PWS-23

PWS-23 was a Polish heavy bomber and transport plane design created by Zbysław Ciołkosz and Antoni Uszacki of the Podlaska Wytwórnia Samolotów (PWS) factory in Biała Podlaska. Intended as a heavier, trimotor version of the PWS-22 and submitted along with it to the Polish Ministry of Military Affairs in 1929, it was intended as a possible replacement for outdated Farman Goliath and improvised Fokker F.VII bombers in use by the Polish Army at the time. It was created in two possible configurations: the PWS-23 B3N (B3N being an acronym for "bomber, trimotor, night") and PWS-23T (T for transport). However, both designs were rejected along with the PWS-22, and the PWS-23 remained on paper only.

History

In the early 1920s the Polish Army was seeking home-made "retribution bombers", that is heavy bombers in modern terminology.[1][2] However, all proposals by Polish aircraft manufacturers were rejected as none were deemed skilled and experienced enough to build large, complicated bombers.[1] Because of that the newly created 2nd Destroyer Squadron of the 1st Air Regiment in 1926 was equipped with 32 Farman Goliath bombers bought in France.[1] However soon it became clear that the French bomber, designed in 1918, was already obsolete. Furthermore, the Goliaths were seriously underpowered and could not fly on one engine only, a serious flaw in a bomber.[3] Because of that the Department of Air of the Ministry of Military Affairs renewed interest in a home-produced heavy bomber.[3]

As a stop-gap solution, the Polish state bought in February 1928 a license for Fokker F.VIIB/3m long-range passenger aircraft to be produced at the Lublin-based Plage i Laśkiewicz works. By the end of that year Jerzy Rudlicki of Plage i Laśkiewicz modified the design to build the plane in bomber configuration as well: windows were sealed, the passenger cabin replaced with bomb racks for up to 1,500 kilograms (3,300 lb) bombs and a single dorsal machine gun nest.[3] The plane, while mechanically sound, was but a stop-gap solution and the Polish Ministry of Military Affairs continued to seek a full-featured replacement for the Goliaths.[3]

Meanwhile the LOT Polish Airlines were seeking a modern passenger plane to replace its ageing fleet of Junkers F.13 and Fokker F.VIIB/3m, and PWS-23T was presented to the Department of Aeronautics to compete with the T-600 design by State Aviation Works in June 1928.[4] PWS' design was more complicated than its competitor, but provided accommodation for up to 20 passengers and 400 kilograms (880 lb) of cargo,[4] twice as much as the competitor. In the end however the T-600 was accepted and a single prototype was built for evaluation under the new PZL.4 designation.[4]

The night bomber shared a similar fate.[4] In 1929 Plage i Laśkiewicz presented the ministry with a much heavier "flying fortress" Lublin R-XVIII design, while PWS sent two projects: PWS-22 and PWS-23.[3] Eventually all designs were rejected and the unsuccessful LWS-6 Żubr was chosen as an interim design before the modern PZL.37 Łoś could be introduced in the 1930s.[5] The PWS-23 remained a project only.

Technical description

The PWS-23 was a high parasol wing aircraft of mixed construction, with a fixed undercarriage.[4] A geodetic airframe of welded steel or aluminium tubing was to be covered with plywood and canvass.[4] The wooden parasol wings reinforced with two girders were attached to the fuselage with a pyramid-like mounting.[4]

Defensive armament included 5 machine guns, including two in a double nose mount, 2 in a double dorsal mount and 1 in a ventral retractable turret.[4] The bombload was to exceed 2,000 kilograms (4,400 lb).[4] The avionics included a radio, electric installation for night flights and cabin heating for the crew.[4]

Both the bomber and transport versions were to be powered by three Bristol Jupiter IV 9Asb engines of 309–331 kilowatts (414–444 hp), including two tractors and one pusher.[4]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Samoloty firmy Plage&Laśkiewicz". www.jura-pilica.com (in Polish). Jura-Pilica. Retrieved 2013-07-02.
  2. ↑ Jerzy B. Cynk (1971). Polish Aircraft 1893–1939. London: Putnam. ISBN 0-370-00085-4.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Janusz Dołęga. Monika Śliwińska, ed. "Samoloty firmy Plage i Laśkiewicz". Leksykon Lublin (in Polish). Lublin: Ośrodek Brama Grodzka. Retrieved 2013-07-02.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 Krzysztof Luto (2010). "PWS-23, 1929". Samoloty w Lotnictwie Polskim (in Polish). Suwałki.
  5. ↑ Krzysztof Luto (2010). "PWS-22B3N, 1929". Samoloty w Lotnictwie Polskim (in Polish). Suwałki.
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