Paeonia anomala

Paeonia anomala
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Core eudicots
Order:	Saxifragales
Family:	Paeoniaceae
Genus:	Paeonia
Species:	P. anomala
Binomial name
Paeonia anomala L.
Synonyms
P. altaica, P. laciniata, P. siberica, P. sinjiangensis

Paeonia anomala is a species of herbaceous perennial peony. The vernacular name in Russia is Пион необыча́йный (Pion neobycháynyy) meaning anomalous peony, and in China 新疆芍药 (xin jiang shao yao), meaning Xinjiang peony. These plants are ½-1 m high, have a thick irregular taproot and thin side roots, and deeply incised leaves, with leaflets themselves divided in fine segments. It has almost always only one fully developed flower per stem, magenta-red or rarely pink or white. The species occurs in a zone between northern European Russia and northern Mongolia and south to the Tien Shan Mountains.^[1] P. anomala bears flowers in early summer.

In garden cultivation, it requires full sun or half-shade and well drained soil. Double-flowered forms are cultivated.

Description

new growth with flowerbud

follicles

Paeonia anomala is a non-woody species of peony of ½–1 m high, with an irregular carrot-shaped taproot of over ½ m long and 2 cm thick, gradually getting thinner downwards and slender side roots. It has 10 chromosomes (2n=10).^[1][2]

Leaves and Stems

The leaves have no sheath or stipules and are alternately arranged along the stem, are divided into a leaf stalk and leaf blade. The leaf blade is twice compounded or very deeply incised, first into three leaflets, themselves palmately compounded or deeply divided (this is called biternate), each leaflet being further divided into segments that themselves are lobed, resulting in seventy to one hundred segments of ¾-3¼ cm wide. At the end of the growing season the leaves may turn vivid red.^[1][3][4][5]

Inflorescence

One or very rarely two hermaphrodite flowers fully develop on each stem, while one or two flowerbuds are arrested in their development, and two to five leaflike bracts are present. The flowers are somewhat nodding. Each flower has three to five leathery sepals that mostly end in a stretched tip, making it "leafy", but sometimes one and rarely two sepals may be obovate with a rounded tip, which do not fall after flowering. The corolla usually consists of six to nine oblong cyclamen or rarely pink to white petals of 3-6½ × 1½-3 cm. Towards the centre of the flower are many stamens consisting of filaments of ½–1 cm topped with anthers that ripen from the inside out, open with slits and release yellow pollen. The pollen is released in sets of four grains together. Dependent on latitude and altitude flowers open between April and July and are said to smell like Lily of the valley. Petals and stamens are shed after flowering. The two to five carpels are initially pale yellow with reddish stigmas, but eventually become green, may be hairless or covered in soft felty hairs. Within, several large, initially red but eventually shiny black seeds of 6×4 mm develop, and each carpel opens by a slit over the entire length. Ripe seedheads may be present during August and September.^{[1][3][4][5][6]}

Differences with related species

Few other peony species are non-woody and have finely segmented leaves. Paeonia tenuifolia has even more divided leaves with narrowed segments of up to 6 mm wide, the basal leaves consisting of more than one hundred and thirty segments. Paeonia emodi has about 15 entire segments per basal leaf. P. anomala however strongly resembles Paeonia intermedia, from which it can be distinguished because the latter has many spindle-shaped roots and at least the two innermost sepals are rounded. Even more morphologically alike is Paeonia veitchii which differs only from this species because it usually has two to four flowers per stem in addition to two undeveloped buds, rather than only one flower, rarely two, in addition to few undeveloped buds.^[1]

Taxonomy

seeds

Taxonomic history

Paeonia anomala was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1771, based on a plant from Siberia.^[3] Pallas described in 1789 three further species, P. laciniata and P. siberiaca also from Siberia, and P. hybrida which developed from seed supposedly from a specimen of P. tenuifolia in the Saint Petersburg Botanical Garden. In 1818 Anderson merely recognized P. anomala, considering P. hybrida a synonym of P. tenuifolia. In the same year Augustin Pyramus de Candolle distinguished between P. laciniata, P. anomala and P. hybrida, but synonymized P. laciniata with P. anomala in 1824. In 1830 Meyer named a fourth species, P. intermedia, that had been collected in the Altai mountains. Ledebour (1842) cited P. hybrida and P. intermedia, but treated P. laciniata as a synonym of P. anomala. Von Trautvetter in 1860 thought there was but one species, and treated P. hybrida as a variety of P. anomala, while considering P. intermedia as a form within that variety. The widest delineation of P. anomala was made by Ernst Huth in 1892 who included var. typica, var. hybrida (now P. intermedia), var. nudicarpa, and var. emodi (now P. emodi). Krylov in 1901 thought there were two species, P. anomala, and P. hybrida consisting of var. hybrida and var. intermedia. In 1904 Trautvetter treated P. intermedia as a subspecies of P. anomala. Nikolai Schipczinsky grouped P. anomala, P. hybrida and as its variety intermedia together in the series Dentatae with the common character "leaf lobes incised or with dentate margin" in the 1937 Flora of the USSR. Stern acknowledged one species, P. anomala with two varieries: anomala with hairless fruits and intermedia with soft hairs. According to Hong and Pan, hairiness of the fruits varies in both P. anomala and P. veitchii and the only character that consistently differs between the two taxa is the usual number of fully developing flowers per stem: one for P. anomala and two to four in P. veitchii. This was the reason to propose to reduce the status of these taxa to P. anomala ssp. anomala and P. anomala ssp. veitchii respectively.^[1]

