Order of the Golden Fleece

Not to be confused with the Golden Fleece Award.
For a modern Georgian award, see Order of the Golden Fleece (Georgia).
Order of the Golden Fleece
Orden del Toisón de Oro
Ordre de la Toison d'Or
Orden vom Goldenen Vlies
Ordo Velleris Aurei
Chain of the Order of the Golden Fleece (shown in the Schatzkammer in Vienna)
Awarded by the King of Spain
and the Head of the House of Habsburg
Motto Pretium Laborum Non Vile
Non Aliud
Awarded for At the monarch's pleasure
Status Currently constituted
Sovereign Felipe VI of Spain
Karl von Habsburg
Grades (w/ post-nominals) Knight
Established 1430 (see History)
Philip III, Duke of Burgundy, with the collar of the Order (portrait in c.1450 by Rogier van der Weyden)

The Order of the Golden Fleece (Spanish: Orden del Toisón de Oro,[1] German: Orden vom Goldenen Vlies) is a Roman Catholic order of chivalry founded in Bruges by Philip III, Duke of Burgundy in 1430, to celebrate his marriage to the Portuguese princess Infanta Isabella of Portugal, daughter of King John I of Portugal. It became one of the most prestigious orders in Europe. Today, two branches of the Order exist, namely the Spanish and the Austrian Fleece; the current sovereigns are Felipe VI, King of Spain, and Karl von Habsburg, grandson of Emperor Charles I of Austria, respectively. The chaplain of the Austrian branch is Cardinal Graf von Schönborn, Archbishop of Vienna.

Origin

The Order of the Golden Fleece was established on 10 January 1430, by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, in celebration of the prosperous and wealthy domains united in his person that ran from Flanders to Switzerland. It is restricted to a limited number of knights, initially 24 but increased to 30 in 1433, and 50 in 1516, plus the sovereign.[2] The Order's first King of Arms was Jean Le Fèvre de Saint-Remy.[3] It received further privileges unusual to any order of knighthood: the sovereign undertook to consult the order before going to war; all disputes between the knights were to be settled by the order; at each chapter the deeds of each knight were held in review, and punishments and admonitions were dealt out to offenders, and to this the sovereign was expressly subject; the knights could claim as of right to be tried by their fellows on charges of rebellion, heresy and treason, and Charles V conferred on the order exclusive jurisdiction over all crimes committed by the knights; the arrest of the offender had to be by warrant signed by at least six knights, and during the process of charge and trial he remained not in prison but in the gentle custody of his fellow knights. The order, conceived in an ecclesiastical spirit in which mass and obsequies were prominent and the knights were seated in choirstalls like canons,[4] was explicitly denied to "heretics", and so became an exclusively Catholic award during the Reformation. The officers of the order were the chancellor, the treasurer, the registrar, and the King of Arms, or herald, "Toison d'Or".

Baudouin de Lannoy, c. 1435, one of the first Knights of the Golden Fleece, inducted in 1430

The Duke's stated reason for founding this institution had been given in a proclamation issued following his marriage, in which he wrote that he had done so "for the reverence of God and the maintenance of our Christian Faith, and to honor and exalt the noble order of knighthood, and also ...to do honor to old knights; ...so that those who are at present still capable and strong of body and do each day the deeds pertaining to chivalry shall have cause to continue from good to better; and .. so that those knights and gentlemen who shall see worn the order ... should honor those who wear it, and be encouraged to employ themselves in noble deeds...".[5]

The Order of the Golden Fleece was defended from possible accusations of prideful pomp by the Burgundian court poet Michault Taillevent, who asserted that it was instituted:

“ Non point pour jeu ne pour esbatement,

Mais à la fin que soit attribuée
Loenge à Dieu trestout premièrement
Et aux bons gloire et haulte renommée.

 ”

Translated into English:[6]

“ Not for amusement nor for recreation,

But for the purpose that praise shall be given to God,
In the very first place,
And to the good, glory and high renown.

