Ordnance QF 95 mm howitzer

Ordnance QF 95 mm howitzer
Centaur tank with 95mm gun
Type	Howitzer
Place of origin	United Kingdom
Service history
In service	1944 -
Used by	British Army
Wars	World War II
Production history
Designed	1942
Specifications
Weight	867 lb (393 kg)
Length	7 ft (2.1 m)

Shell	Fixed
Calibre	95 mm (3.7 in) L/18.65
Elevation	-5° to +30°
Rate of fire	7 rounds per minute
Muzzle velocity	330 m/s (1,100 ft/s)
Effective firing range	7,315 m (8,000 yd)

The Ordnance QF 95-mm howitzer was a British howitzer built in two versions during the Second World War. The tank howitzer version was accepted for service use, but an infantry howitzer version was not accepted for service use.

Design and development

The Ordnance QF 95-mm tank howitzer was designed to be fitted to some later British tanks so they could lay smoke screens or fire HE or HEAT/Hollow Charge shell against concrete targets like pillboxes in the "close support" of infantry. A HESH round may have been issued after World War II. The 95mm howitzer used fixed ammunition with a 25 lb (11 kg) projectile, rather than separate charge and round common for artillery howitzers. The tank howitzer was used to arm the Churchill Mark V and VIII, the Cromwell VI & VIII and the Centaur IV tanks.^[1] The Ordnance QF 95 mm howitzer was built up from a section of a 3.7-inch anti-aircraft gun barrel, the breech mechanism of the Ordnance QF 25 pounder field gun/howitzer and the recoil mechanism of the Ordnance QF 6 pounder anti-tank gun.^[2] The tank howitzer version was also fitted with a large counterweight at the end of the barrel to help balance the gun. In most regiments the 95-mm-armed tanks were issued to regimental or squadron HQ troops at the rate of two vehicles per HQ.

The only variant of the Centaur tank (a Cromwell tank with a less powerful engine) to see action was the 95 mm armed Mark IV. For the Normandy landings, the Royal Marine Armoured Support Group was formed with an establishment of eighty Mark IVs.

The Ordnance QF 95-mm infantry howitzer was a version built as a conventional towed artillery piece. Perhaps in response to the success of the German sIG 33, a proposal was circulated in the summer of 1942 by the British Army for an infantry howitzer for direct fire against concrete structures, like pillboxes.^[3] The 95 mm tank howitzer already under development was considered to be a logical starting point for the design of the new howitzer. The infantry howitzer version was similar to the tank howitzer, except the infantry howitzer lacked the barrel counterweight and was placed on a box-trail carriage and given a gun shield.^[4]

Testing in 1943 showed that both the recoil system and the carriage were over stressed and redesign was needed, which delayed testing and introduction of the infantry howitzer until 1944. However the problems with the recoil mechanism and carriage were never fully ironed out and the weapon was refused by the infantry and declared obsolete in April 1945 but not before several hundred examples were produced.^[5]

The decision to reject the infantry howitzer may have not been based entirely on the deficiencies of the gun but due to obsolescence and organizational difficulties. The introduction of the bazooka and recoilless rifles such as the Burney 3.45in may have influenced the decision to refuse the gun since they were lighter, less expensive, portable and fulfilled the direct fire use of the infantry howitzer. Organizationally there was also the question of who would man the gun; the infantry already had to support and transport anti-tank guns, anti-aircraft guns, mortars and heavy machine guns. Gun crews would need to be trained and provided with services such as transportation, supply and communications.^[6]

Specifications

Name: Ordnance QF 95mm infantry howitzer
Number built: 800
Crew: 6
Calibre: 95 mm (3.7 in)
Barrel length: 85.5 in (2.17 m)
Weight in action: 945 kg (2,083 lb)
Elevation: -5 to +30 degrees
Traverse: 8 degrees
Rate of fire: 7 rounds per minute
Muzzle velocity: 330 m/s (1,100 ft/s)
Range: 7,315 m (8,000 yd)^[7]
Ammunition
- Smoke: smoke composition
- HE: Amatol filling with 12 oz 4 dr cordite propellant, No. 119B fuze (direct action and graze type)
- HE/AT: 50/50 pentolite filling, No 233 Direct Action percussion fuze
- HESH:

Notes and references

Notes

↑ History Of The Second World War
↑ Twentieth-Century Artillery
↑ Land Power A Modern Illustrated Military History
↑ Land Power A Modern Illustrated Military History
↑ Twentieth-Century Artillery
↑ Land Power A Modern Illustrated Military History
↑ Twentieth-Century Artillery

Bibliography

Churchill tank Vehicle History and specification, HMSO
Hogg, Ian Twentieth-Century Artillery . p. 175
History Of The Second World War Marshall and Cavendish. p. 2079
Land Power A Modern Illustrated Military History. p. 210

External links

95mm Howitzer armed Churchills by S. Osfield

British Commonwealth artillery of World War II

Tank guns	QF 2 pounder QF 3 pounder QF 6 pounder QF 75 mm QF 3 inch Howitzer QF 17 pounder 77 mm HV QF 95 mm Howitzer

Anti-tank guns	QF 2 pounder QF 6 pounder QF 17 pounder

Field guns and howitzers	75 mm Gun M1917 QF 18 pounder 25 pounder Gun-Howitzer 25 pounder Short QF 4.5-inch howitzer

Medium and Heavy guns and howitzers	BL 4.5-inch Medium Field Gun BL 60-pounder gun BL 5.5-inch Medium Gun BL 6 inch Howitzer BL 6-inch Gun Mk XIX 155 mm Long Tom BL 7.2-inch howitzer BL 8 inch Howitzer BL 9.2-inch howitzer 240 mm howitzer M1

Mountain guns	75mm Pack Howitzer M1 3.7 inch Mountain Howitzer

Mortars	SBML 2inch Mortar ML 3-inch Mortar ML 4.2 inch Mortar

Anti-aircraft weapons	Z Battery 20 mm Oerlikon 20 mm Polsten QF 1½-pounder Mk III QF 2-pounder naval gun Bofors 40 mm QF 3 inch QF 3.7 inch QF 4.5 inch Mk II QF 5.25 inch Mk II

Coast defence	QF 6 pounder 10 cwt QF 12 pounder QF 4.7-inch Mk I–IV BL 6 inch Mk VII & Mk XXIV BL 7.5 inch Mk VI BL 8 inch Mk VIII BL 9.2 inch Mk X BL 14 inch Mk VII BL 15 inch Mk I

Railway artillery	BL 9.2 inch Mk XIII railway gun BL 12 inch Mk V railway howitzer BL 18 inch railway howitzer

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