Modern classification

Although some modern literature still regards P. veitchii as a subspecies of P. anomala, recent genetic analysis has shown that P. anomala, although being a diploid, is the result of a cross between Paeonia lactiflora and P. veitchii. Morphologically, P. anomala is very similar to P. veitchii nonetheless, and very different from P. lactiflora.^[2] These species also share a common chemistry, such as specific unique anthocyanins.^[7]

Etymology

The species name anomala, meaning "deviant" is said to refer to the autumn color, which is unique among peonies.

Distribution and ecology

P. anomala is known from Russia, ranging from the Kola Peninsula to the Altai Republic and Lake Baikal, northeastern Kazakhstan, China (northwest Xinjang) and northern Mongolia.^[1] It has become naturalized in Finland.^[8] It grows in relatively moist circumstances like coniferous and deciduous forests, valleys and meadows at 1000–2500 m altitude.^[1] At its northernmost population in the Taz River valley, it grows in a forest with dwarfed trees like Larix sibirica, Betula pubescens, Alnus viridis subsp. fruticosa, Sorbus aucuparia subsp. sibirica, shrubs like Rosa majalis, Lonicera pallasii, Ribes spicatum subsp. hispidulum, and grasses like Calamagrostis canescens.^[9]

P. anomala is self-fertile. Mammals, such as deer or rabbits do not eat it.^[10]

Cultivation

P. anomala is easy to grow and prefers a neutral or slightly alkaline, deep rich soil, but is also coping with lime. It does equally well in sun or dapple shade. Plants are intolerant of waterlogged or very dry soil. On sandy soils plants generally produce more leaves and less flowers. As can be expected from a species from Siberia, it survives temperatures down to at least -25°C. The plants have good ornamental value and may survive in gardens for at least 50 years. This peony inhibits the growth of adjacent plants, especially legumes. All peonies dislike disturbance of their roots, and need time to recover after being replanted or divided.^[10]

Use

In the late 19th century, P. anomala roots were eaten raw and crumbled in soup in the North-West of Siberia by the Khakas people.^[11] In Mongolia, fruits and roots of Paeonia anomala are used to treat lower abdominal pain, indigestion, kidney diseases, noctural enuresis, bleeding, blood clotting, exhaustion and respiratory diseases in traditional medicine. Extract of the fruit protects against oxidative stress, by free radical scavenging, higher glutathione concentrations in the cells, and inhibiting damage to the DNA. Compounds such as ellagic acid, methyl gallate, ethyl gallate, fischeroside B, and quercetin derivatives are responsible for this protection.^[12]

References

1. Hong De-Yuan; Pan Kai-Yu (2004). "A Taxonomic Revision of the Paeonia anomala Complex (Paeoniaceae)". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 91 (1): 87–98. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
2. Pan, J.; Zhang, D.; Sang, T. (2007). "Molecular phylogenetic evidence for the origin of a diploid hybrid of Paeonia (Paeoniaceae)". American Journal of Botany 94: 400–408. Retrieved 2016-04-21.
3. "Paeonia anomala". Flora of China. Retrieved 2016-04-13.
4. L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz. "Paeoniaceae Rudolphi". The families of flowering plants. Retrieved 2016-04-13.
5. "Paeonia anomala - anomala peony". Arboretum Mustila. Retrieved 2016-04-13.
6. "Paeonia anomala". RarePlants. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
7. Ni Jia c.s. (2008). "Identification and Characterization of Anthocyanins by High-performance Liquid Chromatography–Electrospray Ionization–Mass Spectrometry in Herbaceous Peony Species" (PDF). Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 133 (3): 418–426. Retrieved 2016-04-26.
8. "The hardiest- Paeonia anomala". Peonies - and the Rest. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
9. Sviridenko, Boris Fedorovich; Efremov, Andrey; Samoilenko, Zoya A. (2010). "Состояние популяций пиона уклоняющегося Paeonia anomala (Paeoniaceae) на Северной границе распространения Западной Сибири [Condition of populations of the peony Paeonia anomala (Paeoniaceae) on the northern border of Western Siberia]". Bulletin of the Tomsk State University. Biology 3 (11). Retrieved 2016-04-21.
10. "Paeonia anomala - L.". Plants For A Future. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
11. Ingvar Svanberg & Łukasz Łuczaj, eds. (2014). Pioneers in European Ethnobiology (PDF). Uppsala Studies on Eastern Europe 4. Upsala University. p. 136. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
12. Oidovsambuu, S.; Kim, C.Y.; Kang, K.; Dulamjav, B.; Jigjidsuren, T.; Nho, C.W. (2013). "Protective effect of Paeonia anomala extracts and constituents against tert-butylhydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells". Planta Med 79 (02): 116–122. Retrieved 2016-04-20.