Crested bellbird

Crested bellbird
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Oreoicidae
Genus: Oreoica
Gould, 1838
Species: O. gutturalis
Binomial name
Oreoica gutturalis
(Vigors & Horsfield, 1827)
St George, SW Queensland

The crested bellbird (Oreoica gutturalis) is a medium-sized passerine bird in the family Oreoicidae. It is native to drier parts of Australia where its typical habitats are acacia scrublands, eucalypt woodlands, spinifex and saltbush plains and, dunes. The male is about 20 cm (8 in) long and has a grey head, a black crest and breast, and a grey or olive brown body. The female and juvenile are similar but the colours are more muted and the black breast is lacking. The distinctive call is a high pitched bell-like sound, audible at some distance. Sometimes a pair of birds duet.

The crested bellbird feeds on seeds and small invertebrates, foraging on the ground or in low bushes. The deep, cup-shaped nest is usually within a couple of metres of the ground, built in the fork of a branch or in a crevice in a stump. It is made from small twigs and bark and lined with finer material. Up to four eggs are laid and these are incubated by both parents. Overall this bird is quite common, but in some regions, such as Victoria, it is threatened by fragmentation of its habitat

Taxonomy and etymology

This bird has been placed in the Old World warbler family Oreoicidae, a "wastebasket taxon" used for organisms, the exact affinities of which are unknown. The aboriginal name, panpanpanella, is reflective of its cowbell-like voice, as is its early European name, dick-dick-the-devil.[2]

Description

Adults range in size from 19 cm to 23 cm in length.[3] Adult males have grey heads with a raised black crest, a white forehead and throat, and a prominent black breast, while the rest of the body is grey or brown.[4] Females and immature birds are less prominently coloured than the males, lacking the black breast and having a smaller, unraised black crest. Both males and females have orange-red eyes.[4] Similar species include wedgebills and the Western whipbird, which female and juvenile bellbirds resemble.[5]

Behaviour

Breeding

The crested bellbird forms pairs during breeding season and prepares deep cup-shaped nests made of fine sticks and twigs or bark, and lined with fine bark, fibres, or leaves.[6] Nests are prepared in various places such as forks in dead trees, hollow stumps, etc., usually below two metres in height.[6] The eggs are incubated by both sexes.[7] The breeding season is variable but usually ranges from August till December with clutch sizes ranging from one to four eggs.[8] The eggs are white or tinged with blue, and lightly blotched with dark brown and grey.[6]

An interesting aspect of the nest-making process is that the bird places caterpillars of various species in and around its nest. It will nip the necks of the caterpillars to immobilise them, and it is theorised that the hairy caterpillars are either gathered as a cache of fresh food for parents and nestlings, or as a defensive barrier for their young.[6]

Feeding

Crested bellbirds feed on invertebrates and seeds.[9] They hop rapidly, foraging on the ground or flying low between low shrubs or into low branches of trees.[6] They are usually solitary foragers but may feed in pairs during breeding season or in mixed feeding flocks with chestnut-rumped thornbills and red-capped robins.[10]

Voice

The crested bellbird has a distinct call. It has a high pitched bell-like call, with two slow notes then three fast notes, sounding like 'did-did-did-dit.'[11] Male birds sing from an exposed perch such as a dead branch or the top of a tree. Often duetting can be heard, where the male says 'tik-tik-tik' and the female responds with a bell like 'tonk-tonk.'[6] Although the bird keeps a low profile, as many people have never seen it, the male call can unmistakably be heard from over half a kilometre away.[12] Another aspect of the bellbird's call is its ventriloquial quality.[13] This can make it very hard to identify the location of the calling bird as at first it can sound as if the call was coming from a few metres to the left, then to the right, and then from behind.

Distribution and habitat

The bird's habitat is usually found throughout the semi-arid coastlines and towards the drier interior areas of Australia, particularly in areas dominated by acacia scrublands, eucalypt woodlands, spinifex and chenopod (saltbush) plains or dunes.[14] The species is sedentary or locally nomadic and is distributed throughout most of the continent including; towards the west of the Great Dividing Range, in the south of tropical northern Australia, and through South Australia to the west coast of Western Australia.[15][16] The bellbird avoids the far north and the humid eastern and extreme south-western regions.[2] The species is listed as threatened in Victoria, as it has disappeared from well over half of its historical range.[17]

Status and conservation

The range of the crested bellbird has been contracted due to habitat destruction from land clearance, as this species is particularly susceptible to fragmentation.[18]

Crested bellbirds are not listed as threatened on the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. However, their conservation status varies from state to state within Australia. For example:

References

Notes

  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2012). "Oreoica gutturalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. 1 2 Encyclopedia of Australian wildlife 1997, p.256.
  3. ↑ "Australian Museum," n.d. para. 4.
  4. 1 2 "Birdlife," n.d. para. 2.
  5. ↑ "Australian Museum," n.d. para. 5.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Macdonald 1978, p.383.
  7. ↑ "Birds in Backyards," n.d. para. 7.
  8. ↑ "Australian Museum," n.d. para. 11.
  9. ↑ "Australian Museum," n.d. para. 9.
  10. ↑ "Birds in Backyard," n.d. para. 6.
  11. ↑ "Australian Museum," n.d. para. 10.
  12. ↑ Chapman n.d. para. 2.
  13. ↑ "Birdlife," n.d. para. 1.
  14. ↑ "Birdlife," n.d. para. 5.
  15. ↑ Christidis 2008, p.35.
  16. ↑ "Birds in Backyard," n.d. para. 3.
  17. ↑ Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria.
  18. ↑ "Birds in Backyards," n.d. para. 8.
  19. ↑ Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria
  20. ↑ Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria
  21. ↑ Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment (2007). Advisory List of Threatened Vertebrate Fauna in Victoria - 2007. East Melbourne, Victoria: Department of Sustainability and Environment. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-74208-039-0.

Sources

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