 ”

The choice of the Golden Fleece of Georgian Kingdom of Colchis as the symbol of a Christian order caused some controversy, not so much because of its pagan context, which could be incorporated in chivalric ideals, as in the Nine Worthies, but because the feats of Jason, familiar to all, were not without causes of reproach, expressed in anti-Burgundian terms by Alain Chartier in his Ballade de Fougères referring to Jason as "Who, to carry off the fleece of Colchis, was willing to commit perjury."[7] The bishop of Châlons, chancellor of the Order, rescued the fleece's reputation by identifying it instead with the fleece of Gideon that received the dew of Heaven.[8]

The badge of the Order, in the form of a sheepskin, was suspended from a jewelled collar of firesteels in the shape of the letter B, for Burgundy, linked by flints; with the motto "Pretium Laborum Non Vile" ("No Mean Reward for Labours")[9] engraved on the front of the central link, and Philip's motto "Non Aliud" ("I will have no other") on the back (non-royal knights of the Golden Fleece were forbidden to belong to any other order of knighthood).

Spanish Habsburg Order

With the absorption of the Burgundian lands into the Spanish Habsburg empire, the sovereignty of the Order passed to the Habsburg kings of Spain, where it remained until the death of the last of the Spanish Habsburgs, Charles II, in 1700. He was succeeded as king by Philip V, a Bourbon. The dispute between Philip and the Habsburg pretender to the Spanish throne, the Archduke Charles, led to the War of the Spanish Succession, and also resulted in the division of the Order into Spanish and Austrian branches. In either case the sovereign, as Duke of Burgundy, writes the letter of appointment in French.

Passed to Spanish Bourbon Order

The Duke of Wellington wearing the Spanish Fleece
Prince Albert wearing the Spanish Fleece in 1842
Emperor Pedro II of Brazil wearing the Spanish Fleece in 1838

The controversial award of the Order to Napoleon and his brother Joseph, while Spain was occupied by French troops, angered the exiled King of France, Louis XVIII, and caused him to return his collar in protest. These, and other awards by Joseph, were revoked by King Ferdinand on the restoration of Bourbon rule in 1813.

In 1812 the acting government of Spain awarded the order to the Duke of Wellington, an act confirmed by Ferdinand on his resumption of power, with the approval of Pope Pius VII. Wellington therefore became the first Protestant to be awarded the Golden Fleece. It has subsequently also been awarded to non-Christians, such as Bhumibol Adulyadej, King of Thailand.

There was another crisis in 1833 when Isabella II became Queen of Spain in defiance of Salic Law that did not allow women to become heads of state. Her right to award the Fleece was challenged by Spanish Carlists.

Sovereignty remained with the head of the Spanish house of Bourbon during the republican (1931–39) and Francoist (1939–1975) periods and is held today by the present King of Spain, Felipe VI.

Knights of the Order are entitled to be addressed with the style His/Her Excellency in front of their name.[10]

Living members

Below a list of the names of the living knights and ladies, in chronologic order and, within parentheses, the year when they were inducted into the Order:

  1. The King of Spain (1981) – Sovereign of the Order since 2014 after his father abdicated his rights to him.
  2. King Juan Carlos I of Spain (1941)
  3. King Constantine II of Greece (1964)
  4. The King of Sweden (1983)
  5. Grand Duke Jean of Luxembourg (1983)
  6. The Emperor of Japan (1985)
  7. Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands (1985)
  8. The Queen of Denmark (1985)
  9. The Queen of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth Realms (1988)
  10. King Albert II of Belgium (1994)
  11. The King of Norway (1995)
  12. Tsar Simeon II of Bulgaria, Former Prime Minister of the Republic of Bulgaria, 2001–2005 (2004)
  13. The King of Thailand (2006)
  14. The Grand Duke of Luxembourg (2007)[11]
  15. Javier Solana (2010)[12]
  16. Víctor García de la Concha (2010)[13]
  17. Nicolas Sarkozy, Former President of the French Republic and Co-Prince of Andorra, 2007–2012 (2011)[14]
  18. Enrique Valentín Iglesias García (2014)[15]
  19. The Princess of Asturias (30 October 2015)[16]

Armorial of the Spanish Golden Fleece

Austrian Order

Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria as Grand Master of the Fleece
Neck Chain of the Herald of the Order.

