Palestine Association

First minutes of the Palestine Association or Syrian Society (1805), referencing Deuteronomy 26:5

The Palestine Association, formerly the Syrian Society, was formed in 1805 by William Richard Hamilton to promote the study of the geography, natural history, antiquities and anthropology of Palestine and the surrounding areas, "with a view to the illustration of the Holy Writings.

The society appears to have been active for only the first five years of its existence. Scholars have suggested that the founding was ahead of its time, given that the country was at the early stages of opening to world influence,^[1] and that the timing was inopportune in the midst of the ongoing Napoleonic Wars.^[2] Scholarly work in the region began in earnest around the time of the Oriental Crisis of 1840, with the travels of Edward Robinson, the appointment of the first British consul to Jerusalem and the establishment of the Anglican-German Bishopric in Jerusalem.^[3] In 1834, the Palestine Association was formally disbanded and incorporated into the Royal Geographical Society.^[4][5]

The Palestine Association was the forerunner of the Palestine Exploration Fund, established 60 years later, in 1865.^[5]

Formation

The society was founded on 31 March 1805, with its first meeting of 13 members taking place on 24 April 1805, at which it was decided with no further explanation that the Syrian Society "shall henceforth be denominated The Palestine Association"^[5]

The society was formed on the basis of the 1788 African Association, and the inquiries of the Society were directed to ascertaining:^[6][5]

• the natural and political boundaries of the several districts within these limits;
• the topographical and characteristic situations of Towns and Villages;
• the courses of the Streams and Rivers;
• the ranges of Mountains
• the natural productions of the Holy Land and its confines;
• each peculiarity of its soil, climate & minerals;
• elucidation of Jewish and Syrian antiquities.

British interest in Palestine had been stoked by the 1798-1801 French campaign in Egypt and Syria.^[5] Scholars have debated whether the founding of the society was driven primarily by religious and spiritual motives, or rather "reconstituted, redeployed, redistributed" in a secular orientalist framework.^[7]

Publication

Front cover and map of the society's 1810 publication

In 1810, the association published the account of the travels of Ulrich Jasper Seetzen,^[5] entitled "A Brief Account of the Countries Adjoining the Lake of Tiberias, the Jordan, and the Dead Sea"^[8] In the preface to the publication, the editors noted that "We use the word Palestine not in its confined sense of a province or part of Judea, but in its most extended sense as comprehending all the countries on either side of the river Jordan, inhabited by the Tribes of Israel"^[9]

Notable members

Founding members

• William Richard Hamilton^[5]
• Anthony Hamilton, Archdeacon of Colchester, William Richard Hamilton's father and first President of the society^[5]
• George Hamilton-Gordon, first treasurer of the society, later President, and later Prime Minister of the United Kingdom^[5]>
• Thomas William Wrighte, late fellow of Queen’s College and first secretary of the society^[5]
• Henry Ryder^[5]
• John Hawkins^[5]
• William Cockburn^[5]
• John Brand^[5]
• Alexander Dalrymple^[5]
• William George Browne^[5]
• William Drummond, previously ambassador to the Ottoman Empire^[5]
• John Spencer Smith^[5]

Other notable members

• James Rennell^[5]
• Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of Harrowby^[5]
• Richard Ryder^[5]
• Bartholomew Frere^[5]
• William Frere^[5]
• Joseph Banks^[5]
• Admiral Sidney Smith^[5]
• George Annesley, 2nd Earl of Mountnorris^[5]
• Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin (of Elgin Marbles fame)^[5]
• Three members of the Goldsmid family^[5]

Further reading

• Silberman N A (1982), Digging for God and country: exploration,archaeology, and the secret struggle for the Holy Land 1799–1917, Alfred Knopf, New York
• The Palestine Association Collection at The National Archives (United Kingdom)

References

1. Kark, p.272: "The timing appears to have been premature for a systematic field study of scriptural geography, with no organisational or institutional support in position on the ground."
2. Kark, p.272: "The failure of the PA is even more conspicuous when compared to the AA... There was also a difference in the period in which the two organisations were established and initiallyoperated. Between 1802 and 1810, the years of the Napoleonic wars in Europe, there had also been asignificant setback in the recruiting of the AA... The vagaries of warmay have made such intellectual pursuits as meetingsof a new and small scientific society seem trivial."
3. Kark, p.272: "This would wait forabout another 30 years to find its real beginning with the studies of the American biblical scholar Edward Robinson, and more active British political and religious involvement in Palestine marked by the opening the first British consulate in Jerusalem in 1838, and the establishment of the British–Prussian Protestant Bishopric there in 1840."
4. W. R. Hamilton (1834). "[disbandment meetings]". Journal of the Royal Geographical Society 4: i–ii.
5. Ruth Kark and Haim Goren (2011). "Pioneering British exploration and scriptural geography: The Syrian Society/The Palestine Association". The Geographical Journal 177 (3): 264–274. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4959.2011.00404.x.
6. Sokolow, Nahum (1919). History of Zionism, 1600-1918. London: Longmans, Green and Co. p. 61.
7. A New Imperial History: Culture, Identity and Modernity in Britain, edited by Kathleen Wilson, p.158
8. Seetzen, Ulrich Jasper (1810). A Brief Account of the Countries Adjoining the Lake of Tiberias, the Jordan, and the Dead Sea. London: Palestine Association. also and
9. Seetzen, p.IV, footnote