abandoned, and the number of fielders allowed outside the 30-yard circle during non-powerplay overs was reduced from five to four.[2][13]

Trial regulations

The trial regulations also introduced a substitution rule that allowed the introduction of a replacement player at any stage in the match and until he was called up to play he assumed the role of 12th man. Teams nominated their replacement player, called a Supersub, before the toss. The Supersub could bat, bowl, field or keep wicket once a player was replaced; the replaced player took over the role of 12th man. Over the six months it was in operation, it became very clear that the Supersub was of far more benefit to the side that won the toss, unbalancing the game. Several international captains reached "gentleman's agreements" to discontinue this rule late in 2005. They continued to name Supersubs, as required, but they did not field them by simply using them as a normal 12th man. On 15 February 2006, the ICC announced their intention to discontinue the Supersub rule on 21 March 2006.[14]

Teams with ODI status

The International Cricket Council (ICC) determines which teams have ODI status (meaning that any match played between two such teams under standard one-day rules is classified as an ODI).

The ten Test-playing nations (which are also the ten full members of the ICC) have permanent ODI status. The nations are listed below with the date of each nation's ODI debut after gaining full ODI status shown in brackets (Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe, and Bangladesh were ICC associate members at the times of their ODI debuts):

  1.  Australia (5 January 1971)
  2.  England (5 January 1971)
  3.  New Zealand (11 February 1973)
  4.  Pakistan (11 February 1973)
  5.  West Indies (5 September 1973)
  6.  India (13 July 1974)
  7.  Sri Lanka (13 February 1982)
  8.  South Africa (10 November 1991)
  9.  Zimbabwe (1 February 1993)
  10.  Bangladesh (10 October 1997)

NBThe above list shows team's ODI debut after gaining full ODI status. Both Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe made their ODI debuts at the 1975 and 1983 World Cups respectively, but neither had full ODI status until the dates shown above, therefore their debuts came at later dates.

Since 2005, the ICC has granted temporary ODI and T20I status to six other teams (known as Associate/Affiliate members). Teams earn this temporary status for a period of four years based on their performance in the quadrennial ICC World Cricket League – or, more specifically, based on the top six finishing positions at the ICC World Cup Qualifier, which is the final event of the World Cricket League. The following six teams currently have this status (the dates listed in brackets are of their first ODI match after gaining temporary ODI status):

So far, four Associate Nations have held this four-year temporary ODI status as a result of World Cricket League performances, before being relegated after underperforming at the World Cup Qualifier:

The ICC occasionally granted associate members permanent ODI status without granting them full membership and Test status. This was originally introduced to allow the best associate members to gain regular experience in internationals before making the step up to full membership. First Bangladesh and then Kenya received this status. Bangladesh have since made the step up to Test status and full membership; but as a result of poor performances, Kenya's ODI status was reduced to temporary, meaning that they had to perform well at World Cup Qualifiers to keep its ODI status. Kenya lost their ODI status after finishing in fifth place at the 2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier event.

The ICC can also grant special ODI status to all matches within certain high profile tournaments, with the result being that the following countries have also participated in full ODIs, with some teams who later gained temporary or permanent ODI status also fitting into this category:

Finally, since 2005, three composite teams have played matches with full ODI status. These matches were:

Tournaments

Most ODI cricket takes place in a stand-alone series between two nations, immediately before or after a Test series. Triangular series or quadrangular series are also common.

There are two major ODI tournaments which feature most or all permanent ODI teams, and often also associate members:

The other major multi-country ODI tournament is the Asia Cup. It has mainly featured Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and India. However, it has also featured Hong Kong (2004 Asia Cup, 2008 Asia Cup), UAE (2004 Asia Cup, 2008 Asia Cup), and Afghanistan (Asia Cup 2014).

One Day International records

The record for the highest innings total in any List A limited overs match is 443 for nine by Sri Lanka against Netherlands in their One Day International 50-overs match at Amstelveen on 4 July 2006. The lowest team total is 35 all out by Zimbabwe against Sri Lanka in Harare, 2004.

The most runs scored by both sides in any List A limited overs match is 872: Australia, batting first, scored 434 for four in 50 overs (at the time the highest ever first innings total), and yet they were beaten by South Africa who scored 438 for nine with a ball to spare during their One Day International at Johannesburg in 2006.

The best bowling figures are 8–19 by Chaminda Vaas for Sri Lanka v Zimbabwe in Colombo, 2001–02 – he is the only player to take eight wickets in a One Day international. The best batting performance is a knock of 264 runs by Indian Rohit Sharma against Sri Lanka on 13 November 2014. Rohit Sharma is the only batsmen to score 2 double hundreds in ODIs. The only player to make a double century in Cricket World Cup was performed by Martin Guptill [New Zealand] against West Indies in 2015.

See also

References

  1. ↑ England in India 2011–12: MS Dhoni says it will be tricky adjusting to the new playing conditions | Cricket News | India v England. ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved on 2013-12-23.
  2. 1 2 3 "Standard One Day International Match Playing Conditions" (PDF). International Cricket Council. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 "The D/L method: answers to frequently asked questions". ESPN Cricinfo. September 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  4. ↑ "The World Cup rain-rule farce". ESPN Cricinfo. 26 March 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  5. ↑ "New rules to take effect from Oct 1". Cricbuzz. 1 October 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  6. ↑ "New cricket ball change rule gets thumbs down from Ponting". Cricbuzz. 16 October 2007. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  7. ↑ http://www.ibnlive.com/cricketnext/news/icc-gets-rid-of-batting-power-play-five-fielders-allowed-outside-circle-in-last-10-overs-of-odis-547787-78.html
  8. ↑ http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/891619.html
  9. ↑ http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/73102/icc-do-away-with-batting-powerplay-in-odis
  10. ↑ http://www.thenational.ae/sport/cricket/icc-remove-batting-powerplays-from-odis-to-maintain-a-balance-between-bat-and-ball
  11. ↑ "One-Day Cricket". CricTrivia.com. December 2005. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  12. ↑ "Colourful cricket, and that rain rule". ESPN Cric Info. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
  13. ↑ New ICC Rules for ODIs 2013
  14. ↑ "ICC agrees to drop super-sub rule". BBC Sport. 20 March 2006. Retrieved 4 January 2015.

External links

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