The Austrian Order did not suffer from the political difficulties of the Spanish, remaining (with the exception of the British prince Regent, later George IV) an award solely for Catholic royals and nobles. The problem of female inheritance was avoided on the accession of Maria Theresa in 1740 as sovereignty of the Order passed not to herself but to her husband, Francis.

Upon the collapse of the Austrian monarchy after the First World War, King Albert I of Belgium requested that the sovereignty and treasure of the Order be transferred to him as the ruler of the former Habsburg lands of Burgundy. This claim was seriously considered by the victorious allies at Versailles but was eventually rejected due to the intervention of King Alfonso XIII of Spain, who took possession of the property of the Order on behalf of the dethroned emperor, Charles I of Austria. Sovereignty remains with the head of the house of Habsburg, which was handed over in 2007 by Otto von Habsburg to his eldest son, Karl von Habsburg.

Living members

Below a list of the names of the living knights, in chronological order and within parentheses the date when they were inducted into the Order:

  1. Archduke Joseph Arpád of Austria (1960)
  2. The Duke of Bavaria (1960)
  3. Count Johann Larisch of Moennich (1960)
  4. Archduke Karl of Austria (1960) – Sovereign of the Order since 2000
  5. Archduke Andreas Salvator of Austria, Prince of Tuscany (1961)
  6. Archduke Karl Salvator of Austria, Prince of Tuscany (1961)
  7. Prince Lorenz of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este (1961)
  8. Archduke Michael Koloman of Austria (1961)
  9. Archduke Michael Salvator of Austria, Prince of Tuscany (1961)
  10. Archduke Georg of Austria (1961)
  11. Archduke Carl Christian of Austria (1961)
  12. Archduke Joseph of Austria (1961)
  13. King Albert II of Belgium (1961)
  14. Grand Duke Jean of Luxembourg (1961)
  15. Prince Albrecht of Hohenberg (1961)
  16. The Duke of Württemberg (1961)
  17. The Prince of Lobkowicz (1961)
  18. Count Johann of Hoyos-Sprinzenstein (1961)
  19. The Prince of Waldburg-Zeil and Trauchberg (1961)
  20. The Prince of Liechtenstein (1961)
  21. Prince Clemens of Altenburg (1961)
  22. The Duke of Braganza (1961)
  23. Count Joseph of Neipperg (1961)
  24. The Duke of Hohenberg (1961)
  25. The Prince of Schwarzenberg (1961)
  26. Archduke Joseph of Austria (1961)
  27. The Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg (1961)
  28. Count Gottfried of Czernin of Chudenitz (1961)
  29. The Prince of Orsini-Rosenberg (1961)
  30. The Prince of Windisch-Grätz (1961)
  31. Olivier, Count of Ormesson (1961)
  32. Baron Johann Friedrich of Solemacher-Antweiler (1961)
  33. Baron Nicolas Adamovich de Csepin (1961)
  34. Count Alexander of Pachta-Reyhofen (1961) – Chancellor of the Order
  35. Christoph Cardinal Schönborn, Archbishop of Vienna (1961) – Chaplain of the Order
  36. Baron Wulf Gordian of Hauser (1961) – Treasurer of the Order
  37. Count Philipp of Clam-Martinic (1961) – Registrar of the Order
  38. Count Karl-Albrecht of Waldstein-Wartenberg (1961) – Herald of the Order
  39. Bernard Guerrier de Dumast (2001)
  40. The Prince of Panagyurishte (2002)[17]
  41. The King of the Belgians (2008)
  42. The Prince of Ligne (2011)
  43. Prince Charles-Louis de Merode (2011)
  44. Archduke Ferdinand Zvonimir of Austria[18]
  45. The Margrave of Meissen (2012)[19]

