Otto Schindewolf
| Otto Schindewolf | |
|---|---|
| Born |
7 June 1896 Hanover |
| Died |
10 June 1971 Tübingen |
| Nationality | Germany |
| Fields | paleontology |
| Institutions |
University of Marburg University of Tübingen |
| Known for | evolution of corals and cephalopods |
Otto Heinrich Schindewolf (7 June 1896 – 10 June 1971) was a German paleontologist who studied the evolution of corals and cephalopods.
Biography
Schindewolf was on the faculty at the University of Marburg from 1919 until 1927. He then he became director of the Geological Survey of Berlin. In 1948 he became a professor at the University of Tübingen, where he retired as professor emeritus in 1964.[1]
He was a saltationist who opposed the theory of gradual evolution, and in the 1930s suggested that major evolutionary transformations must have occurred in large leaps between species. This idea became known as the Hopeful Monster theory and was further taken and developed up by the geneticist Richard Goldschmidt in the 1940s. Schindewolf was also the first to suggest, in 1950, that mass extinctions might have been caused by extraterrestrial impacts or nearby supernova. From 1948 until his retirement in 1964, Schindewolf was professor of Geology and Paleontology at the University of Tübingen.
Evolution
As a saltationist Schindewolf had supported macromutations as part of his evolutionary theory. He was known for presenting an alternative interpretation of the fossil record based on his ideas of orthogenesis, saltational evolution and extraterrestrial impacts opposed to gradualism. Schindewolf's theory was a form of orthogenesis, which claimed that variation tends to move in a predetermined direction.[2] His theory became known as typostrophism and stated that evolution occurs due to a periodic cyclic model of evolutionary processes which are predestined to go through a life cycle dictated by factors internal to the organism.[3]
Part of his "typostrophe" theory advocated sudden evolutionary change by macromutations but he later dropped this view. His theory of orthogenesis (straight-line evolution) and eventual decay, claimed to be embedded within a cyclical view of the evolutionary process. His theory also proposed that mass extinctions, especially the ones at the end of the Permian period 225 million years ago, were the result of cosmic radiation caused by supernova explosions. Schindewolf speculated that a supernova star explosion could emit radiation which could be lethal to organisms if close enough to earth. He proposed that the radiation from a supernova could have two effects, one is extinguishing many species of life and the other that the radiation may cause macromutations which could cause new species to originate.[4] Schindewolf was the only scientist to have speculated that the first bird may have hatched from a reptile's egg.[5] It was only a speculation and he abandoned the view of macromutations in later publications.[6]
His book Basic Questions in Paleontology was published in German in 1950 and was translated into English in 1993 with a foreword written by Stephen Jay Gould.
Bibliography
(incomplete)
- (German) Wenz W. (1938–1944) Teil 1: Allgemeiner Teil und Prosobranchia. In: Schindewolf O. H. (ed.) Handbuch der Paläozoologie, Band 6, Gastropoda, Verlag Gebrüder Bornträger, Berlin, xii + 1639 pp.
His Basic Questions in Paleontology was published in German in 1950, and was a landmark work in the field of paleontology and evolution.
References
- ↑ Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology 11/2006
- ↑ Chunglin Kwa. (2011). Styles of Knowing: A New History of Science from Ancient Times to the Present. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-0822961512
- ↑ William A. Dimichele. (1995). Basic Questions in Paleontology: Geologic Time, Organic Evolution, and Biological Systematics, by Otto H. Schindewolf. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 84. 481–483.
- ↑ David H. Levy. (2002). Shoemaker by Levy: The Man Who Made an Impact. Princeton University Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0691113258
- ↑ Trevor Palmer. (2010). Perilous Planet Earth: Catastrophes and Catastrophism through the Ages. Cambridge University Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-0521174640
- ↑ Otto Schindewolf. (1969). Über den “Typus” in morphologischer und phylogenetischer Biologie. Mainz: Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur.
External links
- Otto Schindewolf in the German National Library catalogue
- (17 December 1938). "Handbuch der Paläozoologie". Nature 142: 1057 doi:10.1038/1421057a0 – review of the book.
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