Pandur

For the family of Sumerian stringed musical instruments, see Pandura.

The Pandurs were any of several military units beginning with Trenck's Pandurs, Habsburg Monarchy military unit established in 1741, fighting in the War of the Austrian Succession and the Silesian Wars. Others to follow included Vladimirescu's Pandurs, militia established by Tudor Vladimirescu in the Wallachian uprising of 1821, Pandurs (Croatian Military Frontier), frontier guard infantry deployed in the Croatian Military Frontier in late 18th century, Pandurs (Kingdom of Dalmatia), frontier guard infantry deployed in the Kingdom of Dalmatia in the 19th century.

Hence the name of the Pandur, an Austrian armoured personnel carrier:

As well as French navy ship Pandour (1780), renamed HMS Pandora after its capture by the Royal Navy in 1795; and four British ships called HMS Pandour..

Etymology

The term pandur made its way into military use via the Hungarian—being used in Hungarian as a loanword, in turn originating from the Croatian term pudar, though the nasal in place of the "u" suggests a borrowing before Croatian innovated its own reflex for Proto-Slavic /ɔ̃/. "Pudar" is still applied to security guards protecting crops in vineyards and fields, and it was coined from the verb puditi (also spelled pudati) meaning to chase or scare away. The meaning of the Hungarian loanword was expanded to guards in general, including law enforcement officers.[1] The word was likely ultimately derived from medieval Latin banderius or bannerius, meaning either a guardian of fields or summoner,[2] or follower of a banner.[3]

Trenck's Pandurs living history troop from Požega, Croatia

By the middle of the 18th century, law enforcement in the counties of Croatia included county pandurs or hussars who patrolled roads and pursued criminals.[4][5] In 1740, the term was applied to frontier guard duty infantry deployed in the Croatian Military Frontier (Banal Frontier), specifically its Karlovac and Varaždin Generalcies.[6] The role of the pandurs as security guards was extended to Dalmatia after the establishment of Austrian rule there in the early 19th century.[7] The term has dropped from official use for law enforcement officials, but it is still used colloquially in Croatia and the Western Balkans in a manner akin to the English word cop.[1][8] The unit raised and led by Trenck is also referred to more specifically as Trenck's Pandurs,[9] and less frequently in Croatia than elsewhere, as Croatian Pandurs.[10]

References

  1. 1 2 Nives Opačić (6 December 2007). "Kurije, vinciliri i panduri" [Manors, guards and pandurs]. Vijenac (in Croatian) (Matica hrvatska) (359). ISSN 1330-2787. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
  2. ↑ "pandour". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
  3. ↑ Giacomo Meyerbeer; Robert Ignatius Letellier (1999). The Diaries of Giacomo Meyerbeer: The Prussian years and Le Prophète, 1840–1849. Associated University Presses. p. 115. ISBN 9780838638439. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
  4. ↑ "Povijest karlovačke policije" [History of Karlovac police] (PDF) (in Croatian). Ministry of the Interior (Croatia). Retrieved 19 May 2012.
  5. ↑ Stanko Guldescu (1970). The Croatian-Slavonian kingdom, 1526–1792, Opseg 21. Mouton. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
  6. ↑ David Hollins (2005). Austrian Frontier Troops 1740-98. Osprey Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 9781841767017. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
  7. ↑ Tado Oršolić (December 2007). "Seoske straže i poljsko redarstvo u kopnenoj Dalmaciji (od 1814. do druge polovine XIX. st.)" [Village guards and field police in mainland Dalmatia (between 1814 and the second half of the 19th cent.)]. Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru (in Croatian) (Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts) 49: 467–481. ISSN 1330-0474. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
  8. ↑ Marko Lopuština (28 December 2010). "Hrvatski panduri i srpski mangupi" [Croatian cops and Serbian mischiefs] (in Croatian). Portal dnevno d.o.o. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
  9. ↑ Jurica Miletić (April 2006). "Od počasti do propasti" [From glory to defeat]. Hrvatski vojnik (in Croatian). Ministry of Defence (Croatia). Retrieved 18 May 2012.
  10. ↑ Michael Howard (2010). War in European History [Der Krieg in der europäischen Geschichte] (in German). C.H.Beck. p. 110. ISBN 9783406606335. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
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