Chapters of the Order

Number Date City Temple Sovereign
I30 November 1431LilleSaint-Pierre's Collegiate ChurchPhilip III of Burgundy
II30 November 1432BrugesSt. Donatian's CathedralPhilip III
III30 November 1433DijonSainte-ChapellePhilip III
IV30 November 1435BrusselsCathedral of St. Michael and St. GudulaPhilip III
V30 November 1436LilleSaint-Pierre's Collegiate ChurchPhilip III
VI30 November 1440Saint-OmerAbbey of Saint BertinPhilip III
VII30 November 1445GhentSaint Bavo CathedralPhilip III
VIII2 May 1451MonsSainte-Waudru's Collegiate ChurchPhilip III
IX2 May 1456The HagueGrote of Sint-JacobskerkPhilip III
X2 May 1461Saint-OmerAbbey of Saint BertinPhilip III
XI2 May 1468BrugesChurch of Our LadyCharles I of Burgundy
XII2 May 1473ValenciennesSt. Paul 's ChurchCharles I
XIII30 April 1478BrugesSt. Salvator's CathedralMaximilian of Austria (Regent of the Order)
XIV6 May 1481's-HertogenboschSt. John's CathedralMaximilian of Austria
XV24 May 1491MechelenSt. Rumbold's CathedralPhilip IV of Burgundy (Philip I of Castile)
XVI17 January 1501BrusselsChapel of the Carmelite ConventPhilip IV
XVII17 December 1505Middelburg?Philip IV
XVIIIOctober 1516BrusselsCathedral of St. Michael and St. GudulaCharles II of Burgundy (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor)
XIX5–8 March 1519BarcelonaCathedral of the Holy Cross and St. EulaliaCharles II
XX3 December 1531TournaiCathedral of Our LadyCharles II
XXI2 January 1546UtrechtSt. Martin's CathedralCharles II
XXII26 January 1555AntwerpCathedral of Our LadyPhilip V of Burgundy (Philip II of Spain)
XXIII29 July 1559GhentSaint Bavo CathedralPhilip V[20]

Insignia

Collar (Spanish and Austrian Branches)
Spanish Branch Austrian Branch
Sovereign's Neck Insignia Knight's Neck and
Dame's Ribbon Insignia		 Neck Insignia

See also

References

  1. ↑ Vellus aureum Burgundo-Austriacum sive Augusti et ordinis torquatorum aurei velleris equitum ... relatio historiaca. Ed.I., Antonius Kaschutnig, Paulus-Antonius Gundl
  2. ↑ "Origins of the Golden Fleece". Antiquesatoz.com. September 8, 1953. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
  3. ↑ Buchon, Jean Alexandre (1838). Choix de chroniques et mémoires sur l'histoire de France: avec notices [Selection of chronicles and memoirs on the history of France: with notices] (in French) 2. Paris: Auguste Desrez. pp. xj–xvj (11–16).
  4. ↑ Johan Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages (1919) 1924:75.
  5. ↑ Doulton, Op. cit., pp.360–361
  6. ↑ "Not for amusement nor for recreation, But for the purpose that praise shall be given To God, in the very first place, And to the good, glory and high renown" (Quoted in Johan Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages [1919] 1924:75).
  7. ↑ "qui pour emportrer la toison De Colcos se veult parjurer."
  8. ↑ Huizinga 1924:77.
  9. ↑ "Search object details". British Museum. February 22, 1994. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
  10. ↑ Satow, Ernest Mason, Sir – A Guide to Diplomatic Practice, page 249
  11. ↑ Spanish: BOE 07-04-14, Spanish official journal (accessed on June 9, 2007)
  12. ↑ Spanish: BOE 10-01-23, Spanish Official Journal (accessed on January 23, 2010)
  13. ↑ Spanish: BOE 10-01-23, Spanish Official Journal (accessed on January 23, 2010)
  14. ↑ "iafrica.com | news | world news | Sarkozy to get Golden Fleece". News.iafrica.com. November 25, 2011. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
  15. ↑ Spanish: BOE 14-03-29, Spanish Official Journal (accessed on March 30, 2014)
  16. ↑ Spanish: BOE 15-10-31, Spanish Official Journal (accessed on October 31, 2015)
  17. ↑ The Habsburg Most Illustrious Order of the Golden Fleece: Its potential relevance on modern culture in the European Union
  18. ↑ Bild.de
  19. ↑ Prince Alexander of Saxony Duke of Saxony
  20. ↑ Livre du toison d'or, online, fols. 4r-66r

Literature

External links

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